第八章 转换法_控制变量法和转换法

第八章 转换法由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“控制变量法和转换法”。

第八章 转换法在英译汉中的应用

英语和汉语分属两个不同的语系，在语言的表达方式上存在着很大的差异。如果在翻译过程中，把英语句子中的词性、句式照搬过来，则汉语译文会变成外国腔，使读者不易理解或无法理解。使译文不通顺不流畅且带有明显的欧化语言，其中一个主要原因就是不善于应用词性转换和句子成分转换的翻译方法。这种方法不仅指词性的改变，而且还包括词性作用的改变和句子词序的改变。例如：

1)The growing awarene by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward, living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.2)Joseph beheld my style of cooking with growing indignation.(Wuthering Heights)我的这种做饭方式叫约瑟夫越看越冒火了。

（此句中将分词growing译成递进式程度，副词“越„„越”。）

3）The turning point of my life was my decision to give up a promising busine career and study music.一、词性的转换

由于英汉两种语言表达方式不同，不应当机械地按英语原文词性译作汉语中同一词性，把名词译成名词，把动词译成动词等等。为了确切表达原文的内容，就必须改变英语的语言形式，因此，在翻译过程中，词性转换是必然的，又是普遍的。1.具有动作意义的名词转换为汉语动词

英语中大量由动词派生的名词和具有动作意义的名词可转译成汉语动词。1)Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.2）Some power plants are under construction.几个发电厂正在建造中。3)The expansion of the steam in the cylinder causes some of the steam to condense.蒸汽在汽缸中膨胀时，部分蒸汽冷凝。

4)I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.2.动名词转换为汉语动词

1)One of our ways for getting heat is burning fuels.2)Heating water does not change its chemical composition.3)The flowing of current first in one direction and then in another makes an alternating current.电流先向一个方向流动，然后又向另一方向流动构成交流电。3.形容词转换为汉语动词

1)Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.2)They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment.3)Are you familiar with the performance of this type of transistor amplifier? 常用的这类形容词有：

afraid 害怕、担心

anxious 渴望

certain 确信

doubtful 怀疑 aware 觉察

ashamed惭愧

careful 当心、注意

delighted喜欢 glad 高兴

sorry 可惜、遗憾

uncertain不能确定

familiar 熟悉 ignorant不知道

thankful感谢

confident 深信

content 满足 4.介词转换为汉语动词

英语中有许多含有动作意味的介词，如acro, past, along, toward 等，汉译时往往可以译成动词。

1)“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, acro the veranda, and into the porch..“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。

2)This computer is of high sensibility.3)Machine parts of irregular shape can be washed very clean by ultrasonics.用超声波能把形状不规则的机件洗得很干净。6.动词转换为汉语名词

1)Formality has always characterized their relationship.2)Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compreibility than the latter.气体和固体的区别，在于前者比后者有更大的压缩性。7.形容词转换为汉语名词

英语形容词转换为名词，一般在形容词前加定冠词。

1）The steam turbine is le economical at cruising speed.汽轮机的巡航经济性较差。2）After careful treatment the deaf have recovered their hearing.8.名词转换为形容词

1)He is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer 3)Independent thinking is an absolute neceity in study.9.副词转换为汉语形容词

在翻译过程中，由于动词变为名词，原来修饰动词的副词，相应变为形容词。1)The electronic computer is chiefly characterized by accuracy and quick computation.2)In science and engineering, it is of great importance to state the laws and principles accurately.10.形容词转换为汉语副词

英语句中名词在翻译过程中转换为动词后，原来修饰名词的形容词，相应变换为副词。1)They paid special attention to raising the quality of magnetron.2)We must make full use of existing technical equipment.11.副词转换为形容词

1)The power plant supplies the inhabitants sixty li about with electricity.2)The buildings around are mostly of modern construction.以上例证的仅是词性转换的一部分，由于处理方法不同，肯定还有其它的转换方式。

二、句子成分的转换

英译汉时，往往不能按照英语句子结构格式原封不动，否则译文生硬无法理解。在翻译过程中，很可能由于被动语态变成主动语态，使英语句子中的主语译作汉语句中的宾语。这就是句子成分的一种转换。1.宾语转换为汉语主语(1)动词宾语变换为汉语主语

Water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic foot.水的密度是每立方英尺62.4磅。

(2)介词宾语转换为汉语主语

Atoms differ in their atomic weights.各种原子的原子量是各不相同的。2.主语转换为汉语宾语

1)The molecules are held together by attractive forces.引力把分子聚集在一起。2)Water is usually considered as a compound of two elements.3.主语转换为汉语定语

为了强调英语句中某一个成分，把它译成主语，因而将其中的主语译作汉语句中的定语。Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.4.主语转换为汉语谓语

Precautions are neceary to prevent it from burning.5.主语转换为汉语状语

1)These circumstances make it difficult to find site on which to carry out experiment.由于这些环境条件，难以找到进行试验的场所。2)Computer battles bugs.用计算机排除故障。

6.主语转换为外位语成分

当主语的定语较多较长时，为使译文明确简练，可把一部分定语或把整个主语译为外位语成分。（The exact route or mechanism of polymer degradation by ultraviolet radiations is not agreed upon by experts.关于紫外辐射时聚合物降解的精确路线或机理，专家们是有分歧的。7.表语转换为汉语主语

1)The commonly employed forms of energy are kinetic energy and heat energy.动能和热能是通常使用的能的形式。

2)Two widely used alloys of copper are bra and bronze.8.状语转换为汉语主语 1)Throughout the world come into use the same signs and symbols of mathematics.全世界通用同样的数学记号和符号。2)Now, heat is being added to the substance.总之，转换法多种多样，不仅限于以上几种译法。在英译汉前，一定要弄清英文原意，然后按汉语习惯进行翻译，要敢于打破原文句子结构框框，在忠实于原文基础上，译成通顺流畅的汉语。作业：

1.I am not a smoker.2.In the early 1600’s, the Hollanders were great farmers.3.The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance.4.If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impoible for us to study nuclear physics.5.The oil in the tank has been up.6.The development of scientific research in China is characterized by the integration of theory with practice.7.More rooms are being built to accommodate.the sick.8.The wide application of electronic computers affects tremendously the development of science and technology.9.We have made a careful study of the properties of these chemical elements.10.An automobile must have a brake with high efficiency.11.A helicopter is different from an aeroplane in construction.12.The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator.13.Softwood trees have thin, needle-like leaves.14.Attempts were made to develop a new technique for breeding rice variety.15.Systematic knowledge poeed as a result of study or practice is science.16.High-quality machines of various types are produced in our country.