、英语重结构_英语深层结构

、英语重结构由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“英语深层结构”。

Introduction: There is not one single Chinese language, but many different versions or dialects including Wu, Cantonese and Taiwanese.Northern Chinese, also known as Mandarin, is the mother tongue of about 70% of Chinese speakers and is the accepted written language for all Chinese.Belonging to two different language families, English and Chinese have many significant differences.This makes learning English a serious challenge for Chinese native speakers.Alphabet: Chinese does not have an alphabet but uses a logographic system for its written language.In logographic systems symbols represent the words themselvesVerb/Tense: In English much information is carried by the use of auxiliaries and by verb inflections: is/are/were, eat/eats/ate/eaten, etc.Chinese, on the other hand, is an uninflected language and conveys meaning through word order, adverbials or shared understanding of the context.The concept of time in Chinese is not handled through the use of different tenses and verb forms, as it is in English.For all these

reasons it is not surprising that Chinese learners have trouble with the complexities of the English verb system.Here are some typical verb/tense mistakes:

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 What do you do?(i.e.What are you doing?)(wrong tense)I will call you as soon as I will get there.(wrong tense)She has got married last Saturday.(wrong tense)She good teacher.(miing copula)How much you pay for your car?(miing auxiliary)I wish I am rich.(indicative instead of subjunctive)

English commonly exprees shades of meaning with modal verbs.Think for example of the increasing degree of politene of the following instructions:

Open the window, please. Could you open the window, please?

 Would you mind opening the window, please?

Since Chinese modals do not convey such a wide range of meaning, Chinese learners may fail to use English modals sufficiently.This can result in them seeming peremptory when making requests, suggestions, etc.Grammar-Other: Chinese does not have articles, so difficulties with their correct use in English are very common.There are various differences in word order between Chinese and English.In Chinese, for example, questions are conveyed by intonation;the subject and verb are not inverted as in English.Nouns cannot be post-modified as in English;and adverbials usually precede verbs, unlike in English which has complex rules governing the position of such sentence elements.Interference from Chinese, then, leads to the following typical problems:

When you are going home?

 English is a very hard to learn language. Next week I will return to China.(More usual English: I will return

to China next week.)

Vocabulary: English has a number of short verbs that very commonly combine with particles(adverbs or prepositions)to form what are known as phrasal verbs;for example: take on, give in, make do with, look up to.This kind of lexical feature does not exist in Chinese.Chinese learners, therefore, may experience serious difficulty in comprehending texts containing such verbs and avoid attempting to use them themselves.一、英语重结构，汉语重语义我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”

二、英语多长句，汉语多短句 由于英语是“法治”的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达；汉语则正好相反，由于是“人治”，语义通过字词直接表达，不同的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因，考研英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子，而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。

三、英语多从句，汉语多分句英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。

四、主语，宾语等名词成分“英语多代词，汉语多名词”在句子中，英语多用名词和介词，汉语多用动词。英语不仅有we、you、he、they等人称代词，而且还有that、which之类的关系代词，在长而复杂的句子，为了使句子结构正确、语义清楚，同时避免表达上的重复，英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词，但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短，汉语里不能使用太多的代词，使用名词往往使语义更加清楚。

五、英语多被动，汉语多主动英语比较喜欢用被动语态，科技英语尤其如此。汉语虽然也有“被”、“由”之类的词表示动作是被动的，但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见，因此，英语中的被动在汉译中往往成了主动。

六、英语多变化，汉语多重复熟悉英语的人都知道，英语表达相同的意思时往往变换表达方式。第一次说“我认为”可以用“I think”，第二次再用“Ithink”显然就很乏味，应该换成“I believe”或“Iimagine”之类的表达。相比之下，汉语对变换表达方式的要求没有英语那么高，很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行了。

七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体做翻译实践较多的人都有这样的体会：英文句子难译主要难在结构复杂和表达抽象上。通过分析句子的结构，把长句变短句、从句变分句，结构上的难题往往迎刃而解。表达抽象则要求译者吃透原文的意思、用具体的中文进行表达。

八、英语多引申，汉语多推理英语有两句俗话：一是You know a word by the

company itkeeps.(要知义如何，关键看词伙)，二是Words do not have meaning, but people havemeaning forthem.(词本无义，义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的，而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说，这种活用是词义和用法的引申，翻译的时候要准确理解这种引申，译者就需要进行推理。做翻译的人经常会有这样一种感受：某个词明明认识，可就是不知道该怎样表达。这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用。

九、英语多省略，汉语多补充英语一方面十分注重句子结构，另一方面又喜欢使用省略。英语省略的类型很多，有名词的省略，动词的省略，有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中，英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些省略了的词。

十、英语多前重心，汉语多后重心在表达多逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前；汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。