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Part Two: The comparison between Chinese and American

higher education system.Both in America and China, the main ordinary higher education refers to junior college bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degree program, but there exists great difference of higher education system between China and America.The basic education, vocational and polytechnic education, ordinary higher education and adult education are four major types of education in China.While in United States, there are also four major types of higher education system.They are the(1)university, which may contain:（a）several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelor’s(four-year)degree and(b)one or more the bachelor’s degree to obtain a master’s or a doctoral degree;(2)the four-year undergraduate institution-the college-most of which are not part of a university;(3)the technical training institution, at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from six months to four years in duration and learn a wide variety of technical skills, from hair styling though busine accounting to computer programming;and(4)the two-year, or community colleges or universities.[1] American undergraduate students receive generalist education, and graduate receive profeional education.When they are at the doctor level, all of them would take a comprehensive examination.If they fail to pa the examination, they are doom to be wiped out.According to the research, there are nearly one-third students mi the degree.By comparing and analyzing their difference, we can be aware of their respective merits and drawbacks, and improve our education system at the same time.2.1 The contrast of students’ admiion system between Chinese and American higher education system.The different students’ election system decides different students’ quality.Each school in United States set their own admiion requirements.The academic section is generally the most important but not the only deciding factor.On the other way round, their comprehensive capabilities play an important role.Moreover, there is no much restraint of admiion system.American college students are always composed by senior high schools, social workers, unemployed men and so on as long as they can afford tuitions and hand in required application.Out of more than three million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on for higher education.A college at a leading university might receive applications from 2% of these high school graduates, and then accept only one out of every ten who apply.The admiion proce consists of application forms, admiion tests and eays.Universities make admiion decisions based on academic achievement, test scores and application.The succeful applicants at colleges and universities are unusually chosen on the basis of :(a)their high school records;(b)recommendations from their high school teachers;(c)the impreion they make during interviews at the college or university;and(d)their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests(SATs)1.(By these applications, one can exhibit his potential, communication, individual style and other strong suits, and make colleges get to know comprehensively of students.Of course, if one have special strong point, he may also be recruited because you will pay honor to your university or college.For instance, if one does well in football which can stirs up the most national interest, he may be enrolled with conditional admiion.A fact is that one of my friends who has got American colleges’ and universities’ offers told me his succe owing to his humor, pure-heartedne, and his prominent inter-communication.As studying in an international high school, my friend cultivates ability to study on his own, think things out for himself.During his part time, he had been auming tutor for foreigners.It’s because all his achievements in high school are taken into account, so he can got American colleges’ and universities’ offers.On the other hand, in China, after students graduating from nationwide senior high schools, nearly all colleges and universities recruit students according to corresponding entrance examination marks.The entrance examination is usually organized on July each year, and nearly all high school students would take the examination.In their point of views, the chance of becoming members of university is 1英语国家社会与文化入门)totally determined by the entrance examination final marks.Therefore, the annually entrance examination is usually regarded as an examination of life even an examination of fortune.2.2 The contrast of semester arrangement between Chinese and American higher education system.Undergraduate education in United States and China set four years for undergraduate students to study, but American have different semester arrangement with Chinese.Some colleges and universities have two semesters a year, while others have four semesters a year.Usually, the length of a semester may last 10 to 16 weeks.As to four semesters system, each semester is called Quarter with approximate ten weeks.Therefore, the circle of students educated time is shortened, besides, there are enough time provided for students to choose curricula they interest.While, nearly all undergraduate education in China has quadrennium2 for university life.Still, there are some special, such as many medical academies and some scientific academies arrange five or six years for undergraduate education.I n China, an academic year have two semesters which are divided with spring and autumn.Thereby, students will spend large number of time on schooling and le time allowing them choose what they interest, saying nothing of practice.2.3 The contrast of curricular and specialty between Chinese and American higher education system.Different curricular and specialty offered bring different consequences.Taking the case of American universities and colleges, no matter public or private, they offer a vast array of specialties for students.Broad field specialties are organized give students a broad overview of field, give students general introduction to the theories, research, and findings.After all, the more specialties mean there are more kinds of curricular students can elect, more comprehensive knowledge students attain.In United States, students just can apply for admiion of university but not the major(the field in which they want to their degree).At the undergraduate level, Students in United States must abide instructions to complete basis curricular during 2 Quadrennium:four years.the first two years, such as world history, math, writhing or research.During, and the next years, they start to choose majors according to their interests and strong suits.The National Institute of Education, a government agency, reports that a total of more than 1000 majors are offered in America’s colleges and universities.The combined electives available in these schools probably amount to a number in the tens of thousands3.Thereby, if they feel the curricular the core course they are studying has not appreciated them, they can also choose to transfer to another major.Besides, time permitting, students can choose sub-majoring at the same time.Some universities frequently held plenty of academic forums, and the reports are always lectured by some academia prominent experts in United States.At the graduate student level, students’ writing skills are important because they may be required to write large number of articles.Generally, they may be required at least 5pages to 10pages paper after completing reading materials every week.Science and engineer students should spend much time on laboratory and accomplish their experiment report.Higher education in America has always streed character training or social skills training though extracurricular activities, including organized sports and performing arts.The broad range of extra curricular includes such as cycling, mountain climbing, horse riding, and che playing.At many schools, there are interesting communities which bring universities plenty of vigor and vitality.Among the activities are newspapers, musical organizations, dramatic, swimming club, radio stations, and some volunteer groups.Some of these have their own meeting place in which services and social activities be held.Students are frequently seen working as volunteers in hospitals and homes for the-elderly, or other public-service work.Long summer holiday in the eyes of students is not just rest or recreation time, but some summer training schools are prepared for students’ participation.As a rule, summer training schools also have rigorous disciplines.What students’ actions in summer training schools are playing a significant role in their future development.The aim of the system is to cultivate well-developed talents.Maybe this system will lead most students choosing most popular speciality, leaving le faculty for fun.In order to keep away from this trouble, 3 American Education, American and British Culture American Universities adopt two-way election between students and departments.This system suits American individuation, and students studying on their own exerts profound influence on their personality and life.However, this is a little different from Chinese universities curricular arrangement, after all, we are far le free.Students in China choose majors before they enter universities, and it’s not very easy to transfer one department to another in a same school, let alone to another school.When students receive the offer of universities, the curricular they applied is unchangeable.What they should do is to finish curricular rules formulated.One similar system is both of America and China have required course and elective course.But for the facility in university is limited, excepting a student having right to choose some elective course with interest, they may not be entitled to enjoy same freedom of choosing courses.Moreover, some courses require exams or interviews if they would like to shift course, or choose popular course.2.4 The contrast of model teaching between Chinese and American higher education system Whether students can break new grounds in advanced research or brought up to ensure that the knowledge innovations are decided by educational methodology.Comparing the way of teaching in China, American higher education emphasis on cultivation of knowledge absorbability, ability of application and creation.In America, the teaching methods are more flexible than Chinese teaching methods.They advocate democracy, and teachers always pay more attention to help students construct knowledge system rather than being familiar with every details of lecture.They encourage students to raise problems, to cultivate active and harmonious atmosphere, to doubt predeceors’ fruits.Moreover, American emphasis on practical cla as well excepting teaching in cla.During the practical cla, students are often divided ten or twenty people per group which directed by an aistant teacher to do some creative actions at full steam.For instance, they are having reading cla, students would be required raise themselves viewpoints no matter the views relate to the clou of materials and individual character analysis.Sometimes, several profeors instruct a same course, and the aim is to provide students’ equal rights to choose profeor they want.At the same time, students establish fine relationship with teachers.Furthermore, as there is no fixed materials for students, so many materials are appointed by profeional teacher, and some curricular are teached in the way of lecture or discuion.As we know, there is a saying goes that the admiion in America is easy but graduation is so hard.This owing to large number of aignment and examinations are required.If students don’t take them seriously, they may fail to attain the diploma.This special model teaching system is advantage of fostering students’ ability of independent learning, analyzing and solving concrete problems independently.On the other hand, in China, students could learn knowledge better because they are good at reciting a large number of notes given by their teachers, and they understand the eence of their majors deeply.Consequently, they like a machine designed for examination for they can do well in all kinds of exams, tests, and quiz.At every turn, many teachers would like to teach those may be questioned in papers, or to pack up a serious of knowledge points for help student examination.The exam-education in China not only sharpen students burden but also deform students knowledge and culture structure, or narrow their knowledge and culture.As lacing of intercommunication and creation for years, students in China are lack of courage in cla, and are lack of the ability of thinking independently.2.5 The contrast of credit and degree systems between Chinese and American higher education system Different curricular arrangement will lead to different credit hour.Typically, an undergraduate student only earn a certain number of credits can he or she receive a degree at the end of four years of college and university.One credit usually equals one hour of cla per week in a single course.A three-credit courses in biology and involve two hours of lectures plus one hour in a science lab, every week.Usually, students can earn credits by attending lectures, paing related examinations, and finish some aignments.Although there are required course and elected course in both America and China, in United States, required courses are no more than Chinese, and their credit hour approach 30%-40% of the total.The basic courses and speciality courses credit hour make up about 33% of the total, and others make up nearly 67% of the total credit hour[2].Thus the student can freely select large number of fields of selected courses universities have provided.Frequently, the first two years are spent in broad general education which are required courses and the last two years students can choose one or two disciplines that are referred to as major fields of study.On the contrary, Chinese students fail to have such freedom to choose selected courses not only the elected courses are few but also the required course take students much time.The credit hour of required course make up 85%-90% of the total, and basic courses and speciality courses credit hour make up about 30%-45% of the total [3].So there are scarcely any chance given to students to choose elected courses.But as with the degree system in America is a little similar in China.Both of American universities and Chinese universities has built up a multi-layered, diversified and discipline-inclusive education system, which has played a significant role in speeding up the development of national economy, science and technology.Higher education system in both America and China provide bachelor’s degree, master degree, and doctoral degree.In most fields of specialization, a master’s degree can be earned by one or two academic years of study beyond the bachelor’s degree in United States.A Ph.D.degree(doctor of philosophy)usually takes at least three years beyond the master’s.To earn a Ph.D.in almost any field, the student must generally pa oral and written examinations in his specialty, produce a long research paper which makes an original contribution to his field of study, and pa reading examinations in one or two foreign languages.Students in China can earned bachelor’s degree by four years study,(five years for medical and some engineering and technical program);master degree by two or three years study;and doctor degree by three years study.American universities offer three main categories of graduate degrees.In most fields of specialization, a master’s degree can be earned by one or two academic years of study beyond the bachelor’s degree.A Ph.D.degree(doctor of philosophy)usually takes at least three years beyond the master’s.To earn a Ph.D.in almost any field, the student must generally pa oral and written examinations in his specialty, produce a long research paper which makes an original contribution to his field of study, and pa reading examinations in one or two foreign languages.