专业英语课后习题讲解[推荐]_专业英语课后习题答案

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Unit1 2.Translate the following into Chinese materials science

材料科学

Stone Age

石器时代 naked eye

肉眼

optical property

光学性能 mechanical strength

机械强度

Bronze age

青铜时代 integrated circuit

集成电路

thermal conductivity 导热系数 • “Materials science“ involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials.In contrast, “Materials engineering” is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.“材料科学”涉及到材料的结构和性能之间的关系研究。相比之下，“材料工程”是在这些结构性能的相关的基础上，设计材料的结构以生产预定的一组属性。• “ Virtually” all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical.and deteriorative.“事实上”固体材料的所有重要特性可分为六个不同的类别：机械，电，热，磁，光和变质。

• In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials.namely ”proceing“ and ”performance“.除结构与特征外，材料科学和工程还包括另外两项重要的研究内容，即（材料的）加工与性能。• The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationships, as well as proceing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.工程师与科学家越熟悉材料的结构-性质之间的各种相互关系以及材料的加工技术，根据这些原则，他或她对材料的明智选择将越来越熟练和精确。• On only rare occasion does a material poe the maximum or ideal combination of properties.Thus, it may be neceary to trade off one characteristic for another.只有在极少数情况下材料在具有最优或理想的综合性质。因此，有必要对材料的性质进行权衡。

3.Translate the following into English 交又学科

interdisciplinary study

介电常数

dielectric constant

固体材料

solid materials

热容

heat capacity 力学性质

mechanical property

电磁辐射

electromagnetism radiation

材料加工

materials proceing

弹性系数(模数)

elastic modulus •直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was no until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.•材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。

Materials engineering is to solve the problem during the manufacturing and application of materials.•材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能.Materials proceing proce determines not only their structure but also their characteristic and performance.•材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的变形有关。

Material mechanical properties is relative with its deformation coming from outside force or load.Unit2 2.Translate the following into Chinese composite materials

复合材料

nonlocalized electrons

游离电子

advanced materials

先进材料

stiffnees

刚性

semiconductor

半导体

biomaterials

生物材料

smart materials

智能材料

nanoengineered materials

纳米工程材料

• Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat,and are not transparent visible light;a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance.金属导电、导热能力特别强，对可见光不透明;一个抛光的金属表面具有光泽。• Ceramics, are typically insulative to the paage of heat and electricity, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.陶瓷是典型的绝热、绝缘体，在对高温和苛刻环境的抵抗力方面优于金属和高聚物。

• Materials that are utilized in high-technology(or high-tech)applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.应用于高技术领域的材料有时候被称为先进材料。

• Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field(or voltage);conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered.响应外加电场(或电压)，压电陶瓷会膨胀和收缩;相反的，当尺寸改变时，压电陶瓷也会产生一个电场。

• With the advent of scanning probe microscopes, which permit observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become poible to manipulate and move atoms and molecules form new structures and，thus，design new materials that are built from simple atomic-level constituents(i.c., “materials by design”).随着扫描探针显微镜的问世，这种显微镜允许观察单个原子或者分子，使得操作和移动原子和分子形成新的结构、基于简单原子水平上设计新材料成为可能。3.Translate the following into English 先进材料

advaneced materials

陶瓷材料

ceramic materials 高性能材料

high-perfomiance materials

黏土矿物

clay minerals 合金

alloys

移植

implant

玻璃纤维

gla fiber

碳纳米管

carbon nanotube •金属元素有许多游离电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons, many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.•许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。

Many of polymers are organic compounds , and they have very large molecular structures.•半导体材料的电性特征介于导电材料(如金属、金属合金)与绝缘体(陶瓷材料和聚合体材料)之间。

Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors(viz.metals and metal alloys)and insulators(viz.ceramics and polymers).•生物材料不能产生毒性，并且必须与人体组织互相兼容。

Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tiues.Unit3 2.Translate the following into Chinese naked eye

肉眼

transition elements

过渡元素

mechanical property

力学性能

atomic number

原子序数

elementary chemistry

基础化学

positively charged protons

带正电的质子

• Metals behave differently than ceramics,and ceramics behave differently than polymers.金属行为不同于陶瓷，陶瓷行为不同于高聚物。

• The atomic structure primarily affects the chemical, physical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties.The microstructure and macrostructure can also affect these properties but they generally have a larger effect on mechanical properties and on the rate of chemical reaction.原子结构主要影响材料的化学性能、物理性能、热性能、电学性能、磁学性能、光学性能，微观结构和宏观结构也影响这些性能但更主要影响材料的力学性能和化学反应速率。

• The strength of metals suggests that these atoms are held together by strong bonds.金属的强度表明这些原子靠强键结合。

• An element's atomic number indicates the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus.The atomic weight of an atom indicates how many protons and neutrons in the nucleus.元素原子序数表明原子核中带正电的质子数目。原子量表明原子核中有多少个质子和中子。

3.Translate the following into English 微观结构

microstructure

宏观结构

macrostructure

化学反应

chemical reaction

原子量

atomic weight 电荷平衡

balanced electric charge

带正电子的原子核 positively charge nucleus •从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属，成千上万种物质均是由100多种原子组成的。

These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metals of various properties.•事实证明金属原子是通过很强的键结合在一起的。

The facts suggests that metal atoms are held together by strong bonds.•微现结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构；宏观结构是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构。

Microstructure indicates features that cannot be seen with the naked eye, but macrostructure indicates features that can be seen with the naked eye.•原子核中质子和中子的量的总和就是原子量。

The combination(total)of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the atomic weight of an atom.Unit4 2.Translate the following into Chinese

phase transformation temperatures

相转变温度

specific gravity

比重

thermal conductivity

热导率

the melting point

熔点

the acceleration of gravity

重力加速度

magnetic permeability 磁导率 • An object will float in water if its density is le than the density of water and sink if its density is greater that that of water.Similarly, an object with specific gravity le than one will float and those with a specific gravity greater than one will sink.物体密度比水轻时将漂浮在水面，密度比水大时将下沉。类似的，比重小于1的物体将漂浮，比重大于1的物体将下沉。

• Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther apart, resulting in a decrease in magnetic flux density compared with a vacuum, are called diamagnetic.Materials that centrate magnetic flux by a factor of more than one but le than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic;materials that concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called ferromagnetic.使磁力线相互分开，导致磁通量比真空小的材料被称为反磁性材料。使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于1小于或等于10的材料被称为顺磁性材料；使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于 10的材料被称为铁磁性材料。

• Certain ferromagnetic materials , especially powdered or laminated iron, steel, or nickel alloys, have μr that can range up to about 1000000.Diamagnetic materials have μr le than one, but no known substance has relative permeability much le than one.某些铁电材料，特别是粉末状态或者叠层状态的铁、钢、镍合金，他们的相对磁导率可以大到1000000。反磁性材料的磁导率小于1但是相对磁导率远远小于1的物质还没有被发现。

• When a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic: core is inserted into a coil, the inductance is multiplied by μr compared with the inductance of the same coil with an air core.当顺磁性或铁磁性芯被插入到线圈中时，磁感应强度是空气芯时的μr倍。3.Translate the following into English

相对密度

Relative density

沸点

boling point

磁感应

magnetic induction

热导率

Thermal conduction

玻璃转变温度

gla transition temperature

有色金属

nonferrous metal 线性热膨胀系数

linear coefficient of thermal expansion

单位体积质量ma per any unit of volume

• 化学性质是用来描述一种物质变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质.Chemical properties are those that describe how a substance changes into a completely different one.• 相变是一种物理性质,并且物质存在四种相: 固相,液相,气相和等离子体.Phase transition is a physical property and matter can exist in four phases : solid , liquid , gas and plasma.• 当温度低于熔点时,聚合物的晶体结构破坏,但其分子仍然在分子链上,从而形成一种柔软性和柔顺性材料.Instead , at some temperature below the melting point , polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains , which results in a soft and pliable material.• 在工程应用中,渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值来表示.In engineering applications , permeability is often expreed in relative , rather than in absolute , terms.Unit5 2.Translate the following into Chinese

the service life

服役期限

the longitudinal direction

纵向方向

the transverse direction

横向方向

dynamic or cyclic loading

动态或循环载荷

the initial length of the material 材料的初始长度

elastic deformation

弹性形变

plastic deformation

塑性形变

localized deformation

局部形变

•The mechanical properties of metals determine the range of usefulne of a material establish the service life that can be expected.金属的力学性质决定了材料使用范围，和服役期限。

•Therefore, multiple tests are commonly conducted to determine mechanical properties and values reported can be an average value or calculated statistical minimum value.因此，为了确定力学性质，一般需要做大量实验，报道的值一般是平均值或者经过计算的统计学上的最小值。

•The way a material is loaded greatly affects its mechanical properties and largely determines how, or if, a component will fail;and whether it will show warning signs before failure actually occurs.材料受载方式很大程度上决定了其力学性质，同时也在很大程度上决定了零部件怎样失效或者是否失效，以及在失效发生以前，是否会给出预警信号。•However, a bar loaded in bending will have a stre distribution that changes with distance perpendicular to the normal axis.但是，承受弯曲载荷的棒其应力分布状态与垂直法线轴的距离有关。

•Elastic deformation only occurs in a material when strees are lower than a critical stre called the yield strength.低于一个被称为屈服极限的临界应力时，材料仅仅发生弹性形变。3.Translate the following into English

实验样品

test specimen

静负荷

static loading 作用力

applied force

垂直轴

normal axis 工程应变

engineering strain

临界应力

critical stre 屈服强度

yield strength

应力面积

stre area 应力-应变曲线

stre-strain curve •通常,温度低于室温时,金属合金的强度性质降低,而延展性,破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强.Temperature above room temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties of metallic alloys，but a increase in ductility, fracture toughne and elongation.•从材料的角度来说,应力是一种在材料内部所分布的力,它可以平衡所施加的负荷与其发生相互作用.From the perspective of what is happening within a material , stre is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it.•工程应变可定义为: 所施加方向上的材料的改变量与材料原始长度的比值.Engineering strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material.•高强度和高延展性的材料比低强度和低延展性的材料的韧性高.A material with high stre and high ductility will have more toughne than a material with low strength and low ductility Unit6 2.Translate the following into Chinese

Silicon single crystals

单晶硅

computed tomography scan

电子断层扫描

magnetic resonance imaging 核磁共振显像

the military industrial complex 军工复合物

Gro National Happine

国民幸福指数

the average population growth rate of the world

世界人口平均增长率

• With impending and burgeoning societal iues affecting the human condition on our, the MSE community has a responsibility and an opportunity to truly make a differ by addreing the needs of the world of tomorrow-needs in energy, transportation, food, recycling.and health.随着各种影响人类生存环境的社会问题的快速发展和逼近，材料科学与工程协会有责任，也有机会改变未来世界的需要一包括能源、交通、住房、食物、循环利用及健康。

• Population is growing at much higher rates in the le developed countries in comparison to the average population growth rate of the world, which is l.4%.1.4%欠发达国家的人口增加速度高于世界平均水平1.4%。

• Projections are that global energy use will grow by 1.7% annually until 2025, Which a faster rate than the world population growth rate.据预测，直到2025年，全球能源消耗年增长率为1.7%，该数值超过世界人口增长率。

• Moreover, average energy use per person is still more than nine times greater in developed regions than in le developed regions.而且，发达地区的人均能源消耗是欠发达地区的九倍多。3.Translate the following into English

国内生产总值

gra domestic product

材料科学与工程

material science and engineering 市场经济

market economy

社会问题

social iue 经济指数

economic index

卫生保健

market economy 国民生产总值

gro national product

人口增长率

population growth rate • 然而,随着时间的变化,人类的革新与创造力,工程师满足社会需求的能力和建立工程企业的精神是永恒不变的.However, some things that have been constant over time are human innovation and creativity, the engineer’s ability to addre societal needs, and the entrepreneurial spirit of engineering • 我们可以看到医学,通信学和运输工业的革命给我们生活带来的变化.We have witneed the re-shaping of our lives through revolutions that have taken place in medicine , telecommunications, and transportation industries.• 18%的世界人口缺少安饮用水,几乎40%缺少环境卫生设施.Eighteen percent of the word' s population lacks acce to safe drinking water and nearly 40% has no acce to sanitation.• 材料与社会是互相联系的,并且我们应当认为材料科学工程的发展与影响人类生存条件的全球社会问题存在紧密的联系,这是唯一理性的看法.Materials and society are interlinked, and it is only rational that we should see a close relation between the MSE-research agenda and societal iues that affect the human condition on the globe.Unit7 2.Translate the following into Chinese conduction bands

导带

alkali metals

碱金属

atomic radius

原子半径

overlap of orbital energies

轨道能量重叠

the ion lattice

离子晶格

solid solution

固溶体

• In chemistry, a metal is defined as an element that readily loses electrons to form dive ions and forms metallic bonds between other metal atoms.化学上，金属被定义为这样一种元素：容易失去电子行程正离子、容易和其他金属原子形成金属键。

• The nondirectional nature of metallic bonding is thought to he the primary reason for malleability of metal.金属键的无方向性被认为是金属延展性的主要原因。

• Crystals with covalent bond can only be deformed by breaking the bonds between at-thereby resulting in fragmentation of the crystal.共价键晶体只有打破原子间价键才能发生形变，因此导致了晶体破碎。• Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications, such as jet engines, contain more than ten elements.为了一些高性能场合应用，如喷气式发动机，特殊设计的合金可以包含10种以上元素。

3.Translate the following into English 离域电子

delocalized electrons

电子结构

electrical structure 碱土金属

alkali-earth metals

化学电池

electrochemical cell 核电荷

nuclear charge

导电性

electrical conductivity •金属有时被描述为由游离电子团包围的正离子晶格。

Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.•通常地，金属其有良好的导电性和导热性，其有金属光泽，密度较大，并且其有在压力下变形而不会断裂的能力。

Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density and the ability to be deformed under stre without cleaving.•合金是指两种或两种以上的元素形成的固溶体混合物，其中主要组分为全属.An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.•不同比率的金属结合成为合金可以改变纯金属的性质，从而产生所需要的性能.Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics.Unit8 2.Translate the following into Chinese high-performance alloy

高性能合金

mechanical strength

机械强度

single crystal alloys

单晶合金

oxidation and corrosion resistance

抗氧化腐蚀性

precipitation strengthening 沉淀强化

crystalline lattice

晶格

•Superalloy development has relied heavily on both chemical and proce innovations and has been driven primarily by the aerospace and power industries.超耐热合金的发展高度依赖于化学和工艺的革新、主要由航空和能源工业推动。

•Creep resistance is dependent on slowing the speed of dislocations within the crystal structure 抗蠕变依赖于在晶体结构中降低位错移动速度。

•The historical developments in superalloy proceing have brought about considerable increases in superalloy operating temperatures.超耐热合金加工技术的历史发展导致了超耐热合金使用温度的巨大提高。•Single-crystal superalloys(SC superalloys)are formed as a single crystal using a modified version of the directional solidification technique, so there are no grain boundaries in the material.单晶超耐热合金材料是以一种单晶体状体态而形成的，这种单晶体是应用一种修正的定性凝固技术被制造出来的，因此单晶超耐热合金材料中没有晶界。3.Translate the following into English 面心立方晶休结构

Face centered cubic crystal structure 涡轮入口温度

turbine inlet temperature 金属材料

Metallic material

相稳定性

phase stability 核反应堆

Nuclear reaction

纳米粒子的合成synthesis of nanoparticles •典型的超耐热合金具有奥氏体的面心立方晶体结构。

.Superalloys typically have an austenitic face-centered cubic crystal structure.•根据超耐热合金的性质，超耐热合金的产品可以在高温和腐蚀环境中得到应用。Superalloys are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion /oxidation resistance, according to their properties.•超耐热合金主要用于航空工业、潜水、核反应堆、军用发动机等方面。The largest applications of superalloys are the following: aerospace, submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors.•高温下气态的氯化铝或氟化铝可以从超耐热合金内部转移到表面。

At high temperatures, the gaseous aluminum chloride or fluoride is transferred to the surface of the superalloy from its inner part.Unit9 2.Translate the following into Chinese electromotive force series

电动势序

electrochemical potential

电化学势

oxidation proce

氧化过程

electrical balance

电平衡 basic principle

基本原理

Fretting corrosion

磨损腐蚀

•The corrosion proce is usually electrochemical in nature , having the eential features of a battery.腐蚀过程从本质上说是一个电化学过程，有着与电池相同的本质特征。•The difficulty in terms of energy required to extract metals from their ores is directly related to the ensuing tendency to corrode and release this energy.从矿物中提炼金属所需能源的问题与后续的腐蚀和能量释放直接相关。•The electrical balance of the circuit is restored at the cathode when the electrons react with neutralizing positive ions ,such as hydrogen ions ,in the electrolyte.当电子和正离子（如电解液中的氢离子）发生中和反应时，阴极处电子得以平衡。

3.Translate the following into English 保护膜

protective film

电路

circuit 自由电子

free electron

电子转移

electron transfer 金属离子

metallic ion

正极反应

anode reaction •金和银这类金属在自然界中是以金属状态存在的，在环境中它们不容易被腐蚀。

Some metals ,such as gold and silver, can be found in the earth in their natural, metallic state, and they have little tendency to corrode.•氧化过程中从金属中夺取电子，而还原过程中金属得到电子。

Oxidation is the proce of stripping electrons from an atom and reduction occurs when an electron is added to an atom.•当金属表面处于湿润状态之后，在表面上的水层中会发生正负极之间的粒子转移，这就是腐蚀。

If the surface becomes wet, corrosion may take place through ionic exchange in the surface water laver between the anode and cathode.•通常情况下腐蚀的种类是根据被腐蚀后金属的外观来进行划分的。

Corrosion is commonly claification based on the appearance of the corroded material.Unit10 2.Translate the following into Chinese the purification of raw materials 原材料的提纯

long-chain alkane molecules

长链烷烃

gla beaker

玻璃烧杯

viscous liquid

粘性液体

spark plug insulator

火花塞绝缘体

gla ceramics

玻璃陶瓷

computer-aisted proce control 计算机辅助过程控制

surface analytical methods 表面分析方法

•We will look at some properties and see how closely they match our expectations of what constitutes a ceramic.我们将审视几个性质，会看到这些性质与我们对陶瓷构成的预判是何等匹配。•At high temperatures(above the gla transition temperature), gla no longer be-haves in a brittle manner;it behaves as a viscous liquid.高温下(高于玻璃转变温度)，玻璃不在表现出脆性行为，而是表现得像粘状液体一样。

•They exhibit superior mechanical properties, corrosion/oxidation resistance, or electrical, optical, and/or magnetic properties.它们表现出优异的力学性能、抗氧化腐蚀性能、或者电学、光学、磁学性能。•While traditional clay-based ceramics have been used for over 25000 years, advanced ceramics have generally been developed within the last 100 years.尽管传统的粘土基陶瓷已经使用了25000多年，先进陶瓷仅仅是近100年内发展起来的。

3.Translate the following into English 玻璃转变温度

Gla transition temperature 离子共价键

covalent ionic bonding 应力分布

Stre distribution

热膨胀系数

thermal expansion coefficient 玻璃光纤

Gla fiber

材料科学与工程 materials science and engineering 固体氧化物燃料电池

Solid-oxide fuel cells

电子显微镜

electron microscope •作为陶瓷的金刚石是所知的材料中具有最高导热性的材料。

Diamond, which is claified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known materials.•陶瓷的压缩强度大于拉伸强度，而金属的压缩强度与拉伸强度相当。Ceramics are stronger in compreion than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compreive strengths.•尽管陶瓷与复合材料结合可以显著地改善陶瓷的韧性，但是在通常情况下陶瓷的韧性比较差。

Ceramics generally have low toughne, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.•陶瓷产品的功能取决于它们的化学组成和微结构，正是这些化学组成与微结构决定着它们的性能。

The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical composition and microstructure, which determines their properties.Unit11 2.Translate the following into Chinese the electron configuration

电子构型

polycrystalline ceramics

多晶陶瓷

the oxygen content

氧含量

the oxide coating

氧化物涂层

the electron beam

电子束

electrical insulators

电绝缘体

the industrial risks

工业风险

upper respiratory tract

上呼吸道

•The field of materials science and engineering is often defined by the interrelationship between four topics-synthesis and proceing ,structure and composition, properties ,and performance.材料科学和工程的研究领域被定义为四个主题之间的相互关系：合成和加工、结构和成分、性质、性能。

•Nor only perfect lattices and ideal structures have to be considered but also the presence of structural defects that are unavoidable in all materials, even the amorphous ones.不仅完美晶格、理想结构必须被考虑，更要考虑结构缺陷，结构缺陷在所有的材料中都是不可避免的，甚至无定形材料也有结构缺陷。

•Reduction in porosity may be achieved by hot preing to ensure a high-density product.热压可以减少多孔性，以确保高致密度产品。

•When shipping the material, the manufacturer supplies information on the hazards.运输材料时，制造商应该提供关于他们产品的危险性的有关信息。3.Translate the following into English 结晶陶瓷

Crystalline ceramics

晶粒边界

grain boundary 碱性金属氧化物

Alkaline metal oxide

氧化物添加剂

oxide additive 三相点

Triple points

饱和磁化强度

saturation magnetization 电视显像管

Television tube

颜色标度

color scale •想要了解任一材料的行为与性能，有必要先了解它的结构。

To understand the behavior and properties of any material, it is eential to understand its structure.•晶粒尺寸是由初始粉体颗粒的大小和它们的凝结方式所决定的。

The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were consolidated.•透明与半透明陶瓷需要限制由气孔和二相粒子引起的光的散射。Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores and second-phase particles.•因为氧化铝陶瓷具有高电阻率和低介电常数，所以它可以用作电的绝缘体.Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulators because of their high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.Unit12 2.Translate the following into Chinese protective response

保护性反应

bioactive ceramics

生物活性陶瓷

pyrolytic carbon coatings

热解碳涂层

the reinforcement phase

强化相

a grain growth inhibitor

晶粒生长抑制剂

ultrahigh-molecular weight polyethylene

超高分子量聚乙烯

•Materials selection is a critical part of any component design proce and is especially important for implants and other medical devices.材料的选择是任何组分设计至关重要的环节，尤其在植入体和其它医疗器械方面是特别重要的。

•The three main claes of material from which we can select for a load-bearing application are metals, polymers, and ceramics.我们能进行承载应用的三种主要材料是金属、聚合物和陶瓷。

•High-density, high-purity(>99.5%)alumina is used in a number of implants, particularly as load-bearing hip prostheses and dental implants.高密度、高纯度的氧化铝（>99.5%）被大量的用于植入物，特别是在需要承载压力的髋关节修复和牙移植中。

•In ceramic/ceramic combinations the wear rate of zirconia can be significantly higher than that of alumina.在陶瓷或陶瓷复合材料中，氧化锆的磨损率远远高于氧化铝的磨损率。3.Translate the following into English 控制反应

controlled reaction

应力屏蔽

stre shielding 全髋关节置换术

Total hip prostheses

断裂应变率

strain-to-failure ratio 机械应力

Mechanical stre

弯曲强度

flexural strength

马氏体相变

Martensitic transformation •生物材料是应用到医疗器械中并与生物系统发生相互作用的一种非活性材料。Biomaterial is a non-viable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems.•当现有的机体部分发生病变、损坏或只是简单的癖损时，这些修复就会变得很有必要。

These repairs become neceary when the existing part becomes diseased, damaged, or just simply wears out.•因为骨松质的密度低，所以它的弹性模量比骨皮质低，断裂应变率比骨皮质高。Because of its low density , cancellous bone has a lower E and higher strain-to-failure ratio than cortical bone.•利用降低弹性模量的方法来排除应力屏蔽是生物陶瓷复合材料发展的一个主要目的。

Eliminating stre shielding, by reducing E, is one of the primary motivations for the development of bioceramic composites.•这里有许多关于氧化错陶瓷α辐射排放的长期效应问题，尽管这种作用很小。There are questions concerning the long-term effect of α radiation emiion from zirconia ceramics.