非谓语动词的详讲解细_非谓语动词的简单讲解
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非谓语动词
初中非谓语动词句型归纳
根据《九年义务教育全日制初级中学英语教学大纲》的要求，初中阶段，只要求学生掌握非谓语动词中的动词不定式基本用法，但是，在中考中，非谓语动词其它形式的固定结构也是考查的重点，为了帮助同学们系统掌握这一语法重点，本文就初中英语非谓语动词的句型及固定配搭归纳如下：
一.动词不定式
1.主语+decide(hope,agree,choose,fail,wish,learn等）+to do sth.例如：
I hope to go to school next week.She agree to get someone to help her.2.主语+ask(tell,get,wish,like,want,teach,know等）+宾语+to do sth.例如：
He asked me to come here early.She told us not to worry about her.3.主语+be +happy(glad,pleased,angry,sorry,careful,ready,nice,lucky,等）+to do sth.例如：
I'm glad to see you again.I'm sorry to hear that.4.主语+think(make,fine,feel等）+it +形容词（名词）+to do sth.例如：
I found it very important to learn English well.I think it poible to finish the work this week.5....too+形容词（副词）+（for sb.)+to do sth....+形容词（副词）enough+to do sth.例如：
The boy is too young to go to school.=
The boy is not old enough to go to school.=
The boy is so young that he can't go to school.6.It's+careful(clever,kind,good,right,wrong等）+of sb.+to do sth.It's +difficult(easy,hard ,important,interesting等）+for sb.+to do sth.例如：
It's kind of you to help me.It's hard for you to learn English well.注意：这两个句型的区别是，当somebody与形容词有逻辑上的主谓关系时用of;当somebody与形容词没有这种关系时用for。
7.It takes sb.some time+to do sth.这个结构中，It是形式主语，真正的主语是 后面的动词不定式结构。例如：
It took me about three hours to finish my homework yesterday.注意：表示“花费”的类似句型还有，Sb.spends some time(money)on sth.or(in)doing sth.(某人做什么用了多少时间/某人买什么花了多少钱）；Sth.costs sb.some money.(买什么花了某人多少钱）；Sb.pays some money for sth.(某人买什么花了多少钱）如：I spent an hours on(in doing)my homework.The pen cost me two yuan.I paid two yuan for the pen.8.疑问词+to do sth.例如：
I don't know when to hold the party.How to do it is still a question.9.Why+(not)do sth.„,Would(Will)you please(not)do sth.和 had better(not)do sth.例如：Why not go there by bike?
Would you please take me to the park this Sunday?
You'd better not go there by youself.10.主语+feel(listen to/hear,let/make/have,see/watch/notice/look at/help)+宾语+do sth.例如：He made us work for a long time yesterday.Who had you be so carele?
注意：hear,see等感觉动词常接doing sth.表示动作发生过程或强调和谓语动作同时发生。如：He saw Tom sitting on some eggs when he went into the room.I heard her singing a song when I paed her room.11.主语+like/love/hate/begin/start等+to do sth.(doing sth.)例如：
Tom likes to ask(asking)some strange questions.We begin to work(working)at seven every day.12.主语+remember/forget to do sth.记住（忘记）要做某事（动作还没发生）
主语+remember/forget doing sth.记住（忘记）曾做过某事（动作已发生）
主语+stop to do sth.停下来（正做的事）去做另一件事
主语+stop doing sth.停下正做的事
主语+try to do sth.设法（试图）去做某事
主语+try doing sth.试着做某事
例如：
Don't forget to close the door when you leave.I forgot taking whose book.初中英语：非谓语动词
非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动词的非谓语形式分为动名词，分词，动词不定式。
Climbing mountain is a good exercise.(Climbing..., 动名词起名词作用)
爬山是一项好运动。
Do you know the man wearing a white shirt.（wearing...分词起形容词作用）
你认识那个穿白衬衣的人吗？
He gets up early to catch the first bus.(to catch....不定式起副词作用)
他早早起床是为了赶上第一班汽车。
1．谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别：
1)谓语动词在句中可单独作谓语，而非谓语动词不能单独作谓语。
Mi Mary teaches us English.玛丽教我们英语。（teaches 动词作谓语）
Mr.Victor came to our claroom to have a talk with us last week.维克托先生上周来到了我们教室和我们谈话。（to have a talk....不定式作状语）
2)谓语动词受主语的人称和数的限制，而非谓语动词形式没有这种限制。
Larke likes the pop music.拉克喜欢流行音乐。（动词用单数第三人称形式）
Larke has nothing to do today.拉克今天没什么事要做。（do 用原形）
非谓语动词的特征：如果非谓语动词是及物动词，后面须跟宾语。
Studying English is my favorite.学习英语是我的爱好。（studying 后跟宾语）
To help him is my duty.帮助他是我的责任。（help 后跟宾语）非谓语动词可以带有自己的状语或逻辑主语。
Working under such a condition is terrible.在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的状语)
It's too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。（for him 作不定式的逻辑主语）非谓语动词仍有语态和时态的变化。
I am sorry to have kept you waiting long.对不起让你久等了。（to have kept...是不定式的完成形式）
Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful.从山上看，这座城市美丽多了。（Seen from...是分词的被动形式）非谓语动词在句中可以当成名词或者形容词来使用。
Our coming made him happy.我们的到来使他很高兴。（coming 起名词作用）
There are two big swimming pools here.这儿有两个大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容词作用)
2.非谓语动词的形式变化： 不定式
主动
被动
一般to write
to be written
进行to be writing
/
完成to have written
to have been written
完成进行to have been writing
/
现在分词 主动
被动
一般 writing
being written
完成 having written
having been written
过 去 分 词 一般written
动名词 主动
被动
一 般
writing
being written
完 成having written
having been written
3.动 词 不 定 式：
3.1 动词不定式在句子中的作用
动词不定式是由 to + 动词原形构成，在句中起名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。
3.1.1 动词不定式作主语：
To mast a language is not an easy thing.掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。
To teach English is my favorite.教英语是我的爱好。
It's my pleasure to help you.很乐意帮助你。
动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。
It's very kind of you to have given us much help.你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了。
It's neceary to find the witne.有必要找到目击者。
3.1.2 动词不定式作宾语：
某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语，这些动词有decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask.What I wish is to learn English well.我所希望的是把英语学好。
I like to help others if I can.如果有可能的话，我喜欢帮助别人。
3.1.3 动词不定式作宾语补语。
We expect you to be with us.我们希望你和我们在一起。
Please ask him to come here quickly.请叫他快过来。
3.1.4 动词不定式作表语 ：
What I should do is to finish the task soon.我应该做的是赶快完成任务。
The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately.当务之急是马上去找孩子。
3.1.5 动词不定式作定语：
There are many ways to solve the problem.有许多方法能解决这个问题。
I have something important to tell you.我有重要的事情要告诉你。
3.1.6 不定式作状语：
We went to the hospital to see our teacher.我们去医院看了我们的老师。
She is making a test to get a kind of useful medicine from a Tibet flower.她在做试验，从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。
3.2动词不定式的否定形式：
not + to + 动词原形
The teacher told us not to swim in that river.老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。
It's unfair not to tell us.没告诉我们真是不公平。
3.3带疑问词的不定式：
疑问词who, what,which,when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。
Where to go is not known yet.去什么地方还不知道。
I don't know when to begin.我不知道什么时间开始。
Can you tell me where to get the battery.你能告诉我哪儿能买到电池吗？
Do you know how to get to the station.你知道怎样去车站吗？
3.4带逻辑主语的不定式：
动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是： for + 逻辑主语 + 不定式。
注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式，for 本身无实际意义，它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。
It's neceary for us to help each other.我们互相帮忙是必要的。
There are much work for me to finish,有许多工作要我去完成。
3.5动词不定式的时态：
动词不定式一般时：表示动作和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或之后发生。
I helped him put the things into the car.我帮助他把东西放进了汽车。
I want to see you again.我想再见到你。
Would you like to have a rest.你愿意休息一下吗？
动词不定式完成时： 表示动作在句中谓语动词的动作之前发生。
We are sorry to have kept you waiting so long.对不起，我们让你久等了。
They seems to have known the answers.他们好像知道了答案。
动词不定式进行时：表示动作同句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，强调动作正在进行。
They seem to be working hard.他们好像在努力工作。
3.6动词不定式的被动形式：
表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系。
He is the man to be examined.他是受检查的人。
There are much work to be done.有好多工作要做。
4.动 名 词
4.1动名词在句中的作用
动名词是由动词原形 + ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语，宾语，表语和定语。
4.1.1 动名词作主语：
Talking like that is not polite.那样谈话不礼貌。
Learning from others is important.向别人学习很重要。
Putting on more clothes is not so good.多穿衣服不一定好。
动名词可以象动词不定式一样，用 it 先行祠代替，而把动名词写在后面。
It's no use waiting here, let's go home.在这儿等着也没用，我们回家吧。
It's very difficult climbing this mountain.爬这座山很困难。
4.1.2 动名词作表语
The nurse's job is looking after the patients.护士的工作是护理病人。
Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
4.1.3 动名词作宾语
有些动词须用动名词来作宾语,它们是begin, mind, suggest, finish, stop, need, enjoy, mi, keep.Please stop smoking in the house.请不要在家里抽烟。
I like reading in the forest.我喜欢在树林里读书。
Do you mind my opening the windows?
你介意我打开窗户吗？
She is found of collecting stamp.她喜欢集邮。
4.1.4动名词作定语
She is studying in the reading room.她在阅览室学习。
He slept in the sleeping bag.他在睡袋里睡觉。
动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词
He pretend not knowing it at all.他假装全然不知。
We considered not doing it now.我们考虑现在不做这件事。
4.2动名词的时态：
动名词的一般时 动名词的一般时表示动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词的动作之后发生。
I enjoy swimming in the big river.我喜欢在大河里游泳。
I am used to watching TV in the evening.我习惯于晚上看电视。
动名词的完成时 动名词的完成时表示动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。
She regret not having studied the computer hard.她后悔没有努力学习计算机。
Do you remember having promised me that?
你记得给我许愿了吗？
4.3动名词的被动形式 ：
当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动形式来表示。
His being looked down upon made him sick.他被人冷落使他很伤感。
I can't really stand being treated like that.我简直受不了这样的对待。
4.4动名词的几个特殊情况：
1)有些动词的后面能跟动名词做宾语，有些动词能跟不定式，有些两者都可以，它们的具体含义有时还不一样。
能跟动名词的动词有：
avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, mi, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, can't help, 等。
能跟不定式的动词有：
decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage,能跟动名词和不定式的动词有：
love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, continue, intend, attempt, propose, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try, deserve, start,动词后面跟动名词还是不定式，含义不相同，总的来说，表示习惯的，一般性的动作多跟动名词，一次性的具体的被动动作多跟不定式。
I like to go with you.我想和你一块儿去。
I like reading.我喜欢阅读。
He promised to help her.他答应过要帮助她。
We love watching VCD.我们喜欢看VCD。
2)remember, forget, regret后面跟动名词时，动名词表示过去的动作，后面跟不定式时，不定式表示将来的动作。
I remember meeting him in the street.我记得在街上见过他。
I remember to write a letter to my parents.我想起来要给我父母亲写信。
3)“stop + 动名词”表示停止动名词所表示的动作，“stop + 不定式”表示停下来 做不定式所表示的动作。
Stop smoking, please.请不要抽烟。
Let's stop to have a rest.咱们停下来休息一下吧。
4)动名词和分词的区别：
动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系，而分词作定语时，分词和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系。
reading text 阅读课文 〔动名词〕
developing country 发展中国家 〔分词〕
a sleeping bag 睡袋 〔动名词〕
boiled water 开水 〔分词〕
5.分 词
5.1 分词在句中的作用
分词是由动词 +ing 或 动词 + ed 构成，它在句中起形容词或副词的作用，可以作定语，表语，状语。
working worked washing
washed 分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种，现在分词的形式同动名词一样，在动词后面加 ing。而过去分词的形式则在动词后面加 ed.分词在句中可作定语，状语或表语。
5.1.1 分词作定语
China is a developing country.中国是一个发展中国家。
That's an interesting story.这是一个有趣的故事。
The girl singing for us is ten years old.给我们唱歌的女孩十岁了。
作定语的分词要放在被修饰的名词之前，如果是分词词组则放在被修饰的名词之后，如被修饰的名词是 something, anything, everything, nothing 等，分词放在被修饰名词的后面。
The working people have played a great role in the activity.工人在这次活动中起主要作用。
The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately.被汽车撞伤的小孩马上被送到了医院。
There is nothing interesting.没什么有趣的事。
分词和动名词都可以作定语，判断是分词还是动名词，可以根据它们和被修饰词有无逻辑上的主谓关系来判断，有主谓关系的是分词，否则判断为动名词。
a swimming girl 游泳的女孩。（分词）
a swimming pool 游泳的池子（动名词）
5.1.2分词作状语
Being a student, he likes to help others.作为一个学生，他喜欢帮助别人。
Wearing a new pair of glaes, she can read easily.戴了一副新眼镜，她看书就好多了。
She is there waiting for us.她在那儿等我们呢。
Told by the teacher, she knew she was wrong.经老师一说，她知道自己不对。
5.1.3分词作表语
The story is interesting.故事有趣。
We are interested in computer.我们对计算机感兴趣。
The gla is broken.玻璃杯破了。
The water is boiled.水是开的。
5.1.4分词作宾语补足语
可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。
I saw him walking in the street.我看见他在街上走。
I heard them singing in the claroom.我听见他们在教室里唱歌。
We found the boy sleeping.我们发现小孩睡着了。
have 后面的宾语补足语用过去分词常表示动作不是句子的主语发出的，而是由别人做的。
I have my hair cut.我理发了。（是别人给我理发）
She has her bike repaired.她把自行车修理了。（别人修理的）
They have their house rebuilt.他们重修了房子。
5.2 分词的否定形式。not + 分词
Not knowing what to do next, she stopped to wait.不知道下一步干什么，她停下来等着。
Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesn't dare to go to school.小女孩没完成作业不敢去学校。
5.3 分词的时态
分词的一般时表示动作同谓语动词的动作同时发生或之前发生。
Seeing the teacher is coming, the students stopped playing.看到老师进来，学生们停下来不玩了。
Coming into the room, he lied on his bed.回到家后，他就躺在床上。
分词的完成时表示的动作在谓语动词的前面发生。
Having received a latter, I knew everything is all right.收到一封信后，我知道一切都很好。
Having had my supper, I went out for a walk.晚饭后，我出去散步了。
Having known that he won the match, he threw the cap into the sky.他知道自己比赛获胜，高兴地把帽子扔上了天。
5.4 分词的被动形式
分词的被动形式表示分词动作同所修饰的名词有一种被动关系。
The entertainment building being built will be completed next year.正在建设的娱乐大楼明年完
非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词。为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义，我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。1．不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting．爬山很有趣。(经验)Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(经验)(3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2．不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语1)不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。To do two things at a time is to do neither．--次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happine，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明
作用。His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future．他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。The function of Louis Sullivan's architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．(2)动名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。Our work is serving the people．我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps．他的爱好是集邮。(注)动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected．(3)分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite，interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth.is interesting.这类词常见的有：interesting使人感到高兴--interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的--excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的--delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的--disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的--encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的--pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的--puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的---satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的--surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的--worried感到担心的Travelling is interesting but tiring．旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much．如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。The argument is very convincing．他的论点很令人信服。They were very excited at the news．听到这个消息，他们非常激动。3．不定式和动名词作宾语的区别英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：(1)不定式做宾语和宾语补足语1)下面的动词要求不定式做宾语attempt企图 enable能够 neglect忽视afford负担得起 demand要求 long渴望arrange安排 destine注定 mean意欲，打算begin开始 expect期望 omit忽略，漏appear似乎，显得 determine决定 manage设法cease停止 hate憎恨，厌恶 pretend假装ask问 dread害怕 need需要agree同意 desire愿望 love爱swear宣誓 volunteer志愿 wish希望bear承受 endeavor努力 offer提供beg请求 fail不能 plan计划bother扰乱；烦恼 forget忘记 prefer喜欢，宁愿care关心，喜欢 happen碰巧 prepare准备decide决定 learn学习 regret抱歉，遗憾choose选择 hesitate犹豫 profe表明claim要求 hope希望 promise承诺，允许start开始 undertake承接 want想要consent同意，赞同 intend想要 refuse拒绝decide决定 learn学习 vow起contrive设法，图谋 incline有…倾向 propose提议seek找，寻觅 try试图2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿announce宣布 force强迫 pre迫使bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求aist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求authorize授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒beg请求 induce引诱 report报告compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请，summon传唤command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练cause引起 instruct指示 require要求deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说encourage鼓励 oblige不得不 want想要condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语acknowledge承认，自认 cease 停止 mention说到，讲到admit 承认 tolerate忍受 dislike不喜欢，讨厌advocate：提倡，主张 complete完成 dread可怕appreciate 感激，欣赏 confe坦白 endure忍受avoid避免 contemplate细想 enjoy享有，喜爱bear忍受 defer拖延 envy嫉妒can't help不禁 delay延迟 escape逃跑，逃避can't stand受不了 deny否认 excuse借口consider 考虑 detest嫌恶 fancy幻想，爱好favor 造成，偏爱 mind 介意 repent悔悟figure描绘，计算 mi错过 resent怨恨finish完成，结束不得 pardon原谅，饶恕 resist抵抗，阻止forgive原谅 permit 允许 resume恢复imagine设想 postpone延迟，延期 risk冒险involve卷入，包含 practise 实行，实践 suggest建议hate讨厌 prevent阻止 save营救，储蓄keep保持 quit放弃停止 stand坚持，忍受loathe非常讨厌，厌恶 recall回想例如：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。(3)有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5）try to do努力、企图做某事try doing试验、试一试某种办法6)mean to do打算，有意要…mean doing意味着7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建议（做某事）9)like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念（注)如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如：I should like to see him tomorrow．10)need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。Don't you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?You must remember to leave tomorrow．你可要记着是明天动身。I don't regret telling her what I thought．我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。(已讲过)I regret to have to do this，but I have no choice．我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。(未做但要做)You must try to be more careful．你可要多加小心。Let's try doing the work some other way．让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。I didn't mean to hurt your feeling．我没想要伤害你的感情。This illne will mean(your)going to hospital．得了这种病(你)就要进医院。4．不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别(1）不定式作定语1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系He was the last one to leave school yesterday．昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。The train to arrive was from London．将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Get him something to eat．给他拿点儿东西吃。She has a lot of work to do in the morning．早上他有很多工作要做。3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。I need a pen to write with．我需要一支笔写字。There is nothing to worry about．没有什么值得发愁的。4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 opportunity机会chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力，tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next，second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。John will do anything but work on a farm．除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do---tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to doHis wish to buy a car came true．他要买辆车的愿望实现了。Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us．他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。He is always the first to come and the last to leave．他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。(2)分词作定语分词作定语时有下面几个特点：1)现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。2)现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。He rushed into the burning house．他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。The child standing over there is my brother．站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。The room facing south is our claroom．朝南的房间是我们的教室。Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?He is an advanced teacher．他是个先进教师。3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如：Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？5．不定式和分词作状语的区别（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别1)分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。They stood by the roadside talking about the plan．他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan．他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)2)分词作状语放在句子开头，除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时，除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原因。Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch．由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)Reading carefully，he found something he had not known before．他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)Reading carefully，you'll learn something new．只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)His family was too poor to support him．他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。(结果)The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf．这男孩个子不够高，手伸不到书架。(结果)We are glad to hear the news．我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：a：not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。6．非谓语动词常考的其它结构（1)疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：When to start has not been decided．何时动身尚未决定。(主语)I don't know what to do．我不知道该怎么办。(宾语)The difficulty was how to cro the river．困难在于如何过河。(表语)I can tell you where to get this book.我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。（双重宾语）注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道如何做此事。B.动词know 后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what）+不定式：While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.(2)介词except和but作“只有…，只能…”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）。When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet.(3)不带to的不定式1）在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有：feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听On seeing the young child fell into the lake，Eric sprang to his feet，and went on the rescue.2)另一类是某些使役动词，如make, let，have等。如：Let him do it.让他做吧。I would have you know that I am ill．我想要你知道我病了。(注)：①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时．其后的不定式一般需带to，如：He was seen to come．The boy was made to go to bed early.②在动词find与help之后，不定式可带to亦可不带to，如:He was surprised to find the sheep(to)break fence at this season．他发现羊在此季节越出栅栏，感到惊讶。3)在do nothing／anything／everything but(except)结构中。例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV．昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。但是，如果谓语动词不是“do nothing，anything，everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带。The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking．医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有说。There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent．除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别的办法。（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构1)不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词(或代词宾格)+ 不定式。例如：I found it impoible for him to do the job alone．我发现他—个人干这活是不可能的。(注)在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用of引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如：It was wise of him to do that．他那样做是明智的。2)动名词的逻辑主语为；①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词's+动名词。例如：Tom insisted on my going with them．他坚持要我和他们一起去。He dislikes his wife's working late．他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。3)某些形容词，如：carele等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, carele, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong等It is very kind of you to help me．你帮助我太好了。间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。It's a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company.太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。7．非谓语动词中的有关句型（1）动名词作主语的句型1）Doing...+ v.Reading is an art.阅读是门艺术。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。2)It is + no use, no good(fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is no good objecting.反对也没有用。It is a great fun playing football．打篮球很有趣。It is a waste of time trying to explain．设法解释是浪费时间。3)It is + usele(nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth．It is usele speaking.光说没用。It is nice seeing you again．真高兴又遇到了你。It is good Playing che after supper．晚饭后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car．开这种小车是浪费。
