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一名词

(一)知识概要

名词的概念在不同的语法教课书中有不同的解释和分类方法，但就实际应用来讲还是不要过分地追求其理论概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其应用上来。我们不妨把它分为两大类：专有名词与普通名词。顾名思义，专有名词是指：个人、事物、机关等所专有的名称，如，the Great Wall，America„它们是不能随意变动的。而普通名词中则包括个体名词，如pen, worker„它表示单一的个体人或事物；集体名词，如：family,cla，team,它表示的是由若干个个体组成的集合体；物质名词，如：water,paper„它表示的是一种物质，原材料；而后一种是抽象名词，如:work, time„它表示着一种在实际生活中看不见、摸不到，但却与实际生活紧密相关的某些动作、状态、品质的抽象概念。见下表。

名词一览表 种类

专有名词

London, John, the Communist Party of China

普 通 名 词 类名词 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table 集体名词 cla, family, army, police, team, people 物质名词 water, steel, gla, cotton, wood, sand

抽象名词 happine, love, work, life, courage, honest 功用

主语 My family is now in New York.表语 His father is a scientist.宾语 We love our great motherland.宾语补足语 He made London the base for his work.定语 The girls are making paper flowesrs.状语 The car cost him 1000 dollars.同位语 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.名词在使用中的难点在于名词的数，即可数名词与不可数名词的实际应用。不可数名词不能用数字计算，所以它通常只有单数形式。它包含有专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词等，如：沈阳超越考试联盟

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(二)正误辨析

［误］Please give me a paper.［正］Please give me a piece of paper.［析］不要认为可以数的名词就是可数名词，这种原因是对英语中可数与不可数名词的概念与中文中的能数与不能数相混淆了，所以造成了这样的错误，因paper在英语中是属于物质名词一类，是不可数名词。而不可数名词要表达数量时，要用与之相关的量词来表达，如：two pieces of paper.［误］Please give me two letter papers.［正］Please give me two pieces of letter paper.［析］paper作为纸讲是不可数名词，而作为报纸、考卷、文章讲时则是可数名词，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.［误］My glaes is broken.［正］My glaes are broken.［误］I want to buy two shoes.［正］I want to buy two pairs of shoes.［析］英语中glaes—眼镜，shoes—鞋，trousers—裤子等由两部分组成的名词一般要用复数形式。如果要表示一副眼镜应用a pair of glaes而这时的谓语动词应与量词相一致。如：This pair of glaes is very good.［误］May I borrow two radioes? ［正］May I borrow two radios? ［析］以o结尾的名词大都是用加es来表示其复数形式，但如果o前面是一个元音字母或外来语时则只加s就可以了。这样的词有zoo—zoos,piano—pianos.［误］This is a Mary's dictionary.［正］This is Mary's dictionary.［析］如名词前有指示代词this, that, these those,及其他修饰词沈阳超越考试联盟

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a piece of bread,a box of sugar, a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange, a bag of earth 例： I'll tell you a piece of good news.但只有coffee可以用coffees来取代many cups of coffee.［误］Can you give me the newspaper of today? ［正］Can you give me today's newspaper? ［析］加's构成所有格的名词一般应指有生命的人或物。如：Mary's hair，但在英文的习惯用法中对时间、距离等名词的所有格多用's来构成而不用of结构。如：a five minutes' walk.［误］Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.［正］Please make room for the lady in the school bus.［析］英语中更多的名词是含有多种用法和多种含意的，如： room为可数名词时为“房间”，如：I live in Room 5.而room为抽象名词时为空间上面一句话应译为“请给老妇人在校车上留个地方。”这样的词还有：gla 玻璃glaes 眼镜stone 石头a stone 一块石头time 时间two times 两次wood 木头woods 树林 ［误］There is a flowers garden behind my house.［正］There is a flower garden behind my house.［析］名词除了在句中作主语、宾语、表语外，还可以用来修饰另一个名词，这时作修饰词的名词一般要用单数形式，如：shoe factory(鞋厂),post office(邮局),evening paper(晚报),night school(夜校),head master(校长),a law school(法律学院)。但也有例外，如:a goods train(货车),sports meeting(运动会)。

［误］My mother bought two fishes for supper this morning.［正］My mother bought two fish for supper this morning.［析］英语中有些名词单复同形，如：fish, deer, sheep, Chinese(中国人), means(方法)。所以应讲one fish, two fish, one Chinese, two Chinese.如果讲There are five fishes in the pool.应译为池中有五种鱼而不是五条鱼。

［误］Mary expreed her thank to her boy friend.［正］Mary expreed her thanks to her boy friend.沈阳超越考试联盟

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［正］There is a man in the room.［析］people是复数名词，不可用作单数，如要用来讲一个人时应用a person, a man, a woman。同样的词有police.要讲一个警察时则要用a policeman, a policewoman。［误］Where is my shoe? ［正］Where are my shoes? ［析］常常只用作复数形式的词有trousers, pants, shorts(短裤)，socks(袜子),shoes, gloves(手套)。但如果只找其中的一个则要指明，这时还是应用单数形式。如：Where's my left glove?(我左手的手套在哪?)［误］I paid five pennies for the sweet.［正］I paid five pence for the sweet.［析］英语中便士有两个复数形式pence用来表达一定数量的钱。而pennies是指一个个的硬币，如：I want to change this note for pennies.我想把这纸币换成硬币。(即一便士一个的硬币)。［误］There are many fruit in the shop.［正］There are many fruits in the shop.［析］物质名词为不可数名词，但是用来表示种类时则可以用作可数名词，这里应译为各种各样的水果。 ［误］There is a new car.It is Jone's and Mary's.［正］There is a new car.It is Jone and Mary's.［析］有生命名词的所有格，如果是单数名词则加's如：Mary's car.如果是以s结尾的复数名词则只在s后面加’如：teachers' offices.如果是复数名词但不是以s结尾，则只加’s，如：children's palace 组合名词的所有格是在最后一个词尾加's如：girl friend —girl friend's someone else—someone else's a week or three—a week or three's如名词后有同位语时，则应加在同位语的词尾上，如：It is my girl friend, Mary's car.要注意的是当两个名词并列时，如表示归两人共同所有，则在最后一个名词后面加's，如果表示分别所有则在两个名词后分别加's，如：This is Mary and Jone's home.即Mary与Jone是一家人。这是他们共同的家。而These are Mary's and Jone's homes.则应译为这里是Mary的家与Jone 的家。

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［析］one of意为“„„之一”，of后面的名词要用复数形式。［误］Let's go to uncle Wang for supper.［正］Let's go to uncle Wang's for supper.［析］uncle Wang's 意为“王叔叔家”，doctor's意为“医院或私人诊所”。

［误］I think we will make a friend with each other.［正］I think we will make friends with each other.［析］make friends 为习惯用法，即交朋友。［误］I want to tell you much pieces of good news.［正］I want to tell you many pieces of good news.［析］news为不可数名词，但加了量词之后则要用many来修饰量词，因量词是可数名词，或可以说I want to tell you some good news.因some 即可用在可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前作形容词，如：I want to tell you some pieces of good news.［误］The teacher with five students are coming here.［正］The teacher with five students is coming here.［析］要注意由with引出的介词短语不是本句的主语，这与连词and有很大的区别，如：The teacher and five students are coming here.这里由介词引出的短语仅仅是teacher的修饰语。

［误］There are a lot of information here, but we don't need them.［正］There is a lot of information here, but we don't need it.［析］information为不可数名词，而用作代替它的词要用it而不能用them.［误］Many a student make the same mistake in the exam.［正］Many a student makes the same mistake in the exam.［析］many a 加可数名词单数，作主语时其谓语动词应用单数形式，但其意为许多学生。

［误］The children wear very good cloth to go to school today.［正］The children wear very good clothes to go to school today.［析］英文中cloth,clothes,clothing是易混之词：cloth是物质名词，意为“布”，没有复数形式，而clothing是指衣物的总称，也没有复数形式。clothes是指衣服，但没有单数形式，如：This clothing is 沈阳超越考试联盟

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了，而英文要讲，快点，没时间了。因此，要用little而不用a little.4.How many ＿＿＿can you see in the picture? A tomatos

B tomatoes C

tomato D the tomato

［答案］B.［析］用How many提问时，其名词要用复数形式，而tomato的复数要加es.5.— ＿＿＿is the meat.Please? — Ten yuan a kilo.A How much B How many C How old

D How long

［答案］A.［析］由对话的答语可看出其问句问的是价格。钱数作为整体、价格讲时，不论其值是多少都是不可数名词，要用how much 提问。The boy's name is James Allen Green.So his given name is＿＿＿.A James Allen B Allen Green C James Green D Mr.Green ［答案］A.［析］英文的习惯与中文不同，中文是姓在前名字在后，而英文则是姓在最后，其第一个名字是由父母所起的，中间的名字可能是父母、教父所起的，但都可称作given name,而姓在英文中是family name.Shanghai is one of the biggest＿＿＿in our country.A city

B city's

C

citys

D

cities ［答案］D.［析］复音字母以y结尾的单词的复数形式要把y变成i再加es。one of 加名词的结构中的名词应用复数。Would you please pa me＿＿＿? A two paper

B two papers C two pieces of paper D two pieces of papers ［答案］C.［析］paper是不可数名词，如讲一张、两张纸时，要用量词piece.September 10th is ＿＿＿Day.A Teacher B Teachers C Teacher's D Teachers' ［答案］D.10 I only have＿＿＿ bread for lunch today.沈阳超越考试联盟

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［析］因为room为单数，所以不可能是Kike的一间与John的一间，应为二者共用的一间房子。

二、冠词

(一)知识概要

冠词在英语中只有3个词，分为两类：不定冠词a与an，定冠词the。a用在以辅音开始的单数名词前，an用于以元音开始的单词前。不定冠词用来表示一类事物中泛指的某一事物，而定冠词则用于特指的某一个或某些事物，可用于不可数名词、可数名词单数及可数名词复数前。(二)正误辨析

［误］This building is an university.［正］This building is a university.［析］a用于以辅音音素开始的单词前，而an用于以元音音素开始的单词前，而不是元音字母开头的单词前。university的第一个音素是［j］，所以用a而不要用an。又如：There is a “n” in the word.是错句，应为：There is an “n”in the word.因字母n的发音的第一沈阳超越考试联盟

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［误］Please turn off lights before you leave.［正］Please turn off the lights before you leave.［析］虽然是第一次提到某物但说话双方均知其所指，也应用定冠词。

［误］There are nine planets around a sun.［正］There are nine planets around the sun.［析］世上独一无二的天体等名词前应加定冠词，如：the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky, the sea.［误］I live on a second floor of this building.［正］I live on the second floor of this building.［析］在序数词，形容词最高级前要用定冠词。如：He is the oldest in the family.［误］I want to learn the second language this term.［正］I want to learn a second language this term.［析］在序数词的含意不是顺序中的第一第二，而其意在于再学一个，再来一个时，应用a，本句的意思应为：这学期我要学一门第二外语。

［误］Miiippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.［正］The Miiippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.［析］在河流名称前应加定冠词，如：the Yellow River(黄河)。［误］Look, there are Alp.［误］Look, there are the Alp.［正］Look, there are the Alps.［析］具体的某一座山不加定冠词，如：Mountain Tai.但在山名称前加定冠词后，其山名要加s，来表示山脉。the Alps即为阿尔卑斯山脉。如:The Alps are in the center of Europe.［误］Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.［正］The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.［析］报刊名称前应加定冠词。 ［误］Rich are not always happy.［正］The rich are not always happy.［析］在形容词前加定冠词表示一类人，而在姓的前面加定冠词，沈阳超越考试联盟

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［析］在惯用法the same, the only, the very前的定冠词不可换为不定冠词。

［误］The police caught the thief by his arm.［正］The police caught the thief by the arm.［析］这是英文表达法与中文的明显不同之处，也是初学者极易忽视之处。在英语中的某些动词，如：catch(抓)，take(拿)，strike(打),pat(拍)，hit(击)，hold(握)，pull(拉)„动词后应加人，再加介词on, by, in, with„之后要加定冠词，再加人体的某一部位。这时的定冠词千万不要换作his, her, their, 等词。［误］He was paid by hour.［正］He was paid by the hour.［析］by和计量单位之间要有定冠词。这句话应译为：他的工资是按小时计算的。

［误］I went to New York by his car.［正］I went to New York by car.［正］I went to New York in his car.［析］by仅仅与交通工具相连表示应用某种工具，而加了别的修饰词后其前面的介词也应作相应的转换。如：by car(坐小汽车)by taxi(坐出租车)by bike(骑自行车)by water(乘船)by air(乘飞机)by sea(乘船)［误］Mary began to learn how to play piano when she was three.［正］Mary began to learn how to play the piano when she was three.［析］在乐器前要加定冠词，而在球类游戏之前则不要加冠词，如：They like to play bridge when they are free.(他们空闲时爱打桥牌)［误］The little boy wanted to go to cinema.［正］The little boy wanted to go to the cinema.［析］英语中虽有一些名词与go to连用时不加定冠词，以表示该名词的内涵，如：go to school(上学)，go to bed(睡觉)等，但去看电影则例外，要用go to the cinema.这也是语言的一个特点。［误］I live at 105 the Lake street.［正］I live at 105 Lake Street.［析］街道名称前不用冠词。

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Mr Li is＿＿＿ old worker.A a B an C some D / ［答案］B.［析］an用于元音音素开始的单词前。

English is＿＿＿

useful language in ＿＿＿

world.A an, the

B a, the

C the, /

D

/,the ［答案］B.［析］因useful的第一个音素是［j］，它是辅音音素。3

What ＿＿＿

interesting book it is? A a

B an

C the

D

/ ［答案］B.［析］这是感叹句，因为移到原一般句前面的强调部分中有可数名词book,所以应加冠词，而interesting的第一音素是元音所以要加an。4

He will be back in ＿＿＿ hour.A / B the C a D

an ［答案］D.［析］因hour的首字母h不发音。

There is ＿＿＿ map in the claroom.＿＿＿

map is on the wall.A a, A

B the, The

C a, The

D the ,A ［答案］C.［析］在文章中首次提到某人或某物时用不定冠词，而第二次再提到该物或人时应用定冠词。

Look at＿＿＿ picture!There's＿＿＿ house in it.A a ,a

B the, the

C a, the

D

the, a ［答案］D.［析］虽然是第一次提到，但在句中的语言是让对方看某一特定的图画，所以应选择D。

There is ＿＿＿ orange in the bottle.A a

B an

C

the

D / ［答案］D.［析］这里的orange是指桔汁而不是一个个的桔子。

Beijing is ＿＿＿

capital of our country.沈阳超越考试联盟

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表

人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们

主格 i you he she it we you they 宾格 me you him her it us you them

物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。请看下表 人称 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他们的形容词性 my your his her its ours your they 名词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs

反身代词可见下表

人称 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们

反身代词 myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourself themselves

指示代词主要有this, that, these, those 疑问代词有：who, whom whose, what, which, 还有疑问副词when, how, where, why。不定代词在初中课本中主要有some, any，many, much, each, neither, other, another, all, both, one, none, either„(二)正误辨析

［误］Tom's mother is taller than my.［正］Tom's mother is taller than mine.［析］形容词性物主代词可以作定语，也就是讲它可以作形容词，如：my book，而这句话的意思是：汤姆的妈妈比我的妈妈高。比较的对象是my mother,也就是mine。

［误］We have a lot of homework to do today.So we need two or three hours to finish them.［正］We have a lot of homework to do today.So we need two or three hours to finish it.［析］在应用代词时，要注意人称，格与数的一致性。这里it所代替的是不可数名词homework，所以应用it。

［误］He and you should go to the library to return the books.［正］You and he should go to the library to return the books.［析］这主要是英语习惯上的用法。当两个以上的人称代词并列时沈阳超越考试联盟

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［正］Please bring your daughter with you.［析］反身代词不能作介词宾语，除非是由不及物动词与介词组成的动词短语，如： The old woman spoke to herself.［误］Make yourself home.［正］Make yourself at home.［析］这是英语中的习惯用法，意为“像在家里一样”。这样的用法还有：

enjoy oneself 玩得开心make yourself at home 像在家中一样 help yourself to something 自己拿某物lost oneself 迷路 seat oneself 就坐dre oneself 穿衣

［误］— Who's this speaking.— That's Mary.［正］— Who's that speaking.— This is Mary.［析］在电话用语中，this指讲话人自己，而that指对方。［误］The days in summer are longer than this in winter.［正］The days in summer are longer than those in winter.［析］在比较句中往往为了避免重复，可以用that或those取代前面提到的事物，如是单数时用that,复数时用those，如：The weather in Beijing is hotter than that in Chang Chun.［误］It is so a good book that everyone likes to read.［正］It is such a good book that everyone likes to read.［正］It is so good a book that everyone likes to read.［析］在可数名词单数时可用so+形容词+不定冠词+名词+that从句，也可用such+不定冠词+形容词+that从句。在不可数名词或可数名词复数时，只用such, 如：It is such good weather that I want to go swimming.They are such good books that I want to buy them all.在many, much, few, little这4个词前仅能用so,如： She has so much money that she can buy everything she wants.而在so与that之间仅存形容词时，则不能用such,如:She is so sweet that everyone likes her.［误］I want to buy a same dictionary as yours.［正］I want to buy the same dictionary as yours.［析］same与定冠词the是固定搭配不可更改。这样的用法还有all the same(仍然)。

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［析］在either„or,或neither„nor连接两个主语时，其谓语动词要与和其相近的那个主语相配。

［误］I have three sisters.Neither of them is a doctor.［正］I have three sisters.None of them is a doctor.［析］neither用于两者中无一是，而none则用于多于两者中的人或事物无一是。

［误］He doesn't like Beijing opera.I don't like too.［正］He doesn't like Beijing opera, I don't like either.［析］either作为“也”讲时，要用于否定句中，而too则用于肯定句中。

［误］We like both this little boy.［正］We both like this little boy.［析］both作同位语时，它在句中的位置有：在be动词之后，如：We are both students.在实意动词之前，如：The parents both want to go to the cinema.用于第一助动词之后，如：We have both read these English novels.使用时要注意以下句子的实际含意：Both of us are not right.应译为：我们俩不都对。Neither of us is right.才应译为：我俩都不对。又如：I can't give you both of the books.意为：两本书我不能全给你，而I can't give you either of the books.才为：两本书我全不能给你。

［误］We each has a ticket for the concert.［正］We each have a ticket for the concert.［析］each作句子主语时其谓语动词要用单数形式，如：Each of us wants to learn English well，但each作同位语时，则应以原名词的数为准。

［误］Every of us has to pa the exam.［正］Each of us has to pa the exam.［析］every只可作形容词，不可作代词，而each既可作形容词，又可作代词，在作形容词时each侧重强调个体，而every 则侧重于全体。

［误］Everyone of us should do housework two hours a day.［正］Every one of us should do housework two hours a day.沈阳超越考试联盟

5沈阳超越考试联盟

特指 the other形容词

the other代词

the other the others

［误］There are ten students here Where are the others students? ［正］There are ten students here.Where are the others? ［正］There are ten students here Where are the other students? ［析］the others=the other students.［误］The old man has two sons.One is a teacher, another is a doctor.［正］The old man has two sons.One is a teacher, the other is a doctor.［析］another用于泛指，如：Is it far from here to the station?I'm sorry.I have no idea.One may say it is quite near;another may say it is far from here.但在特指时则要用the other.它可以用作定语，the other one,也可以用作代词the other,但the other用作代词时它的含意一定是单数。如果指三者或者三者以上的情况时，则要用one„another„the other.或者one„a second„the third„

［误］Some people like sports.The others like reading.［正］Some people like sports.Others like reading.［析］在泛指的复数名词前用some„others„others„来表示某些人„„某些人„„某些人„„。

［误］Please remember to water the flowers each other day.［正］Please remember to water the flowers every other day.［析］every other day为每隔一天。是习惯用法，不要随意改动。又如：on the other hand另一方面。

［误］Many know him，but few likes him.［正］Many know him, but few like him.［析］few用于可数名词，意为几乎没有，但few作主语时谓语动词则要用复数形式，而a few为有一些。［误］You have few friends, haven't you? ［正］You have few friends, have you? ［析］little与few用于句中时，均要按否定句看待。［误］Much of what you said are true.［正］Much of what you said is true.沈阳超越考试联盟

7沈阳超越考试联盟

［正］Be careful.Don't drink too much.［析］这里much所代的应是饮料或水，所以应为不可数名词。

(三)例题解析These are ＿＿＿books.Yours are over there.A I

B my

C me

D mine ［答案］B.［析］这里应用形容词性物主代词。 2 —＿＿＿

is she? — She is a teacher.A

What

B How

C Who

D

Where ［答案］A.［析］这里的四个疑问词放在问句中全都成立，但其意义不同。What is she?应译为“她的工作是什么?”或“她是做什么的?”而How is she?应译为“她身体如何?”而Who is she?应译为“她是谁?”其答语应为“她叫什么名字。”而Where is she?应为“她在什么地方?”由答语决定了这道题的选择。

3＿＿＿ is wrong with my watch.It has stopped＿＿＿.A Something, working

B Something, to work C

Any thing, working

D Anything, to work ［答案］A.［析］因为是肯定句所以应用Something,其后由于表停止工作了，则stop后要用动名词。Mary, help ＿＿＿to the bananas, please.A you

B your

C yourself

D yourselves ［答案］C.［析］help oneself to something为“自己拿某物”。yourself为“你一个人”，而yourselves为“你们”。

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9沈阳超越考试联盟

［析］在否定句中应用anything 11 “Mum, Ann's coming tonight.Let's give her ＿＿＿to eat.” “Good idea!”

A

anything nice

B nice anything C

something nice D nice something ［答案］C.［析］肯定句中用something而不用anything,不定代词的修饰词应放其后而不要放在其前面。— When shall we meet, this evening or tomorrow evening? — I don't mind.＿＿＿time is OK.A

Some

B Neither

C Either

D Both ［答案］C.［析］因如选用both则名词要用复数名词，也要用复数谓语动词，由于答语前有I don't mind 则决定不能选择neither.13 This is not her kite, but＿＿＿.A he's B

him C

he

D

his ［答案］D.［析］要注意“他的”名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词是同形的。Don't worry, Mum!＿＿＿ news is good news.I'm sure daddy will come back soon.A

No

B Many

C Those

D Two ［答案］A.［析］这是一条谚语，即没有消息就是好消息。Mary has six apples.Her brother has three.She has ＿＿＿apples than he.A few B many C more

D

fewer ［答案］C.［析］由于是比较级，根据题意应选“多于”而不是“少于”。There isn't ＿＿＿in today's newspaper.A anything interesting B something interesting C nothing interesting 沈阳超越考试联盟

1沈阳超越考试联盟

［析］这里因为是代替复数名词，所以应用名词性的复数代名词。She is not a nurse.I'm not＿＿＿.A also B either C neither

D too ［答案］B.［析］在否定句中该用either,而不用too和also.23 I have two pencils.One is red,＿＿＿ is blue.A the other

B another

C others D the others ［答案］A.［析］两者中的另一个应为特指。而且应为单数形式的代名词。而another是泛指单数代名词。others是泛指复数代名词，而the others是特指复数代名词。Sorry, I can't answer your question.I know ＿＿＿about the subject.A little

B a little

C few

D a few ［答案］A.［析］中文讲我对此知道的不多，而英文中要用little。其含意为否定句。My sister doesn't like skating＿＿＿.A So do I

B So I don't C Neither I don't D Neither do I ［答案］D.［析］这是表达上面否定句中的动作，也同样不适合 于第二个人。所以要用neither,并要采用倒装句。Yesterday morning there were only three boys in our room,＿＿＿.A you, he and I

B I, you and he C he, I and you

D you, I and he ［答案］A.［析］这是若干人称代词并列时的顺序问题。请参看辨析中的例子。All the students are busy, so＿＿＿of

them will go to the concert.沈阳超越考试联盟

3沈阳超越考试联盟

the other只能用作单数，而others是泛指复数代名词，故只能选B。34 It was＿＿＿ fine day that they went to the park.A a so

B so a

C such a

D a such ［答案］C.［析］在单数可数名词前可以有两种表达法，即such+不定冠词+形容词+可数名词单数形式，如：such a good day，或者用so加形容词+不定冠词+可数名词单数，如：so good a day.35 At that time the train was slow and noisy.So＿＿＿people liked taking trains.A little

B a little

C few

D a few ［答案］C.［析］这是英文的表达法与中文不同之处。中文讲只有少数人喜欢坐火车，英文要选用“few”。

We must help and understand each＿＿＿.A other B another

C others

D the other ［答案］A.［析］each other意为“互相”，是习惯用语。37 ＿＿＿is difficult to walk on the moon.A Man

B One

C That

D It ［答案］D.［析］这里的真正主语应为不定式to walk on the moon.而形式主语只能用it.38 Jane has sent several letters, but ＿＿＿of them have been answered.A all

B both

C either

D none ［答案］D.［析］several letters意为“若干信件”，应看作多于两者，则在A、D中作选择，仅D符合句意。

I don't know ＿＿＿about the new headmaster.A something

B everything

C nothing

D anything ［答案］D.［析］否定句中应用anything.40＿＿＿ of the students in the whole cla could do this physics 沈阳超越考试联盟

5沈阳超越考试联盟

young

taller younger tallest youngest

只加r或st nice large nicer larger nicest largest

重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音 字母时双写该字母加er、est big

fat hot bigger fatter hotter

biggest fattest hottest

不规则变化的形容词或副词： 原 级 比较级 最高级

good better best Well better best bad worse worst badly worse worst many more most most more most little le lest far farther further

farthest 沈阳超越考试联盟

7沈阳超越考试联盟

wholly

在学习过程中要注意其变化。

此外并不是所有副词都可以修饰比较级和最高级形容词。能修饰比较级的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little.能修饰最高级的有：the very, much the, far等。

(二)正误辨析

［误］ The young likes playing football very much. ［正］ The young like playing football very much.

［析］ 定冠词加形容词表示一类人，应作复数看待。而定冠词加形容词表示抽象事物时则要看作单数，如：The beautiful is not always kindne.美丽并不总代表善良。

［误］ The danger has gone, so the worst are over. ［正］ The danger has gone, so the worst is over.

［析］ 意为：“危险已经过去，最困难的状况已结束。”用定冠词加最高级形容词作主语时应看作单数形式。 ［误］ It is the gold age of the young. ［正］ It is the golden age of the young. ［析］ golden在英语中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金发，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表达金质的，如：a gold bar金条，a gold coin金币，但gold fish 金鱼例外。

［误］ She is a warm heart woman.

［正］ She is a warmhearted woman.

［析］ 英语形容词的构词法很多，其中之一是由形容词，或数词，加名词加ed构成，如：warmhoarted 热心肠的，whitehaired 白毛的

［误］ There is an alive fish in the pool. ［正］ There is a living fish in the pool. ［析］ 在初中范围内所学到的以a字母开头的形容词一般不能作定沈阳超越考试联盟

9沈阳超越考试联盟

个。

如： What a pretty little white horse!

Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand. ［误］ The best way to learn English good is to speak with Englishman every day.［正］ The best way to learn English well is to speak with Englishman every day.［析］ good是形容词，这里是修饰动词speak的，所以应用副词well，但well作形容词讲时只作身体好。如：He is well.(他身体很好)。He is good.(他是个好人)。

［误］ The children play on the gra nappyly. ［正］ The children play on the gra happily

［析］ 多音节y结尾的形容词变为副词时应将y变为i再加ly. ［误］ The teacher looked angry at the students. ［正］ The teacher looked angrily at the students. ［析］ 英语中感观动词后面要接形容词，这时它是修饰主语的，如：The food smells good.食物闻起来很香。The teacher looked angry 老师看起来很生气。 而此句的意思为：“老师生气地看着学生”，所以应用副词形式。

［误］ He worked with me friendly. ［正］ He was friendly to me.

［析］ 不是所有结尾是ly的词都是副词，但friendly是形容词，这样的词还有lovely, lonely, costly, lively„monthly weekly„。但其中有些词既是副词，又是形容词，如：early, hourly, monthly„ ［误］ You can speak free in front of your friends. ［正］ You can speak freely in front of your friends.

［析］ free作为形容词意为“自由的，有空闲的，免费的”。作为副词讲则是“免费”之意。而freely作为副词则是“自由的，随便的”。这些要注意的词还有：hard 努力，艰苦 hardly 几乎不 late 迟，晚lately 最近的，最新的 near 近 nearly 几乎like 像 likely 几乎

［误］ They must have arrived till now.

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1沈阳超越考试联盟

［误］ I had met an old friend three days ago. ［正］ I had met an old friend three days before. ［正］ I met an old friend three days ago.

* ago 用在时间状语中时，主句中谓语动词一般用过去时，而before用于时间状语时则主句的谓语动词宜用完成时态。

［误］ He studied very hard.and at the end he paed the exam. ［正］ He studied very hard, and in the end he paed the exam. ［析］ in the end＝at last 意为“最终，终于”，表达经过若干努力而达到的结果。而at the end是在某事的结束时如何如何，如：At the end of cla, the teacher gave us some story books。

［误］ I will come here to help you each three days. ［正］ I will come here to help you every three days. ［析］ every three days 为“每三天”，即每隔二天，而every other day为每隔一天。

［误］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday.and I didn't go, too. ［正］ He didn't go to the cinema yesterday and I didn't go either. ［析］ 英语中表示“也”，有4个字，also, as well, too, either，但either用于否定句中，而前3个用于肯定句中。在肯定句中too与as well一般要用在句尾，而also则可用于句中。如：She went to the party and her boy friend went there too.又如： I've also read her other novels. ［误］ We should help the poor girl in anyway. ［正］ We should help the poor girl in any way.

［析］ anyway为“不管怎么”讲，“无论如何”，如：What a terrible accident, anyway no one was hurt.

any way 为“任何方式”。这种常见的错误还发生在以下几组词中，如：

everyday 日常的 every day 每天 faraway 遥远的 far away 远离

altogether 总计 all together 一块，大家一起 already 已经 all ready 全准备好了

［误］ You can come to the doctor's at anytime. ［正］ You can come to the doctor's at any time.

沈阳超越考试联盟

3How long does he write to his parents?How often does he write to his parents?沈阳超越考试联盟

［误］ He drove quickly his new car. ［正］ He drove his new car quickly.

［析］ 副词在句中的位置很活，但主要有以下几种用法：①实意动词之前，如：He quickly give me the answer.② 在be动词之后，如：The little boy is often late for cla.③ 第一助动词之后，如：This book has almost been finished.④ 在单独使用的be动词和助动词之前，如： Can you help me this afternoon? I certainly can.但是无论如何也不能将副词置于动词与宾语之间，如果是宾语从句或是很长的名词

词组作宾语则才可以这样用：

He heard clearly what the teacher said.

［误］ The children came late yesterday to the cinema. ［正］ The children came late to the cinema yesterday.

［析］ 表示一定长度的时间的副词不应放于句中，可放于句尾。如果表示强调则可放于句首。

［误］ You have few new books, haven't you? ［正］ you have few new books, have you?

［析］ 英语中的数量形容词有两组。修饰可数名词的有few(很少，几乎没有)，a few(有一些，几个)；修饰不可数名词的有little(很少，几乎没有)，a little(有一点，有一些)。要注意的是当few和little用于句中时应看作否定句，而 a few 和a little 用于句中时则应看作是肯定句。

［误］ He spent quite little money on his food. ［正］ He spent quite a little money on his food.

［析］ quite a 为一固定用法，其意为“十分，相当，所以”。quite a few＝many, quite a little＝much 而only a little＝little, only a few=few.［误］ Do you want to have many bread? ［正］ Do you want to have some bread?

［析］ some与any都可以用作形容词、副词或代词，在一般情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于疑问句和否定句，但在希望得到肯定答复时，应用some。其次是some 可以用来修饰可数名词和不沈阳超越考试联盟

5沈阳超越考试联盟

［正］ We are already in the claroom now.

［析］ already主要用于肯定句，而yet多用于否定句和疑问句中，如：

Did you finish it? No.not yet. ［误］ Look.Here comes he! ［正］ Look!Here he comes! ［误］ Look!Here the bus comes! ［正］ Look!Here comes the bus!

［析］ 在句子开头用Here时，如主语是人称代词则不要用倒装语序，如果主语是名词则要用倒装语序。 ［误］ She is my older sister. ［正］ She is my elder sister. ［析］ elder 和eldest是用来指家庭中兄弟姐妹的长幼关系，而older, oldest 则是指岁数大多少，如：She is three years older than I. ［误］ I'm tired.I can't go further. ［正］ I'm tired.I can't go farther.

［析］ far有两个比较级 farther 较远的，further 进一步的，如：Do you need any further explanation? 你需要进一步的解释吗?当然它也有两个最高级。farthest和furthest.

［误］ I went to Beijing University five years before. ［正］ I went to Beijing University five years ago.

［析］ ago常与过去时连用，而before则多与完成时连用。 ［误］No, not already.

［正］No, not yet. ［析］ 仍然有三个英文字可以表达它们是already，yet 与 still。要注意的是 already经常用于肯定句中，如The bus has already gone。而yet 多用于疑问句和否定句中，如：Have you finished your homework yet? 而still则常用于主语与谓语动词之间，如：We still can't decide what to do.但也有时用于be 动词之后，如：He is still here.

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7Can I walk to the station?-You'd better not.It is very far. ［正］You'd better not, It is a long way. ［析］ for一般用在疑问句与否定句中，如：How far is it from here to the station? 又如：It isn't far. ［误］ I've ever been to America. ［正］ I've been to America once.

［析］ once 多用于肯定句，而ever则用于疑问句，否定句，及条件状语从句中，如：Have you ever been to London? ［误］No, I am not afraid so.

［正］No, I'm afraid not.

［析］ 在肯定的答语中我们可以用so来代替上句所讲的事件，如：Do you think she is a good student? Yes I think so, /I hope so, /I believe so/ I'm afraid so.但在否定的答语中，英语口语的习惯用法则有所不同，如，I don't think so 而在hope, belive 与 afraid后则常用not，如：I hope not.

［误］ She didn't work enough hard, so she couldn't pa the exam. ［正］ She didn't work hard enough, so she couldn't pa the exam. ［析］ enough 可以作名词用，如：Enough has been said for how to learn English well.(对于如何学好英语已经讲的足够多了。)另外它可以作为形容词，如：I have enough money(or money enough)to buy this dictionary.注意 enough作为形容词时即可放于名词前又可放于名词后，在初中范围的考题中多用于名词之前。如果enough 作为副词用，那么它一定要放在被修饰的形容词或副词之后。 ［误］ You can't be very careful. ［正］ You can't be too careful.

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［误］ There are three girls in my group.The cleverer is Mary. ［正］ There are three girls in my group.The cleverest is Mary. ［析］ 在两者之间应用比较级，在三者之间或三者以上的范围内应用最高级。

［误］ The boy sat there as quiet as his sister. ［正］ The boy sat there as quietly as his sister.

［析］ as„as的用法要注意的是：①在其中间应加形容词或副词的原级，而不可加比较级，也有的语法书中称为同级比较。②要根据句意决定是加形容词还是副词，这要看它具体是修饰动词还是名词而定，如：He is as good as his friend.

［误］ The harder you study, and you can learn more. ［正］ The harder you study, the more you can learn.

［析］ 英文中如果要表达越来越怎样，在初中范围有两种表达法：①比较级+and+比较级。②定冠词+比较级„„，如：The nights are getting longer and longer。要注意的是多音节形容词的比较级前要加more，这样的用法是：more and more 加形容词，如：The girl is growing more and more beautiful.

［误］ Studying physics is not so interesting as to learn English. ［正］ Studying physics is not so interesting as learning English. ［析］ 在作比较时，英语一般要求对比的两部分结构应一致。如用动名词，应都用动名词，用不定式时则都用不定式。但有时在后一个不定式前的符号to可以省略。如：To repair the old one is as much expensive as(to)buy a new one.

［误］ The girl is more cleverer than the boy.

［正］ The girl is much more clever(much cleverer)than the boy. ［析］ clever有两个比较级：cleverer和more clever,要注意的是不能用比较级来修饰比较级。clever的两个比较级也各有不同之处，如用在两种不同性质的比较时多用more clever,如：He is more clever than honest.(他的聪明要远远超过其诚实。) ［析］ The boy is the tallest to the three. ［正］ The boy is the tallest of the three.

［析］ 最高级的范围要用of加复数形式或加集合名词。

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