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新东方在线 [www.daodoc.comgineering“ projects that might be used to counteract global warming.”I use the analogy of methadone1 ,“ says Stephen Schneider, a climate researcher at Stanford University in California who was among the first to draw attention to global.warming.”If you have a heroin addict, the correct treatment is hospitalization, and a long rehab.But if they absolutely refuse, methadone is better than heroin.“ Basically the idea is to apply ”sunscreen“ to the whole planet.One astronomer has come up with a radical plan to cool Earth: launch trillions of feather-light discs into space, where they would form a vast cloud that would block the sun's rays.It's controversial, hut recent studies suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the Earth's surface to counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect.Global climate models show that blocking just 1.8 per cent of the incident energy in the sun's rays would cancel out the warming effects produced by a doubling' of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.That could be crucial, because even the most severe emiions-control measures being proposed would leave us with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century, and that would last for at least a century more.第十八篇 石油匮乏

全世界每天都要消耗相当于亿桶石油的能源。地球上的大部分能源来自于太阳。事实上，每分钟到达地球表层的来自于太阳的能源就足已满足我们一整年的需求，我们只是需要有效地加以利用而已。到目前为止，石油一直是一种较便宜、易获得的能源。但当供应缩减时，情况就会改变，我们就不能像现在这样不加节制地消耗石油了。

在蒸汽工业命时代，高能煤成为首选燃料之前，燃木能满足大部分能源需求。现在，煤仍然大量地运用于发电站，满足我们四分之一的能源需求。但自从我们开始大量开采石油后，煤的使用就已经在逐渐衰退。煤是使用效率最低、最不健康、最不环保的化石燃料，但因其供应充足——煤的储量是石油的6倍，煤的使用量又有所回升。

今天，石油作为一种从地表层挖掘出，用于生产汽油、柴油和其他各种化学物质的矿物油，供应着大约40%的世界能源需求，其中大部分用于供给机动车辆；美国消耗着世界四分之一的石油，同时排放出大约全球1/4的温室气体。

大部分的石油来自中东，牛东拥有50％的世界已勘探石油储存量。其他的石油产地包括俄罗斯、北美、挪威、委内瑞拉和北海。阿拉斯加北极国家野生动物保护区最新成为美国能源的又一主要供应地，减少了美国对国外进口石油的依赖。

尽管意见和评价各有不同，但大多数专家预测人类将在50年之内轻而易举地耗尽现行的所有储备石油。未来的几十年，当供不应求时我们会很快陷入能源危机。当常规能源不容易获得时，代之使用的可能是诸如油页岩和沥青砂等能源。石油也可从煤中提炼获得。

自从我们开始使用化石燃料，我们已经释放出4000亿吨碳。当化石燃料全部用完时，世界温度将上升13摄氏度。更恐怖的是，这将会导致所有热带雨林的破坏和北极冰的溶解。新东方在线 [www.daodoc.comic or home, it‘s telling other ants that it‘s deads.What keeps ants from hauling away the living dead ? Choe found that Argentine ants have two additional chemicals on their bodies, and these tell nearby ants something like, ―Wait— I‘m not dead yet.” So Choe‘s research turned up two sets of chemical.signals in ants: one says, ―I‘m dead,‖ the other set says, ―I‘m not dead yet.”

Other scientists have tried to figure out how ants know when another ant is dead.If an ant is knocked unconscious, other ants leave it alone until it wakes up.That means ants know that unmoving ants can still be alive.Choe suspects that when an Argentine ant dies, the chemical that says ―Wait-I‘m not dead yet‖ quickly goes away.Once that chemical is, gone, only the one that says ―I‘m dead‖ is left.―It‘s because the dead ant no longer smells like a living ant that it gets carried to the graveyard, not because its body releases new unique chemicals after death ,‖ said Choe.When other ants detect the ―dead‖ chemical without the ―not dead yet‖ chemical, they haul away the body.This was Choe‘s hypothesis.To test his hypothesis, Choe and his team put different chemicals on Argentine ant pupae.When the scientists used the ―I‘m dead‖ chemical, other ants quickly hauled the treated pupae away.When the scientists used the ―Wait — I‘m not dead yet‖ chemicals, other ants left the treated pupae alone.Choe believes this behavior, shows that the ―not dead yet‖ chemicals override the ―dead‖ chemical when picked up by adult ants.And that when an ant dies, the ―not dead yet‖ chemicals fade away.Other nearby ants then detect the remaining ―dead‖ chemical and remove the body from the nest.46 新东方在线 [www.daodoc.com ] 2011职称英语强化班网络课堂电子教材系列

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第三十九篇 克隆农场

工业化农场很快会进入一个大产量的新领域。美国的公司正在开发一项需要大规模克隆小鸡的技术。一旦一个具有所期望特性的小鸡被孵化出来或被基因改造，每小时成千上万的鸡蛋会孵出如出一辙的小鸡滚下生产线。每年上百万的克隆小鸡能被孵化出来，从而为鸡场提供以相同比例生长，重量相同并且味道相同的小鸡。

这至少是美国国家科技院的梦想，科技院给OnrigenTherapeuticsofBurlinggame,California，以及EmbrexofNorthCaroling470万基金以资助研究。这个预想为担忧增加鸡场小鸡痛苦的动物福利组织拉响了警报。

那好像并没有让使家禽养殖业气馁，然而，他们想使抗痛小鸡吃得更少，长得更快，―养殖者希望减少投入但仍获得相同的产量，‖MikeFitzgeraldofOrigen说，为了达到这个要求，Origen致力于―制造一个有效克隆体的小鸡，‖他说，正常的克隆技术对鸟类无效，因为卵不能被移动或移植。然而，公司正试图大量繁殖刚产下的受精卵中提取的胚胎的干细胞。技巧是在细胞开始显示其差别前对其进行培育，这样它们还保持多能性。‖Fitzgerald说。

运用早已形成的技术，这些干细胞会被注入刚孵出的，已受精的，要接受细胞植入的鸡蛋的胚胎中，形成一个嵌合体的小鸡。严格地说，嵌合体的小鸡不是克隆鸡，因为它既有植入的细胞又有本身的细胞。但Fitzgerald说，如果小鸡身体的95%是由被植入的细胞发展而来的就足够了。―在家禽界，不是100%也没关系。‖

Origen面临的另一个挑战是提高生产量。为了做到这点，他和Embrex合作研制了一个可将疫苗注入50000个鸡蛋中的仪器。Embrex正试图改造那个仪器，从而使胚胎和注射的细胞落在准确的位置而不杀死它。

在将来，Origen设想将不同品种小鸡的干细胞冷冻，如果定单要某一种小鸡，成百万的卵能在几个月甚至几个星期被生产出来，目前，维持市场可能需要的各种小鸡对养殖者来说太昂贵了，那要花数年的时间培育足够多的小鸡以生产出农民需要的上百万鸡蛋。

Clone Farm Factory farming could soon enter a new era of ma production.Companies in the US are developing the technology needed to ―clone‖ chickens on a maive scale.Once a chicken with desirable traits has been bred or genetically engineered, tens of thousands of eggs, which will hatch into identical copies, could roll off the production lines every hour.Billions of clones could be produced each year to supply chicken farms with birds that all grow at the same rate, have the same amount of meat and taste the same.This, at least, is the vision of the US‘s National Institute of Science and Technology, which has given Origen Therapeutics of Burlingame, California, and Embrex of North Carolina $4.7 million to help fund research.The prospect has alarmed animal welfare groups, who fear it could increase the suffering of farm birds.That‘s unlikely to put off the poultry industry, however, which wants disease resistant birds that grow faster on le food.―Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there,‖ says Mike Fitzgerald of Origen.To meet this demand, Origen aims to ―create an animal that is effectively a clone‖, he says.Normal cloning doesn‘t work in birds because eggs can‘t be removed and implanted, Instead, the company is trying to bulk-grow embryonic stem cells taken from fertilized eggs as soon as they‘re laid.―The trick is to culture the cells without them starting to distinguish, so they remain pluripotent,‖ says Fitzgerald.Using a long-established technique, these donor cells will then be injected into the embryo of a freshly laid, fertilized recipient egg, forming a chick that is a ―chimera‖.Strictly speaking a

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chimera isn‘t a clone, because it contains cells from both donor and recipient.But Fitzgerald says it will be enough if, say, 95 percent of a chicken‘s body develops from donor cells.―In the poultry world, it doesn‘t matter if it‘s not 100 percent,‖ he says.Another challenge for Origen is to scale up production.To do this, it has teamed up with Embrex, which produces machines that can inject vaccines into up to 50,000 eggs an hour.Embrex is now trying to modify the machines to locate the embryo and inject the cells into precisely the right spot without killing it.In future, Origen imagines freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken.If orders come in for a particular strain, millions of eggs could be produced in months or even weeks.At present, maintaining all the varieties the market might call for is too expensive for breeders, and it takes years to bread enough chickens to produce the billions of eggs that farmers need.第四十篇 污染云团在太平洋两岸均被测量

科学家密切地关注去年春天的烟雾污染，使用卫星跟踪被污染云团跨过太平洋，在北美洲经由卡加拉、加拿大到达亚利桑那州。现在看来，这是第一次，太平洋两岸的研究人员对同一云团同时进行了详尽的测量，这片云团中既含有戈壁沙漠的灰尘也含有来自工业污染的碳氢化合物。

华盛顿一所大学的化学博士生Health Price发现被空气中微粒反射的光线的数量比正常年份的这个时间多出了550%。这片污染云团所含的各种被测污染物质的程度比正常标准都高。Price说，“但惟一近乎惊人的事是个别微粒的含量。”

这片在西部停留的云团被新闻媒体广泛报道，对这片云团的测量一直延伸到了科罗拉多州的阿斯彭滑雪圣地。

在太平洋西岸进行的浮质细小固体特性实验，是一项旨在了解空气中的物质怎样影响地球气候的工程。额外的测量也在同一时间在同一地区由国家航空航天局发起的一个工程中进行。

知道污染云团正在华盛顿州靠近，Price于4月14日将测量设备运到一架租来的比奇飞机上并发往西北海岸的Neah海湾。从取自15,000英尺到220,000英尺不同高度的样品中，她测量了灰尘、臭氧、一氧化碳和碳氢化合物的含量。“从我的副驾驶座，灰尘厚得用肉眼可以看到，”Price说。

现在，她正试图将她的研究成果和太平洋彼岸的两个研究小组的研究结果进行比较与对比，在那里的一个地方污染云团的面积比日本还大。卫星拍摄到的图片上清晰可见的大片云团充分地警告Price云团已向华盛顿靠近。“你能看到这两团黑糊糊的云从蒙古沙漠升起并在亚洲上空变大，然后越过太平洋，最终到达北美洲，”她说。她打算继续测量华盛顿沿岸的空气样品并寻找来自亚洲以外的明显被污染的云团。“我们希望看看能否得到来自欧洲的空气污染信号，因为电脑中的模型显示欧洲的污染源也能穿越太平洋，”她说。“然而，我们预计欧洲的空气污染，对北美洲造成的影响能小于亚洲污染气团。”

Air Pollution Cloud Measured on Both Sides of Pacific Scientists watched closely last spring as a haze of pollution, which had been tracked by satellite as it croed the Pacific Ocean, settled over a large swath of North America from Calgary, Canada, into Arizona.Now it appears that, for the first time, researchers on both sides of the Pacific took detailed measurements of the same plume, a could that contained Gobi deert dust as well as hydrocarbons from industrial pollution.Heather Price, a University of Washington doctoral student in chemistry, found that the

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amount of light reflected by the particles in the air was more than 550 percent greater than normal for that time of year.The ma of Asian air contained elevated levels of all pollutants measured.Price said, ―but the only thing that came close to being alarming was the level of particulate matter.‖

The haze that settled acro the western part of the country was widely reported by the news media, and it was measured as far inland as the ski slopes of Aspen, Colo.Readings on the western side of the Pacific came from the Aerosol Characterization Experiments, a project aimed at understanding how particles in the atmosphere affect Earth‘s climate.Additional measurements were taken in the same region at the same time under a project sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.Knowing the pollution was approaching Washington state, Price loaded sensing equipment aboard a rented Beechcraft on April 14 and flew to Neah Bay on the state‘s Northwest coast.Taking samples at various levels from 15,000 feet to 20,000 feet in altitude, she monitored10 quantities of dust, ozone, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.―From my copilot‘s seat, the dust was thick enough to see with the naked eye,‖ Price said.Now she‘s trying to correlate her findings with those of the two research teams operating on the other side of the Pacific, where at one point the pollution plume was larger than Japan.The huge size of the cloud showed up clearly in satellite images that gave price plenty of warning the haze was on its way.―You can see these two blobs coming out of the deserts of Mongolia and growing over Asia, then getting swept out over the ocean and finally setting over North America,‖ she said.She intends to continue measuring air samples off the Washington coast and will be looking for air maes with evidence of pollution originating somewhere other than Asia.―We‘d like to see if we can get a signature of pollution coming from Europe because computer models suggest that European sources also can be transported acro the pacific,‖ she said.―However, we expect that sources in Europe will contribute le than Asian sources.‖

三、职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加理工A级考试需要掌握文章)第四十一篇 全球变暖“缺油”

根据本周在瑞典乌普萨拉大学新发表的一个具有争议性的分析，石油和天然气会在全球变暖这一世界末日的场景到来之前耗尽。作者警告说，在使大气中含有足够的二氧化碳造成冰冠融化和温度升高等场景出现之前，石化燃料会先消耗殆尽。来自政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）的专家为自己的预测变化说,他们是根据一系列的石油及天然气存量来预测，并指出燃煤可减轻填补不足的差额。不过所有人都同意燃煤将会对地球造成更糟的影响。

IPCC的全球冰雪融化预测推动了1997年京都协议书的签订，签署国同意将缩减二氧化碳的总排放量。IPCC预测了一系列包含从无节制的使用石化燃料至快速过度到较环保能源所将产生的未来场景。但是乌普萨拉大学的地质学家Anders Siverton, Kjell Aleklett 和Colin Campbell表示，即使是IPCC最保守的40个预测场景，也没有足够的石油和天然气存量使其成真。

尽管乌普萨拉大学对石油和天然气存量的估算差别很大，但越来越多的研究者认为2010年将是石油供应的高峰期，紧接着就是天然气。他们的分析表明石油和天然气的存储总量在35，000亿桶左右。而IPCC最乐观的估算是50，000亿桶左右。对世界石油和天然气存量的平均预测是8，000亿桶，这甚至是瑞典人估算值的两倍。

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Nebojsa Nakicenovic 是奥地利维也纳大学的能源专家和经济学家。他领导了多达80人的IPCC研究小组并做出了上述预测。他说，IPCC对世界燃料的存量估计仍然站得住脚。他认为和保守的瑞典人相比，IPCC的估算考虑到一些范围更广的、国际认定的燃料存在。

即使石油和天然气消耗殆尽，“还有大量的地下煤可以开采，”他说，煤的燃烧能使IPCC的预言成为现实。但他指出，这一转换会 灾难性的后果。煤比石油和天然气脏，每一能量单位的使用会产生更多的二氧化碳，并释放出大量的微粒。他说最近的研究给政策制定者们泼了盆冷水。

Too Little for Global Warming Oil and gas will run out1 too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios to materialize, according to a controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden.The authors warn that all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize predictions of melting ice caps and searing temperatures.Defending their predictions, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change say they considered a range of estimates of oil and gas reserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up the shortfall.But all agree that burning coal would be even worse for the planet.The IPCC's predictions of global meltdown pushed forward the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, an agreement obliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emiions.The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, from unlimited burning of foil-fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources.But geologists Anders Siverton, Kjell Aleldett and Colin Campbell of Uppsala University say there is not enough oil and gas left even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC scenarios to come to pa.Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers are part of a growing group of experts who believe that oil supplies will peak as soon as 2010, and gas soon after.Their analysis suggests that oil and gas reserves combined amount to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil considerably le than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC.Even the average forecast of about 8,000 billion barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the world's remaining reserves.Nebojsa Nakicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, Austria who headed the 80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says the panel's work still stands.He says they factored in a much broader and internationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the ”conservative“ Swedes.Even if oil and gas run out, ”there's a huge amount of coal underground that could be exploited“, he says that burning coal could make the IPCC scenarios come true, but points out that such a switch would be disastrous.Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2 for each unit of energy, as well as releasing large amounts of particulates.He says the latest analysis is a ”shot acro the bows'' for policy makers.第四十二篇 可再生能源

现今，汽油满足了世界上约百分之四十的能源需要，大多用来为汽车提供燃料。煤仍被使用，主要是在发电站，以解决我们四分之一的能源需求。但煤却是最无效率，最不健康，最不环保的矿物燃料。天然气的储量可填补部分石油短缺。但这些储量也不能维持到22世纪。许多专家预计，我们很容易在50年内耗尽可采掘的燃料储备。我们将很快遇到能源危机。我们需要立即发展可持续的方案来为未来提供能源。污染少的可再生能源为我们提供了一个更现实的长期解决方案。这些能源也会对世界上的穷人有益。“可再生”是指这些能源