机械专业英文翻译_机械专业的英语翻译

机械专业英文翻译由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“机械专业的英语翻译”。

Design of machine and machine elements Machine design Machine design is the art of planning or devising new or improved machines to accomplish specific purposes.In general, a machine will consist of a combination of several different mechanical elements properly designed and arranged to work together, as a whole.During the initial planning of a machine, fundamental decisions must be made concerning loading, type of kinematic elements to be used, and correct utilization of the properties of engineering materials.Economic considerations are usually of prime importance when the design of new machinery is undertaken.In general, the lowest over-all costs are designed.Consideration should be given not only to the cost of design, manufacture the neceary safety features and be of pleasing external appearance.The objective is to produce a machine which is not only sufficiently rugged to function properly for a reasonable life, but is at the same time cheap enough to be economically feasible.The engineer in charge of the design of a machine should not only have adequate technical training, but must be a man of sound judgment and wide experience, qualities which are usually acquired only after considerable time has been spent in actual profeional work.Design of machine elements

The principles of design are, of course, universal.The same theory or equations may be applied to a very small part, as in an instrument, or, to a larger but similar part used in a piece of heavy equipment.In no ease, however, should mathematical calculations be looked upon as absolute and final.They are all subject to the accuracy of the various aumptions, which must necearily be made in engineering work.Sometimes only a portion of the total number of parts in a machine are designed on the basis of analytic calculations.The form and size of the remaining parts are designed on the basis of analytic calculations.On the other hand, if the machine is very expensive, or if weight is a factor, as in airplanes, design computations may then be made for almost all the parts.The purpose of the design calculations is, of course, to attempt to predict the stre or deformation in the part in order that it may sagely carry the loads, which will be imposed on it, and that it may last for the expected life of the machine.All calculations are, of course, dependent on the physical properties of the construction materials as determined by laboratory tests.A rational method of design attempts to take the results of relatively simple and fundamental tests such as tension, compreion, torsion, and fatigue and apply them to all the complicated and involved situations encountered in present-day machinery.In addition, it has been amply proved that such details as surface condition, fillets, notches, manufacturing tolerances, and heat treatment have a market effect on the strength and useful life of a machine part.The design and drafting departments must specify completely all such particulars, must specify completely all such particulars, and thus exercise the neceary close control over the finished product.As mentioned above, machine design is a vast field of engineering technology.As such, it begins with the conception of an idea and follows through the various phases of design analysis, manufacturing, marketing and consumerism.The following is a list of the major areas of consideration in the general field of machine design: ① Initial design conception;

② Strength analysis;③ Materials selection;④ Appearance;⑤ Manufacturing;⑥ Safety;⑦ Environment effects;⑨ Reliability and life;

Strength is a measure of the ability to resist, without fails, forces which cause strees and strains.The forces may be;① Gradually applied;② Suddenly applied;2

③ Applied under impact;④ Applied with continuous direction reversals;⑤ Applied at low or elevated temperatures.If a critical part of a machine fails, the whole machine must be shut down until a repair is made.Thus, when designing a new machine, it is extremely important that critical parts be made strong enough to prevent failure.The designer should determine as precisely as poible the nature, magnitude, direction and point of application of all forces.Machine design is mot, however, an exact science and it is, therefore, rarely poible to determine exactly all the applied forces.In addition, different samples of a specified material will exhibit somewhat different abilities to resist loads, temperatures and other environment conditions.In spite of this, design calculations based on appropriate aumptions are invaluable in the proper design of machine.Moreover, it is absolutely eential that a design engineer knows how and why parts fail so that reliable machines which require minimum maintenance can be designed.Sometimes, a failure can be serious, such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speeds.On the other hand, a failure may be no more than a nuisance.An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in the automobile cooling system.The consequence of this latter failure is usually the lo of some radiator coolant, a condition which is readily detected and corrected.The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude.Generally speaking, dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulties than static loads and, therefore, fatigue strength must be considered.Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle.For example, brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved.In general, the design engineer must consider all poible modes of failure, which include the following: ① Stre;② Deformation;3

③ Wear;④ Corrosion;⑤ Vibration;⑥ Environmental damage;⑦ Loosening of fastening devices.The part sizes and shapes selected must also take into account many dimensional factors which produce external load effects such as geometric discontinuities, residual strees due to forming of desired contours, and the application of interference fit joint.Selected from” design of machine elements”, 6th edition, m.f.sports, prentice-hall, inc., 1985 and “machine design”, Anthony Esposito, charles e., Merrill publishing company, 1975.Quality aurance and control

Product quality is of paramount importance in manufacturing.If quality is allowed deteriorate, then a manufacturer will soon find sales dropping off followed by a poible busine failure.Customers expect quality in the products they buy, and if a manufacturer expects to establish and maintain a name in the busine, quality control and aurance functions must be established and maintained before, throughout, and after the production proce.Generally speaking, quality aurance encompaes all activities aimed at maintaining quality, including quality control.Quality aurance can be divided into three major areas.These include the following: ①Source and receiving inspection before manufacturing;②In-proce quality control during manufacturing;③Quality aurance after manufacturing.Quality control after manufacture includes warranties and product service extended to the users of the product.Source and receiving inspection before manufacturing

Quality aurance often begins ling before any actual manufacturing takes place.This may be done through source inspections conducted at the plants that

supply materials, discrete parts, or subaemblies to manufacturer.The manufacturer’s source inspector travels to the supplier factory and inspects raw material or premanufactured parts and aemblies.Source inspections present an opportunity for the manufacturer to sort out and reject raw materials or parts before they are shipped to the manufacturer’s production facility.The responsibility of the source inspector is to check materials and parts against design specifications and to reject the item if specifications are not met.Source inspections may include many of the same inspections that will be used during production.Included in these are: ①Visual inspection;②Metallurgical testing;③Dimensional inspection;④Destructive and nondestructive inspection;⑤Performance inspection.Visual inspections

Visual inspections examine a product or material for such specifications as color, texture, surface finish, or overall appearance of an aembly to determine if there are any obvious deletions of major parts or hardware.Metallurgical testing

Metallurgical testing is often an important part of source inspection, especially if the primary raw material for manufacturing is stock metal such as bar stock or structural materials.Metals testing can involve all the major types of inspections including visual, chemical, spectrographic, and mechanical, which include hardne, tensile, shear, compreion, and spectr5ographic analysis for alloy content.Metallurgical testing can be either destructive or nondestructive.Dimensional inspection

Few areas of quality control are as important in manufactured products as dimensional requirements.Dimensions are as important in source inspection as they are in the manufacturing proce.This is especially critical if the source supplies parts for an aembly.Dimensions are inspected at the source factory

using standard measuring tools plus special fit, form, and function gages that may required.Meeting dimensional specifications is critical to interchangeability of manufactured parts and to the succeful aembly of many parts into complex aemblies such as autos, ships, aircraft, and other multipart products.Destructive and nondestructive inspection

In some cases it may be neceary for the source inspections to call for destructive or nondestructive tests on raw materials or p0arts and aemblies.This is particularly true when large amounts of stock raw materials are involved.For example it may be neceary to inspect castings for flaws by radiographic, magnetic particle, or dye penetrant techniques before they are shipped to the manufacturer for final machining.Specifications calling for burn-in time for electronics or endurance run tests for mechanical components are further examples of nondestructive tests.It is sometimes neceary to test material and parts to destruction, but because of the costs and time involved destructive testing is avoided whenever poible.Examples include preure tests to determine if safety factors are adequate in the design.Destructive tests are probably more frequent in the testing of prototype designs than in routine inspection of raw material or parts.Once design specifications are known to be met in regard to the strength of materials, it is often not neceary to test further parts to destruction unle they are genuinely suspect.Performance inspection

Performance inspections involve checking the function of aemblies, especially those of complex mechanical systems, prior to installation in other products.Examples include electronic equipment subcomponents, aircraft and auto engines, pumps, valves, and other mechanical systems requiring performance evaluation prior to their shipment and final installation.Selected form “modern materials and manufacturing proce”

Electro-hydraulic drum brakes Application

The YWW series electro-hydraulic brake is a normally closed brake, suitable for horizontal mounting.It is mainly used in portal cranes, bucket stacker/reclaimers’slewing mechanism.The YKW series electro-hydraulic brake is a normally opened brake, suitable for horizontal mounting, employing a thruster as actuator.with the foot controlling switch the operator can release or close the brake.It is mainly used for deceleration braking of portal cranes’slewing mechanism.In a non-operating state the machinery can be braked by a manual close device.The RKW series brake is a normally opened brake, which is operated by foot driven hydraulic pump, suitable for horizontal mounting.Mainly used in the slewing mechanism of middle and small portal cranes.When needed, the brake is activated by a manual closed device.Main design features Interlocking shoes balancing devices(patented technology)constantly equalizes the clearance of brake shoes on both sides and made adjustment unneceary, thus avoiding one side of the brake lining sticking to the brake wheel.The brake is equipped with a shoed autoaligning device.Main hinge points are equipped with self-lubricating bearing, making high efficiency of transmiion, long service life.Lubricating is unneceary during operation.Adjustable bracket ensure the brake works well.The brake spring is arranged inside a square tube and a surveyor’s rod is placed on one side.It is easy to read braking torque value and avoid measuring and computing.Brake lining is of card whole-piece shaping structure, easy to replace.Brake linings of various materials such as half-metal(non-asbestos)hard and half-hard, soft(including asbestos)substance are available for customers to choose.All adopt the company’s new types of thruster as corollary equipment which work accurately and have long life.Hydraulic Power Transmiion The Two Types Of Power Transmiion

In hydraulic power transmiion the apparatus(pump)used for conversion of the mechanical(or electrical,thermal)energy to hydraulic energy is arranged on the input of the kinematic chain ,and the apparatus(motor)used for conversion of the hydraulic energy to mechanical energy is arranged on the output(fig.2-1)

The theoretical design of the energy converters depends on the component of the bernouilli equation to be used for hydraulic power transmiion.In systerms where, mainly, hydrostatic preure is utilized, displacement(hydrostatic)pumps and motors are used, while in those where the hydrodynamic preure is utilized is utilized gor power transmiion hydrodynamic energy converters(e.g.centrifugal pumps)are used.The specific characteristic of the energy converters is the weight required for transmiion of unit power.It can be demonstrated that the use of hydrostatic energy converters for the low and medium powers, and of hydrodynamic energy converters of high power are more favorite(fig.2-2).This is the main reason why hydrostatic energy converters are used in industrial apparatus.transformation of the energy in hydraulic transmiion.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.driving motor(electric, diesel engine);mechanical energy;pump;

hydraulic energy;

hydraulic motor;mechanical energy;

load variation of the ma per unit power in hydrostatic and hydrodynamic energy converters

1、hydrostatic;2.hydrodynamic Only displacement energy converters are dealt with in the following.The

elements performing converters provide one or several size.Expansion of the working chambers in a pump is produced by the external energy admitted, and in the motor by the hydraulic energy.Inflow of the fluid occurs during expansion of the working chamber, while the outflow(displacement)is realized during contraction.Such devices are usually called displacement energy converters.The Hydrostatic Power

In order to have a fluid of volume V1 flowing in a veel at preure work spent on compreion W1 and transfer of the proce, let us imagine a piston mechanism(fig.2-3(a))which may be connected with the aid of valves Z0 and Z1 to the external medium under preure P0 and reservoir of preure p1.in the upper position of the piston(x=x0)with Z0 open the cylinder chamber is filled with fluid of volume V0 and preure P0.now shut the value Z0 and start the piston moving downwards.If Z1 is shut the fluid volume in position X=X1 of the piston decreases from V0 to V1, while the preure rises to P1.the external work required for actuation of the piston(auming isothermal change)is W1=-∫0x0(P-P0)Adx=-∫v1v0(P-P0)dv

Select from Hydraulic Power Transmiion

机器和机器零件的设计

机器设计

机器设计为了特定的目的而发明或改进机器的一种艺术。一般来讲，机器时有多种不同的合理设计并有序装配在一起的部件构成的，在最初的机器设计阶段，必须基本明确负载、元件的运动情况、工程材料的合理使用性能。负责新机器的设计最初的最重要的是经济性考虑。一般来说，选择总成本最低的设计方案，不仅要考虑设计、制造、销售、安装的成本。还要考虑服务的费用，机械要保证必要的安全性能和美观的外形。

制造机器的目标不仅要追求保证只用功能的合理寿命，还要保证足够便宜以同时保证其经济的可行性。负责设计机器的工程师，不仅要经过专业的培训，而且必须是一个准确判断而又有丰富经验的人，具有一种有足够时间从事专门的实际工作的素质。

机器零件的设计

相同的理论或方程可应用在一个一起的非常小的零件上，也可用在一个复杂的设备的大型相似件上，既然如此，毫无疑问，数学计算是绝对的和最终的。他们都符合不同的设想，这必须由工程量决定。有时，一台机器的零件全部计算仅仅是设计的一部分。零件的结构和尺寸通常根据实际考虑。另一方面，如果机器和昂贵，或者质量很重要，例如飞机，那麽每一个零件都要设计计算。

当然，设计计算的目的是试图预测零件的应力和变形，以保证其安全的带动负载，这是必要的，并且其也许影响到机器的最终寿命。当然，所有的计算依赖于这些结构材料通过试验测定的物理性能。国际上的设计方法试图通过从一些相对简单的而基本的实验中得到一些结果，这些试验，例如结构复杂的及现代机械设计到的电压、转矩和疲劳强度。

另外，可以充分证明，一些细节，如表面粗糙度、圆角、开槽、制造公差和热处理都对机械零件的强度及使用寿命有影响。设计和构建布局要完全详细地说明每一个细节，并且对最终产品进行必要的测试。

综上所述，机械设计是一个非常宽的工程技术领域。例如，从设计理念到设计分析的每一个阶段，制造，市场，销售。以下是机械设计的一般领域应考虑的主要方面的清单：

①最初的设计理念

②受力分析

③材料的选择

④外形

⑤制造

⑥安全性

⑦环境影响

⑧可靠性及寿命

在没有破坏的情况下，强度是抵抗引起应力和应变的一种量度。这些力可能是：

①渐变力

②瞬时力

③冲击力

④不断变化的力

⑤温差

如果一个机器的关键件损坏，整个机器必须关闭，直到修理好为止。设计一台新机器时，关键件具有足够的抵抗破坏的能力是非常重要的。设计者应尽可能准确地确定所有的性质、大小、方向及作用点。机器设计不是这样，但精确的科学是这样，因此很难准确地确定所有力。另外，一种特殊材料的不同样本会显现出不同的性能，像抗负载、温度和其他外部条件。尽管如此，在机械设计中给予合理综合的设计计算是非常有用的。

此外，显而易见的是一个知道零件是如何和为什麽破坏的设计师可以设计出需要很少维修的可靠机器。有时，一次失败是严重的，例如高速行驶的汽车的轮胎爆裂。另一方面，失败未必是麻烦。例如，汽车的冷却系统的散热器皮带管松开。这种破坏的后果通常是损失一些散热片，可以探测并改正过来。零件负载类型是一个重要的标志。一般而言，变化的动负载比静负载会引起更大的差异。因此，疲劳强度必须符合。另一个关心的方面是这种材料是否直或易碎。例如有疲劳破坏的地方不易使用易碎的材料。一般的，设计师要靠考虑所有破坏情况，其包括以下方面：

①应力

②应变

③外形

④腐蚀

⑤震动

⑥外部环境破坏

⑦紧固件的松脱

零件的尺寸和外形的选择也有很多因素。外部负荷的影响，如几何间断，由于轮廓而产生的残余应力和组合件干涉。

质量保证与控制

产品质量是生产中最重要的。如果放任质量恶化下去，生产者会很快发现销售量锐减，可能从而会导致产业的失败。用户期望他们买的产品质量性能好，而且如果制造商想建立并维持其信誉，必须在产品制造前制造过程中及制造过程后进行质量控制和质量保证。一般来说，质量保证包括所有的活动，其包括质量建立和质量控制。质量保证可以被分为三个主要领域，他们如下所述： ①制造之前的原材料的检查 ②在制造加工过程中的质量控制 ③制造之后的质量保证

生产制造后的质量控制包括保证书和面对产品用户的服务。生产制造之前的原材料检验

质量保证常常在实际生产制造之前就开始了。这些都是生产者在供应原材料、散件或配件的车间里进行检验。生产制造公司的原材料检验员到供应厂并且检查原材料及于制造的另配件。原材料检验为生产者提供了一次机会，那就是在原料及散件被运到生产车间之前先进行挑选淘汰。原料检察员的责任是去检查原料和零件是否达到设计规格并且淘汰那些未达到特殊指标的原料。原料检验有很多于检查产品相同的检验。其如下所述： ①目测 ②冶金测试 ③尺寸测试

④损伤检验 ⑤性能检验 目测

目测检验一种产品或原料的某些特征，如颜色、纹理、表面光洁度或部件的总体外观，从而判断其是否具有明显的缺损。冶金测试

冶金测试常常是原料间严厉的一个很重要的部分，尤其是像棒料、建筑材料毛坯一些原材料。金属测试包含所有主要的检验类型，其中有目测，化学检验，光谱检验和机械性能检验，其包括硬度、伸缩性能、剪切性能、压缩性能和合成 12

成分的光谱分析。冶金测试既可用于成品件也可用于预制件。尺寸检验

质量控制的一些领域是重要的生产件的要求尺寸。尺寸在检验过程中，像其在生产过程中一样重要。如果这些零件是为总成供应的，那尺寸尤其严格。一些尺寸在生产车间用标准测量工具进行检验，像特种接头、造型和需求的功能标准度量。符合尺寸规格对所制造多部件的互换性和对多部件成功组装成复杂的装置，如汽车、轮船、飞机和其他多部件产品都地极其重要的。损伤检验

在一些情况下，对原材料或零部件采取损伤测试的原始测验是很必要的。特别是涉及到大批的原材料时。例如，在被运到生产车间作最终机器之前，对铸件进行X-射线、电磁离子、染色渗透剂技术的探伤是很必要的，又对机器总成的电子或持久运作测试而确定的规格，是无损测试的又一例证。有时，对材料及零件的测试是很必要的，但由于无损测试的花费和成本及时间不是任何时候都允许的。

例如，有压力测试决定在设计中其是否安全。损伤测试经常用于设计样机的测试，而不是原材料或零件的常规检验。一旦设计达到了所希望的材料强度，通常对零件做进一步的损伤测试是不必要的，除非他们确实存在疑点。

性能测试

性能测试在零部件被其他产品被安装之前，检查部件的功能，尤其是那些机械构造复杂的部件。例如电子设备零件，飞机和汽车发动机，泵、阀及其他需要在装运和最后安装前进行性能测验的机械系统。

选自《现代材料和制造工艺》

汽车起重机的不同类型

根据汽车吊的使用情况，像：工作的范围，工作的自然情况。他们的构造装备体现着不同的理念。

1、工作范围（不同的设计）

当起重机工作在一个小范围内（仓库，码头，戏台等）告诉是没有必要的。根据这种应用，我们的装置最高速为35km/h。

驱动装置布置在后面，集成了车辆和起重机的控制，这种类型称为：单驱起重机。当起重机在大场地内工作时，有几个较远的工作点，高速轴就是必要的了。随之而来的，布置在车辆后端的单驱动是不可能的。由于这个原因，提供两个驱动是必要的，相对的允许像传统卡车那样驱动车辆。这种类型的起重机，在构造上必须装备一个特殊的变速箱，对起重机允许像传统车辆那样的前进和后退。我们这种类型的起重机装备了一个特殊的变速箱，可以提供一个前进速度和一个后退速度，一般其最大运输速度为：55/60km/h，这种类型称为双驱起重机。

2、地面情况

当起重机操作困难时，在平整的路面上（体育场，码头，仓库等）起构造是传统概念的单驱动的运输工具。

如果起重机离开路面移动到恶劣路况下（脏且沙软的路面）不平的，其构造根据“全工况路面”的限定标准而建立，其要求实现：

双驱甚至是三驱；两种速度范围，有一个特别慢的值；不同驱动轴的转换系统；轴端的特殊轴承；特殊的制动；提供低压的大尺寸的轮胎，在软地面上运转；独立的大车轮；悬空的地面监视和清晰的构造是非常重要的；安装及驾驶服务

所有的主要点是绝对必要的对于在无路的情况下的各种类型的车辆，有一个良好的运行。

当然起重机不得不在各种路况下工作，为此其装备了双驱。

（附图见英文资料）

液力传动

动力传动的两种类型

在液力传动中，用来将机械能（电能、化学能）转化成液力能的装置（泵）被布置在传动链的输入端，而用来将液力能转化成机械能的装置（马达）被布置在输出端。（图2-1）

这种能量转化的理论上的设计依据是液力传动的各部分的伯努里方程。

在系统中，流体静压力主要用来替代泵和马达，而在某些方面，流体动力是作为液力能转化后的力传动而被利用的（如离心泵）这种能量转换的特征取决于单位力的传动。他能说明这种微小力的液体静压力能转换和高压力的液体动力能转换更受人们的欢迎。（图2-2）者是液力转换被应用于工业器械的主要原因。液力传动的能量转换

1、原动机（电机、内燃机）

2、机械能

3、泵

4、液力能

5、液压马达

6、机械能

7、负载 在流体静力能和流体动力能中单位里的质量变化

替代能量转换仅应用以下几方面，在液体静压力转换中相关的替代执行元件提供一个或数个工作室，他们恒定或尺寸可变。

泵的工作室在外部能量进入时伸长，马达是靠液力能，工作是伸长时液体流入，而收缩时实现流体流出。这些装置通常被称为能量转换装置。液体充满一个体积为V1的容器，在压力P1下所作的功W是压缩功W1和改变液体的功W2组成的。

为了分析这个过程，让我们假设一个活塞机构（图2-3（a）），它是有两个阀Z0、Z1和贮液器连接而成，表面压力为P0，贮

液器内部压力为 P1，活塞处于上部的X=X0处，Z0打开，液体充满体积为V0的汽缸，压力为 P0，现在关闭阀Z0，并且开始向下移动活塞，如果 Z1关闭，当活塞下降到 X=X1处时，液体体积由V0变为V1，此时压力升至P1，驱动活塞所作的外部功是（假设热量改变）

W1=-∫X1X0(P-P0)Adx=-∫V1V0(P-P0)dv

制动器的应用

YWW系列电力液压块式制动器是一种常闭、卧式安装的制动器，主要用于门座式起重机、斗轮堆取料机以及中大型塔式起重机回转机构的制动。

YKW系列电力液压块式制动器是一种常开、卧式安装的制动器，推动器为闭合（上闸）驱动装置，它通过脚踏开关控制，司机在司机室内可随意空。主要用于门座式起重机和塔式起重机等回转机构的减速制动。当需要在机构断电时（非工作状态）进行制动，可通过增设手动闭合（上闸）来实现。

RKW系列制动器为常开式、液压驱动、卧式安装的制动器。通过脚踏式液压泵进行控制，可实现随意制动。主要用于中小型门座式起重机和塔式起重机的回转机构。带有手动闭合（上闸）装置，在非工作状态下有需要时，可通过其进行维持制动。主要设计特点

联锁式退距均等装置，专利技术，在使用过程中可始终保持两侧瓦块制动衬浮贴制动轮的现象；设有瓦块自动随位装置。

主要摆动铰点均设有自动润滑轴承，传动效率高，寿命长，在使用过程中无需润滑。

设有可调式支撑装置，确保制动器工作灵活自如。

制动弹簧在方管内布置）（仅YWW产品）并在一侧设有标尺，用户可十分方便的读出制动力距值，免去测量和计算的麻烦。

制动衬垫为卡装式整体结构，更换十分方便，快捷，备有半金属（无石棉）硬质和半硬质，软质（含石棉）等不同材质的制动衬垫供用户选择。全部采用本公司新型推动器配套，动作灵敏，寿命长。