中西方酒文化的比较研究_中西方酒文化比较

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中西方酒文化的比较研究

A Comparative Study on Alcohol Culture Between China and Western Countries

Acknowledgements

First and foremost, my appreciation goes to my affectionate parents, and the rest of my family.On the proce of composing the paper, they have been giving me continuous support, encouragement and understanding.Their love and support encouraged me to pursue progre all the time.And I also would like to extend my sincere thanks to all other teachers who gave me lectures during the past three academic years.I have benefited so much not only from their courses and lectures but also from their constant encouragement.Finally, my deepest gratitude and respect go to my supervisor, Lu Li.It is for her constant encouragement, critical instructions, her great care and precious advice and suggestions that this paper appears in the present form.Abstract

Alcohol，which plays an important role in people’s daily life, is familiar to human beings.People’s life becomes colorful with it.As to alcohol culture, differences and similarities co-exist between China and the western countries.A large number of previous researches have been done on specific alcohol culture, whereas few studies focus on the alcohol culture comparison between China and western countries.Systematic and comprehensive researches in this regard are hard to find.Since comparative studies on the similarities and differences of alcohol culture between China and western countries are lacking, this paper attempt to explore the differences from the raw materials and drinking customs and conclude their similarities to introduce the alcohol culture of China and western countries.Key Words：alcohol;cultural difference;China and western countries

摘要

酒是人们非常熟悉的一种饮品，它在人们的日常生活中起着不可替代的作用。酒使人们的生活变的丰富多彩。关于酒文化，中国和西方相似之处与差异共存。前人对特定的酒文化研究较多，而对中西方酒文化的比较都只做了简要的探讨，并未系统、全面的做出总结, 关于中西方酒文化的相似和差异的对比研究还比较欠缺。本文试图在前人研究的基础上，从酿酒的原料和饮酒的习俗等方面探讨中西方酒文化的不同, 并结合它们的相似处，介绍中西方酒文化。

关键词: 酒；文化差异；中国和西方国家

Contents

Introduction …………………………………………………………...1 I.History of alcohol ………………………………...……………........3 1.1 In China ………………...………………………………………....3 1.2 In west countries ………………………………………………......4 II.Alcohol culture in China and western countries ………………....6 2.1 Similarities in alcohol culture …………………………………......6 2.2 Differences in alcohol culture …………………………………......7 III.Intercommunication of alcohol culture …………………………15

3.1 The neceity to promote intercommunication of alcohol culture..15 3.2 Suggestions to the intercommunication of alcohol culture …...…..15 Conclusion ………………………………………………………..……16 Bibliography …………………………………………………..….........17

Introduction

The alcohol as an objective substance in the world is in the shape of water but it has the character of fire.It will brighten the bright and fool the fool.People, such as the emperors, the heroes, the liberators, the ordinary people and the beggars, all like it since it appeared.Undoubtedly, the alcohol can be said as a riddle.People no matter in China or in western countries all have the habit of drinking alcohol.They regard drinking alcohol as an indispensable part of life.The formation of alcohol culture is different in different countries.In China, the word for alcohol “jiu” is used to refer to all types of alcoholic beverages.Since long time ago China had have the stories about Du Kang who invented the method of brewing alcoholic beverages.A legend in western countries about the origin of alcohol is also spread.The alcohol culture was gradually formed after the appearing of alcohol.The phrase ”the alcohol culture“ is put forward by the renowned economist profeor Li in China.In 1994, Xiao jiacheng said that the alcohol culture referred to the integration of material, technical, spiritual, custom, psychological, and behavior phenomenon which generated around the center.While we pride ourselves on the long history of alcohol culture, we only to find that we depend exceively on the traditional alcohol culture.As a result we can not make any innovation.There is no development and progre without innovation.In this case, we can learn from the western countries.There are varied types of alcohol with different raw materials, such as Gin, Whisky, Vodka, Rum, and Brandy.Even the cocktail which appeared later is brewed based on some types of the alcoholic beverages.It is generally acknowledged that China is far away from the western countries geographically.As a result, the way to drink is different.Even in China, there is also some difference between nationalities on the way to drink.There are also some similarities of alcohol culture between China and western countries although the difference exists.The development of alcohol spirit accompanied with alcohol culture.While alcohol culture developed to a certain degree, schools of ideology came into being.In order to push the development of alcohol culture we should do our utmost to promote the international communication of the alcohol culture.I.History of alcohol

1.1 In China The earliest evidence of alcohol in China are wine jars from Jiahu（Jiahu(贾湖 pinyin: Jiǎhú)was the site of a Neolithic Yellow River settlement based in the central plains of ancient China, modern Wuyang, Henan Province）which dated back to about 7000 BC[1:314].This early drink was produced by fermenting rice, honey, and fruit.A variety of alcoholic beverages was used in China since prehistoric times.Alcohol, known in Chinese as jiǔ was considered a spiritual food rather than a material(physical)food, and extensive documentary evidence attests to the important role it played in the religious life.”In ancient times people always drank when holding a memorial ceremony, offering sacrifices to gods or their ancestors, pledging resolution before going into battle, celebrating victory, before feuding and official executions, for taking an oath of allegiance, while attending the ceremonies of birth, marriage, reunions, departures, death, and festival banquets[1:314].“

A Chinese imperial edict of about 1116 BC makes it clear that the use of alcohol in moderation was believed to be prescribed by heaven.Whether or not it was prescribed by heaven, it was clearly beneficial to the treasury.At the time of Marco Polo(1254-1324)it was drunk daily and was one of the treasury's biggest sources of income.Alcoholic beverages were widely used in all segments of Chinese society, were used as a source of inspiration, were important for hospitality, were considered an antidote for fatigue, and were sometimes misused.Laws against making alcohol were enacted and repealed forty-one times between 1100 BC and AD 1400.However, a commentator writing around 650 BC aerted that people ”will not do without beer.To prohibit it and secure total abstinence from it is beyond the power even of sages.Hence, therefore, we have warnings on the abuse of it.“ 3 1.2 In west countries In Pre-Columbian American, alcoholic beverages were developed by many Native American civilizations some of which are still produced today.The traditional native beverage of Mesoamerica was pulque or octli which was made from the fermented juice of maguey.Mezcal was obtained by distilling pulque and tequila is a form of mezcal.It is believed to be beer but the main carbohydrate was a complex form of fructose and not starch.[3:178]

South America produced Chicha which is a Spanish word for a variety of traditional fermented beverages.Fruits, maize and manioc root formed the main ingredients of chicha.The Native American populations of Brazil made the traditional alcoholic beverage known as Cauim which was very similar to chicha and made using the same ingredients.A characteristic feature that set cauim apart from other alcoholic drinks was that the starting material is cooked, chewed and then re-cooked before fermentation.The saliva that is present in the ingredients of the cauim break down the starches into fermentable sugars.During the early modern period(1500-1800), Protestant leaders such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, the leaders of the Anglican Church, and even the Puritans did not differ substantially from the teachings of the Catholic Church: alcohol was a gift of God and created to be used in moderation for pleasure, enjoyment and health;drunkenne was viewed as a sin.A beverage that clearly made its debut during the seventeenth century was sparkling champagne.The credit for that development goes primarily to Dom Perignon, the wine-master in a French abbey.Around 1668, he used strong bottles, invented a more efficient cork(and one that could contain the effervescence in those strong bottles), and began developing the technique of blending the contents.However, another century would pa before problems, especially bursting bottles, would be solved and sparkling champagne would become popular.The original grain spirit, whisky and its specific origins are unknown but the distillation of whisky has been performed in Scotland and Ireland for centuries.The first confirmed written record of whisky comes from 1405 in Ireland, the production of whisky from malted barley is first mentioned in Scotland in an entry on the 1494, although both countries could have distilled grain alcohol before this date.Distilled spirit was generally flavored with juniper berries.The resulting beverage was known as jenever, the Dutch word for ”juniper.“ The French changed the name to genievre, which the English changed to ”geneva“ and then modified to ”gin.“ Originally used for medicinal purposes, the use of gin as a social drink did not grow rapidly at first.However, in 1690, England paed ”An Act for the Encouraging of the Distillation of Brandy and Spirits from Corn“ and within four years the annual production of distilled spirits, most of which was gin, reached nearly one million gallons.It should be noted that at that time ”corn“ in England meant ”grain“ in general.II.Alcohol culture in China and western countries

2.1 Similarities in alcohol culture 2.1.1 Beautiful legends on the origin of alcohol Although there is much difference of alcohol culture between China and western countries, we can not neglect the similarities.In the first place, both China and western countries have a beautiful legend about the origin of the alcohol.In China, some people think that Du Kang invented the method to make alcohol with a history of 4000 years, while other people think that Yi Di was the first person to brew alcoholic drink.However, there is a basically clear record about the origin of alcohol.In the west, though there is a not clear historical record, a beautiful legend about the origin of alcohol was handed down.It was said that an ancient Persian king sealed the remnant grapes in the barrel and labeled the word ”poison“ to prevent others from eating them.There was a concubine disfavored by the king and lived painfully opportunely to see the poison barrel and wanted to die at that time.She opened it and drunk for a few mouths.She felt not painful but a sense of intoxication when she was waiting to die.Then she told the king the matter.A test is unavoidable.This, of course, is a beautiful legend.But the alcohol beverages, indeed, enhanced the enjoyment of mankind.2.1.2 Alcohol and literature In the second place, the alcohol culture has the surprising similarities on literature.In the realm of literature and art, the alcohol spirit is everywhere and affects the men of letters and refined scholars deeply in that freene, art and beauty is united.Freene reaches art and art produces beauty.To get the free state of art with intoxication is an important channel to get rid of bind and get the ability of creation by the ancient Chinese arts.[6：101] Alcohol, more than any other beverage, had a great impact on men of letters as it seems that many of them produced their peak masterpieces in states of drunkenne.Being drunk, and so being released of inhibition, was and is an important way for men of letters to unleash their artistic and creative talents.After drinking the mysterious liquid, many famous poets, such as Li Bai and Du Fu, excelled in writing and left us surprisingly marvelous poems.[7:54] The famous poet Li Bai of the Tang Dynasty(AD618-907)is known as the ”Immortal of Wine“ because of his love for alcohol.Guo Moruo, a modern scholar, compiled statistics about Li's poems and found 17 percent of them were about drinking.Alcohol inspired the poet and helped him create many beautiful poems.When Li Bai was happy he wrote: ”People should enjoy drinking as much as poible when they succeed“.When he was sad he wrote: ”I tried to comfort myself with wine but the wine made the sadne even worse“.Not only poetry but also painting and calligraphy were elevated to new heights with the consumption of alcohol.Wang Xizhi, the famous Chinese calligrapher respectfully called the Saint of Calligraphy, tried dozens of times to outdo his most outstanding work, Lantingxu(Orchid Pavilion Prologue), which was finished when he was drunk, but he failed.The original one was the best.The consumption of alcoholic beverages isn't just a coincidentally recurring quirk in the literary world: it's downright traditional.For many famous writers of the past and present, a cocktail gla is as at home in their hand as a pen.Consider what Ernest Hemingway said, “A man does not exist until he is drunk.” or William Faulkner, “Civilization begins with distillation.” and, famously, F.Scott Fitzgerald who spent the majority of his writing career(and life)in a state of perpetual tipsine, “First you take a drink, then the drink takes a drink, then the drink takes you.”

2.2 Differences in alcohol culture 2.2.1 Different categories of alcohol

China is one of the three ancient countries in the world and has thousands of years of history to brew alcohol.Today, China is also famous for its masterly technology and distinctive style of alcohol and is more renowned for the long history and profound culture.The world people gradually realized the great value of alcohol culture of China as the rapid development of Chinese alcohol since the foundation of China.In China, the word for alcohol ”jiu“ is used to mean all types of alcoholic beverages, from ”pijiu“(beer)to liquors(just called ”jiu“)to grape alcohol(”putaojiu“).The origins of the alcoholic beverages from fermented grain in China can not be traced definitely.The distilled drink was not popular until the 19th century.Traditionally, Chinese distilled liquors are consumed together with food rather than drunk on their own.[8:59]The alcohol can be generally claified into two types, namely, yellow liquors(huangjiu)or clear(white)liquor(baijiu).The yellow liquor is fermented alcohol that is brewed directly from grains such as rice or wheat.Such liquor contains le than 20% alcohol due to the inhibition of fermentation by ethanol at this concentration.This alcohol is traditionally pasteurized，aged, and filtered before their final bottling for sale to consumers.Yellow liquor can also be distilled to produce white liquor or baijiu.White liquor(baijiu)are also commonly called shaojiu, which means ”hot liquor“ or ”burned liquor“, either because of the burning sensation in the mouth during consumption and the fact that they are usually warmed before being consumed, or because of the heating requirements for distillation liquors of this type typically contain more than 30% alcohol in volume since they have undergone distillation.[9:25]There are a great many varieties of distilled liquors, both unflavored and flavored.According to different kinds of material, there are a large number of types of famous Chinese liquors and wines familiar to us, such as:

Fen Jiu(汾酒)--this liquor was dated back to Northern and Southern Dynasties(5500 A.D.).It is the original Chinese white liquor made from sorghum.Alcohol content by volume: 63--65%;Zhu Ye Qing Jiu(竹叶青酒)--this sweet liquor is Fen Jiu brewed with a dozen or more selected Chinese herbal medicine.One of the ingredients is bamboo leaves which give the liquor a yellowish-green color and its name.Its alcohol content ranges between 38 and 46 percent by volume;Mao Tai Jiu(茅台酒)--this liquor has a production history of over 200 years.It is named after its origin at Mao Tai town in Guizhou province.It is made from wheat and sorghum with a unique distilling proce that involves seven iterations of the brewing cycle.This liquor is famous to the western world when the Chinese government served this in state banquets entertaining the US presidents.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%;Gao Liang Jiu(高粱酒)--”Gaoliang“, commonly written ”Kaoliang“, is the Chinese word for a specific type of sorghum.Besides sorghum, the brewing proce also use barley, wheat etc.The alcohol was originated from Da Zhi Gu since the Ming Dynasty.Nowadays, Taiwan is a large producer of sorghum.Alcohol content by volume: 61--63%;Mei Gui Lu Jiu(玫瑰露酒rose eence wine)--a variety of sorghum with distilling from a special species of rose and crystal sugar.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%;Wu Jia Pi Jiu(五加皮酒)--a variety of gao liang jiu with a unique selection of Chinese herbal medicine added to the brewing.Alcohol content by volume: 54--55%;Da Gu Jiu(大麴酒)--originated from Sichuan province with 300 years of history.This alcohol is made of sorghum and wheat by fermenting in a unique proce for a long period in the cellar.Alcohol content by volume: 52%;Yuk Bing Shiu Jiu(玉冰烧酒)--a rice alcohol with over 100 years history.It is made of steamed rice and stored a long period after distillation.Alcohol content by volume: 30%;Shuang Jing(双蒸酒double distillation)and San Jing(三蒸酒triple distillation)Jiu--two varieties of rice alcohol from the Jiujiang(九江)area by distilling twice and three times respectively.Alcohol content by volume: 32% and 38--39% respectively;San Hua(three flowers三花酒)Jiu--a rice alcohol made in Gui Lin with allegedly over a thousand years history.It is famous for the fragrant herbal addition and the use of spring water from Mount Elephant in the region.Alcohol content by volume: 55--57%;Fujian Glutinous Rice Wine(福建糯米酒)--made by adding a long list of expensive Chinese herbal medicine to glutinous rice and a low alcohol rice alcohol distillation.The unique brewing technique uses another alcohol as raw material.The alcohol has an orange red color.Alcohol content by volume: 18%;

Hua Diao Jiu(花雕酒)--a type of yellow alcohol originates from Shaoxing, Zhejiang.It is made of glutinous rice and wheat.Alcohol content by volume: 16%.[11:75-77] This is the raw material of alcohol in China.In western countries, the types of alcohol are divided by the raw material:

Qinjiu(Gin), the first action of a special purpose for the spirits.Sylvius Docter, maker of this alcohol, was a profeor of medicine well known in the Netherlands to Dayton University in the 17th century.He knew that the oil of Cadinene strawberry contained an element of diuretic which together with pure ethanol distillation to obtain cheaper diuretic drugs, and he succeeded finally.Not only medicine but it is a new species of alcohol beverages.[3:205] Qinjiu Types: The unique and different formula of Qinjiu used by the distillery.Qinijiu can be divided into 4 types according to brands, types, production.Netherlands Qinjiu(Holland)or(Dutch Gin), the taste is sweet accompanied with hot no matter it is pure to drink or to drink plus some ice.The two cases are both very tasty.It is basically made from malt.The flavor came from gin.It adds ice and a piece of lemon which is the best alternative of dry Martini.London Qinjiu(Tom Gin)or(London Gin): The sweet London Qinjiu is made with malt and grain as raw materials and primary products.Plymouth Qinjiu: It is similar to London Qinjiu although with different flavor.British Qinijiu: This alcohol is not sweet and has not the original savor.The difference British and the United States is an important factor.The British Qinjiu has lower alcohol after distillation but it retains more grain characteristics of low alcohol distillation.Secondly, the water, of course, Britain and the United States are different.Which mutually affect the characteristics of the technique and distilled spirits.Whisky The Characteristics of Whiskey: Whiskey is made from the smashed fermentation and distillation of grains and then placed into a barrel.Although any cereal can be used to brew whiskey, the most important materials are corn, wheat, and barley.[3:206] The Origin of Whiskey: At present, four major producing areas, namely, Scotland, Ireland, Canada and the United States.Most of these areas have produced whiskey named its origin in addition to Bourbon whisky and the United States blending whisky(Blended Scotch)and Light customers(Scotch whiskey)The Types Whiskey: Scotch whisky, American whiskey, Irish whiskey, Tenneee whiskey, Canadian whiskey Brandy Brandy's Character: Brandy is a mixture of fermentation and distillation of fruit juice and residue.Distilled alcohol content is le than 95% in order to retain its flavor and aromatic character.[3:206] ”Cognac“ Brandy: Cognac is a kind of Brandy alcohol distilled from alcohol in Cognac, French.It named by the French government law.Lyme alcohol(Rum): Islands of west Indies is the home of Rum alcohol where is abound in sugarcane.Rum is the first three words of Rum bullion which means excitement.Rum is distilled alcohol made from sugarcane as the raw material.It is different for the difference of producing area and the way to make it.It can be divided into three types according to the tint.It is one of the basic alcohols in confecting cocktail.[3:207] The Origin of Rum: The producing area is mainly in the place where people speak Spanish and English, such as Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Java along the East Indies.Puerto Rico Rum(Puerto Rico)which is famous for its light alcohol.Demerara Rum rather than Jamaica sales a large amount to the United States.Batavian Run(Batavian)is spicy Java Lime liquor.It is special because of the special flavor of honey, water, and the rice added to it to ferment.Hawaiian Rum(Hawaii)is the lightest available alcohol in the market which is made lately.It is the best beverages with orange juice.With ice and quinine water, Rum is the best beverages in the hot days.At present, ordinary Chinese people have always just used alcohol to help them celebrate the happine in their lives.In China, a banquet known as ”jiuxi“ means an alcohol banquet and the life of every person, from birth to death, should have pauses for drinking banquets starting a month or 100 days after a baby's birth when the parents invite people in for a drink.When someone builds a new house, marries, starts a busine, makes a fortune or lives a long life, he should invite people in for a drinking seion.In modern times it is a pity that the games that go with drink are not the elegant ones of the past that involved poetry or music.Today, drinkers just play simple finger gueing games along with a lot of heavy drinking.It also seems today that friendship depends only on the volume of drink being consumed.It is widely said among the drinking fraternity that ”if we are good friends, then bottom up;if not, then just take a sip“.As we know, China has 56 nationalities and a wide range of territory.There is varied drinking custom for different nationalities.2.2.2 Different customs of drinking alcohol Several major Chinese festivals of the year have corresponding drinking activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival and drinking ”calamus wine“.Double Ninth Festival drink ”chrysanthemum wine“ to ward off evil and to wish their elders good health and longevity.Of course, no wedding ceremony is complete unle the happy couple symbolizes their love for each other by linking their arms to drink to their future happine(jiaobeijiu), after which they offer a dutiful toast to their parents to thank them for the care they have given to them as children.In some places, such as Jiangxi, people gathered to drink after planting the cereal crop or to celebrate the harvest time.Chinese New Year also is known as New Year's Eve.It is the day for family reunion to have the most sumptuous dinner of the year.Dinner and alcohol are eential to the even poorest family.In some places, people generally do not leave the house on the first day of the first lunar month.From the second day, people begin to drop around.The owner of the house takes the dishes which have been prepared earlier to the table and enjoy the alcohol with the guests.” liquor of daughter in the south“(女儿酒)According to the earliest record by the ”Southern Graes“ that the southern people began to brew alcohol when their daughter was born.Then they bury the brewed alcohol underground and keep it until their daughter marries.Then they take the jar up and paint auspicious pictures upon it to give greetings.This kind of alcohol was inherited in Shaoxing and developed to be famous as ”Huadiao jiu“ Another difference exists in the custom of drinking alcohol.As is known to us, China is a big country with 56 nationalities and vast territory.Most of the nations have its own distinctive alcohol and custom of drinking alcohol.However, there still exists the common character: encouraging people to drink.While in western countries, no one will encourage you to drink.It is up to you to drink or not.No one would aociate toasting people with the face.It there exists buying alcohol culture, that is, today I buy the alcohol for you in a bar;tomorrow you will buy for me.Alcohol culture brings about the difference of ideology of flows.Alcohol culture that caused great effect on the east and west civilization is embodied in the feminism.In the west, fete is an important means of worship of alcohol.The housewives and girls gathered in wild mountains to dance and enjoy themselves the whole night.Women could communicate with any people.[4:89]Although the man was discontented with this, he could not have any complaints.This tradition was handed down.As a result, women got almost the same status with the man in the west.The worship of alcohol came along with the mysterious worship of maternity, which rippled in the civilization of the west.It was not the case in China.Although at the beginning, the alcohol was brewed for Yi Di, the daughter of Yu, women were deprived of right of drinking alcohol by man.The girls in The Dream of Red Mansion mostly drank fruit wine.The liquor, was the patent of men, such as Jia Zheng.The status of women was gradually promoted after the spread of western culture during the period of Fourth Five.Women have the same right of drinking alcohol in modern times.2.2.3 Different purpose of drinking alcohol In China, alcohol is often used as a tool, the so-called “a tippler's delight lay not in alcohol but in mountains and waters.The delight to enjoy mountains and waters came from the bottom of his heart, and relied on alcohol as well”.People are mostly rely on alcohol to pursue other things rather than alcohol.[13:123] Qingmeizhujiu as to demonstrate who is a hero;do not put down your cup in Invitation To Wine(将进酒，Li Bai)is to we may drown the woes age-old;seven sages are sing wildly in bamboo grove, in order to take refuge with alcohol.Alcohol in the eyes of the Chinese people more as a communication tool in China's alcohol culture, and alcohol for their own lack of scientific and systematic analysis and evaluation, they play more attention on wonderful role of alcohol after drinking it.In the West, the drinking purpose is very simple, in order to appreciate the alcohol to drinking the alcohol, in order to enjoy the alcohol to drinking the alcohol.Of course, alcohol in the West also has the function of communication, but it's more pursuing is how much of the flavor of alcohol to enjoy.[5：78]III.Intercommunication of alcohol culture

3.1 The neceity to promote intercommunication of alcohol culture

The development of world alcohol culture depends on the intercommunication

of different nations.At present, the research communication between profeors and experts in especially French, Germany, and England and so on is little.Only by intercommunication people could share different kinds of alcohol culture and make progre quickly.Isolation is bound up with failure.It is a neceity to promote intercommunication of alcohol culture

3.2 Suggestions to the intercommunication of alcohol culture

The development of world alcohol culture depends on the intercommunication of different nations.On this matter, I’d like to present several suggestions as the following:

Firstly, we should launch international communication conference about research of alcohol culture.This give profeors, experts and people who are interested in alcohol a chance to exchange their ideas and views about alcohol and put forward new suggestions.It is an important and direct way to push the development of alcohol culture.Secondly, a worldwide organization should be set up to harmonize and guide the deed acted by nations and set the suitable rules.As we know, a proverb says without rules we cannot do things well.Thus it is neceary and important to set the suitable rules.Regions and nations behave according to the rules regulated.Lastly, the innovation is crucial in developing alcohol culture.We couldn’t indulge ourselves in the succe we have had and depend on the traditional alcohol culture exceively.We should innovate the alcohol culture to keep the booming vitality of alcohol.Conclusion

The alcohol is the best present that God has given to people.Alcohol culture comes along with the birth of alcohol since alcohol appeared.Due to the difference of alcohol, regions and environment, the faith brought by alcohol culture also has more or le difference.At first, the alcohol in China was the sweet alcohol made from fruits.After that, man gradually found the grain which was used as the raw material of liquor.It was much better than sweet alcohol either in power or taste.Therefore, it is the mainstream to brew alcohol with grain as the raw material.At present, it refers to liquor when it comes to the alcohol of China.However, the alcohol in the west was brewed with barley the raw material firstly.Man began to brew alcohol with grape.The alcohol made man intoxicated and gradually became the mainstream of the west.And now, it refers to Champagne and Brandy, grape as the raw material.Drinking alcohol in China is the common phenomenon of different nations.Most of nations have its own characteristic alcohol and custom of drinking alcohol.The culture of drinking alcohol has endurable vitality and character.The research of drinking custom will promote the unity of nations and progre of civilization.In order to communicate with the consumer, it is neceary to promote the development of alcohol culture.The alcohol can popularize wildly and sell best according to the taste of consumer.The brewed alcohol is to be consumed by man.Consequently, people's suggestion about the way of brewing alcohol is vital, which is to make sure the alcohol is consumed with confirmation and agreement of consumer.Intercommunication is also crucial to the development of alcohol culture.Thus, increasing international communication is eential.Profeors and experts can exchange their views and put forward new ideas about innovation of technology.A worldwide organization restrains the behavior of the members.Through this topic, the profound Chinese culture during the course of investigations will be appreciated.Consequently the Chinese alcohol culture will develop along with the development of the world alcohol culture.Bibliography 〔1〕 Patrick McGovern.Ancient wine: the search for the origin of viniculture [M].Princeton University, 2003.〔2〕 Haeger North American Pinot Noir [M].Langman, 2004.〔3〕Patrick Matthews.Real wine: the rediscovery of natural winemaking [M].Mitchell Beazley, 2000.〔4〕 Jeni Port.Crushed by women: women and win [M].Arcadia, 2000.〔5〕 Jancis Robinson.Jancis Robinson's wine tasting workbook [M].Conran Octopus, 2000.〔6〕 王守国．酒文化与艺术精神[M]．郑州：河南大学出版社, 2006． 〔7〕 铁流．中华酒文化大观[M]．北京：当代中国出版社, 2000． 〔8〕 张爱敬．酒文化[M]．青岛：中国海洋大学出版社, 1999． 〔9〕 张长兴．酒文化[M]．呼和浩特：内蒙古人民出版社, 2003．

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