英文语音知识汇总打印版_英语音标语音知识汇总
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1.关于语音的几个概念
1)字母:语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u, 2)音标:词的语音形式。
3)音素:音的最小的单位。英语中有48音素。
4)音节:由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand
5)元音:发音响亮,是乐音;口腔中气流不收阻碍;是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20元音。
6)辅音:发音不响亮,是噪音;口腔中气流受到阻碍;不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有28辅音。7)开音节:a)辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike;b)辅音+元音 he, go, hi
8)闭音节:a)辅音+元音+辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup;b)元音+辅音it
9)重读音节:单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
2.元音:(注意:下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)1)[i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling2)[i] sit, build, mi, myth3)[e] bed, desk, head,4)[A] bad, land, bank, stamp
5)[a:] car, fast, cla, plant, calm, aunt 6)[C] hot, want
7)[C:] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught
8)[u:] good, who, blue, soup,9)[u] look, put, women, could10)[Q] cup, come, blood, rough11)[E:] girl, work, serve, nurse
12)[E] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday13)[ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,14)[ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye15)[Eu] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow16)[au] house, town17)[Ci] boy, oil
18)[iE] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,19)[ ZE] pear, care, there, fair20)[uE] tour, poor, 3.容易混淆的元音
1)[e] [A] bed bad;men, man;pen, pan;lend land2)[i:] [ei] real rail;greet, great;mean, main;read raid3)[e] [ai] bet bite;red write;said side, head, hide
4)[au] [C:] house horse;loud lord;south sauce;now nor;count corn;cloud clause
5)[au] [Q] found fond;gown gone;down don 4.辅音 1)[p] pen,2)[b] bed, comb3)[t] tell,4)[d], day, played, wanted
5)[k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box6)[g] big, go, gue, language7)[m] man
8)[n] nine, knife, autumn
9)[ N] bank, uncle, English, sing,10)[l] land, world11)[r] read, write,12)[f] five, cough, laugh13)[v] voice, of14)[ W] think,15)[T] this, bathe
16)[s] sit, mi, science, case, scarf17)[z] zoo, close,18)[F] sure, she, social, nation19)[V] pleasure,20)[h] hot, who, hour21)[w] wall, what, answer22)[j] yes
23)[tF] child, teach, catch24)[dV] joke, bridge,25)[ts] boats26)[dz] goods27)[tr] tree28)[dr] dream
5.容易混淆的辅音
1)[v] [w] vet wet;vest west;vine wine;very well
2)[s] [W] sink think;sort thought;mi myth;ma math3)[z] [T] closing clothing;breeze breathe;bays bathes4)[n] [N] thin thing;sin sing;ban bang win wing;ran rang6.读音规则
1)重读音节(见元音和辅音的例句)
2)非重读音节 [E] banana, student, today, after,[i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday
7.特殊读音
1)音的连读:not at all, half an hour, I love you and all.after all
2)失去爆破:good girl, good student, good job, expreion, school, extreme
3)音的同化:this year, Would you do it? Can't you see it?
8.重音
1)单词重音
A)双音节词
a)一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry
b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans-等前缀的词,第二个音节是重音。
a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dre, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cu,im'pre, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late
c)有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre-等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上,其它的词性在第二个音节上。
'record, re'cord;'insult, in'sult;'conduct, con'duct;'present pre'sent;'content, con'tent
d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词,有两个重音。
'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war
B)多音节词
a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.b)有一些双音节词,加了前缀和后缀成了多音节,但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。
'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,c)词尾有-eous,-grahpy,-ial,-ian,-ic,-ics,-ience, ient,-ify,-ion,-ious,-ity, ive 后缀的词,重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。
cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective
d)词尾有-ain,-ee,-eer,-ese,-ette 后缀的词,重音在该后缀上,而且有一个次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette
2)句子重音
A)英语的节奏:(轻)-轻-重-轻-(轻)或重-轻-(轻)(轻)重
B)英语句子的长短:是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的,而
不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。
C)实词重读(副词重读),虚词轻读(冠词,单音节介词,单音节连词,人称代词,反代词,物主代词,关系代词,相互代词,助动词,情态动词和系动词be.D)实词不重读的特殊情况
a)实词第二次出现
He thinks of that as a child thinks.b)一个名词被第二个名词修饰
I met her in the railway station.c)代替词
Which book do you want? The small one.d)感叹词中的 what 和how
What a good day it is!How beautiful she is!
e)street 在专有名词中
Wangfujing Street.f)this在这些短语中,this morning/afternoon/evening
E)虚词重读的特殊情况
a)情态动词,助动词和系动词be在句首,句尾和否定时。
Do you like it? Yes, I do.Are you a doctor? Yes, I am.Can you help me? Yes, I can.I don't like you.He isn't a worker.b)情态动词表示可能,惊奇和肯定时。
They may come this evening.Can it be five already? He must be in the room.c)介词在句首和句尾。
In the box, he found a letter.He is the person I talked with.d)引导复合句的连词在句首。
If you wish, I'll visit you.When he comes, I'll tell him.e)反身代词表示强调。
He couldn't come himself.语音(上)A[ei]
在重读开音节中
grade,face,table,namehave [hAv][A]
在重读闭音节中
map,practice,that,plan,hand[E]
在非重读音节中
above, about, among,woman[R]w+a
watch, what,wash,walletwater [5wR:tE][i]
在重读音节后的音节中village, orange, comradeoperate[5CpEreit][B:]
a+n(或,sp,sk,st,th,f)
answer, grant, cla, grasp, basket,fast,bath,aftersand[sAnd]stand[stAnd] land[lAnd]band[bAnd]
ai,ay[ei]
在重读音节中
straight,afraid,paint,rain[i]
在非重读音节中
Monday,mountain,holiday,captainweekday[5wi:kdei]birthday[5bE:Wdei]Air[Z[]
在重读音节中
repair,chair,hair,stairAl[C:]
在辅音之间
chalk,call,small,walkhalf [hB:f]salt[sC:lt]Ar[B:]
在重读音节中
party,artist,farm,card
toward[tE5wC:d]marry[5mAri] quarter[5kwC:tE] various[5vZEriEs][E]
在非重读音节中
grammar,collar,sugarAre[ZE]
在重读音节中
glare,care,stare,dareAu[C:]
August,autumn
aunt[B:nt]because[bi5kCz]Australia[Cs5treiliE]Augh[C:]
caught,taught,daughterlaugh[lB:f]Aw[C:]
draw,law,saw
2.元音字母e及其字母组合的读音(见表1.2)e[i:]
在重读开音节中
complete,even,these,[e]
在重读闭音节中better,enter,freshpretty[5priti]
[E]
在非重读音节中
happen,open, problem[i]
在前缀和后缀中
depend,behind,needed
元音字母和字母组合 ea[e]
breath,head,ready,dead[i:]
breathe,season,least,deal,teach[iE]
really,real,theatre, ideareality[ri5Aliti][ei]
great,breakee[i:]
greet,deep,keep,meetei(ie)[i:]
receive,thief, believe
eight[eit] friend[frend] height[hait]er[E:]
在重读音节中
verb,her,term,serve
terrible[5terEbl] merry[5meri][E]
在非重读音节中worker,paperear[iE]
dear,clear,near,hear[E:]
search,learn,earth,earnheart[hB:t]eer[iE]
pioneer,deer-ed[t]
前面是清辅音([t]除外)
jumped,talked,worked,helped[d]
前面是浊辅音([d]除外)和元音
loved,answered,closed,stayed[id]
前面是[t]或[d]
needed,shouted,skated
3.元音字母i及其字母组合的读音(见表1.3)
表1.3
元音字母和字母组合说明例词例外
i(y)[ai]
在重读开音节中Friday,fine,drivegive[^iv][i]
在重读闭音节中strict,think,artistwild[waild]ie[ai]
在重读词尾
lie,tie,die,pie[i:]
believe,piece,fieldfriend[frend] quiet[5kwaiEt]ir[E:]
girl,bird,first,birthmirror[5mirE]igh[ai]
fight,right,tight,nightild[aild]
wild,child,mildire[aiE]
admire,hire,fire, entireind[aind]
behind,find,kindwind [wind]-ied[id]
worried,carried,hurried,studiedterrified[5terifaid]
4.元音字母o及其字母组合的读音(见表1.4)o[Eu]
在重读开音节中spoke,pole,note
improve[im5pru:v], love[lQv], whose[hu:z], lose[lu:z], tomb[tu:m], prove[pru:v][C]
在重读闭音节中
monument,along,shop,cloth[E]
在非重读音节中
observe,towards,polite[Eu]
在某些词的词尾
envelope,piano,photo,radio[Q]
worry,another,son,cover
woman,wolf,intooa[Eu]
coat,boat,road,coalbroad[brC:d]
oi,oy[Ci]
noise,enjoy,choice,boyoo[u:]
school,soon,fool,loose[u]
后面是t,d,k时
good,book,look,foot
food[fu:d], shoot[Fu:t] boot[bu:t][Q]
flood,bloodor[C:]
在重读音节中worn,horse[E:]
在重读音节中
world,work,worse
worry[5wQri], foreign[5fCrin] forest[5fCrist], borrow[5bCrEu] tomorrow[tE5mCrEu][E]
在非重读音节中
actor,doctor,visitorou[au]
mouse,ground,southsoul[sEul][u:]
youth,group,wound[Q]
trouble,touch,countryow[au]
down,town,how,allowknowledge[5nClidV][Eu]
snow,grow,windowough[C:]
bought,thought,oughtcough[kCf], enough[i5nQf] tough[tQf], plough[plau] through[Wru:]our[auE]
在重读音节中flour,hour,ourtour[tuE][C:]
在重读音节中
four,pour,coursejourney[5dVE:ni]在非重读音节中
honour,favour,colour
5.元音字母u及其字母组合的读音(见表1.5)u[ju:]
在重读开音节中
student,use,pupil,hugesugar[5Fu^E][Q]
在重读闭音节中but,cut,up,hurrytruth[tru:W] busy[5bizi][E]
在某些非重读音节中
autumn,difficult,succe
institute[5institju:t], communism[5kCmjunizEm]ur[E:]
hurt,nurse,turn,burnhurry[5hQri][E]
surprise,Saturday
6.辅音字母的读音(见表1.6)
表1.6
辅音字母和字母组合读 音说明例词例外c[s]
在元音字母e,i,(y)之前nice,twice,citymusician[mju: 5ziFEn][k]
在a,o,u或辅音字母之前call,card,uncle,medicalch[tF]
choose,change,child,beachSandwich[k]
headache,stomach,chemical,school[F]
moustache,machineh[h]
help,hand,hope不发音
hour,honest,exhibitionn[n]
answer,line,fan,neck[N]
在辅音[^]或[k]之前
think,uncle,English,finger,wrongstrange[streindV]
change[tFeindV]th[W]
在实词中
tooth,three,health,breath,think,bath,youthbreathe,father等词中读[T][T]
在虚词和部分代词中
the,thus,these,other,with,thatx[^z]
在重读元音中之前exam,example[ks]
expect,explain,exercise,extend
二、单词重音 单词重音如表1.7所示。
表1.7
重读音节情况例词
单音节词一般都重读,为方便在单标中一般略去重音符号map[mAp],pen[pen],time[taim],rose[rEuz]
双音节词的重音多落在第一音节上brother[5brQTE],letter[5letE],yellow[5jelEu],photo[5fEutEu]续表
重读音节情况例词
单音节词加上后缀-er,-ly,-ing,-ed等的双音节词,重音也在第一个音节上
carele[5kZElis],sadly[5sAdli],teacher[5ti:tFE],wanted[5wCntid],stronger[strCN^E]
有前缀a-,be-,mis-,en-,ex-,im-,in-,re-等双音节词,重音一般落在第二个音节上
about[E5baut],before[bi5fC:],explain[iks5plein],report[ri5pC:t] mistake[mis5teik]
以un-前缀开头和有后缀-teen的双音节词通常有两个重音5un5fair,5un5known,5four5teen,5thir5teen
有些双音节词的重音有区别词性的作用-重音在前是名词,重音在后是动词5desert(沙漠),de5sert(抛弃),5permit(执照),per5mit(呈献)
三音节词的重音一般在第一个音节上
5hospital, 5monitor, 5nobody, 5difficult, 5library
双音节词加上前缀或后缀构成的多音节词,重音一般在原词根的重读音节上
5villager,5carefully,re5member,po5liceman,dis5cover,de5velop
多音节词的重音多数在倒数第三个音节上,为读起来上口,由主要重音向前再数两个音节上一般有一个次重音university[5ju:ni5vE:siti],experiment[iks5perimEnt] geography[dVi5C^rEfi],apology[E5pClEdVi]
词尾有-ic,-tion,-sion,-ian等后缀时,音词的(主要)重音落在这些后缀前面的那个音节上pronunciation[prE5nQnsi5eiFEn],musician[mju(:)5ziFEn],(但television [5teli5viVEn]等例外)
以-self和-selves结尾的反身代词,重音落在-self和-selves上my5self,your5self,them5selves,our5selves
复合名词的重音多在第一个音节上
5basketball,5dining-room,5grand mother,5blackboard
复合形容词一般两部分均重读
5well-5known,5good-5looking, 5man-5made,5kind-5hearted
专有名词一般在后一个词上重读mary5white,the summer5palace
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