英语专业毕业论文外文翻译之二_英语专业论文外文翻译

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Halloween On October 31st, dozens of childrendreed in costumes knock on their neighbors' doors and yell “Trick or Treat” when the door opens.Pirates and princees, ghosts and popular heroes of the day all hold bags open to catch the candy or othergoodies that the neighbors drop in.As they give each child a treat the neighbors exclaim over the costumes and try to gue who is under the masks.Since the 800's November 1st is a religious holiday known as All Saints' Day The Ma that was said on this day was called Allhallowmas.The evening before became knownas All Hakkiw e'en, or Halloween.Like some otherAmerican celebrations, its origins lie in both pre-Christian and Christian customs.October 31 st was the eve of the Celtic new year.The Celts were the ancestors of the present-day Irish, Welsh and Scottish people.On this day ghosts walked and mingled with the living, or so the Celts thought.The townspeople baked food all that day and when night fell they dreed up and tried to resemble the souls of the dead.Hoping that the ghosts would leave peacefully before midnight of the new year.Much later, when Christianity spread throughout Ireland and October 31 was no longer the last dayof the year, Halloween became a celebration mostly for children.“Ghosts” went from door to door asking for treats, or else a trick would be played on the owners of the house.When millionsof Irish people immigrated to the United States in the 1840s the tradition came with them.Today' school dances and neighborhood parties called “block parties” are popular among young and old alike.More and more adults celebrate Halloween.They dre up like historical or political figures and go to masquerade parties In larger cities, costumed children and their parents gather at shopping malls early inthe evening.Stores and businees give parties with games and treats for the children.Teenagers enjoy costume dances at their schools and the more outrageous the costume the better!Certain pranks such as soaping car windows and tipping over garbage cans are expected.But partying and pranks are not the only things that Halloweeners enjoy doing.Some collect money to buy food and medicine for needychildren around the world.Symbols of Halloween Halloween originated as a celebration connected with evil spirits.Witches flying on broomsticks with black cats, ghosts, goblins and skeletons have all evolved as symbolsof Halloween.They are popular trick-or-treat costumes and decorations for greeting cards and windows.Black is one of the traditional Halloween colors, probably because Halloween festivals and traditions took place at night.In the weeks before October 31, Americans decorate windows of houses and schools with silhouettes of witches and black cats.Pumpkins are also a symbol of Halloween.The pumpkin is an orange-colored squash, and orange has become the other traditional Halloween color.Carving pumpkins into jack-o'lanterns Chinese Valentine's Day Raise your head on August 19 and gaze at the stars, you will find something romantic going on in the sky.VALENTINE'S Day in China, the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, falls on August 19 this year.That is, on Sunday evening, Niu Lang and Zhi Nu will meet on a bridge of magpies acro the Milky Way.Chinese grannies will remind children that they would not be able to see any magpies on that evening because all the magpies have left to form a bridge in the heavens with their wings.Hungry Ghost Festival The 14th and 15th of the seventh lunar month Unlike other celebrations of the dead in Eastern cultures that seek to honor dead ancestors, the Hungry Ghost Festival seeks to pacify the hungry ghosts, the ghosts of strangers and the un-cared-for dead.These are the ghosts of those who died by their own hands, by accidents, by drowning or hanging who have been denied entry into heaven.Angry because they are forced to dwell in hell without food or comfort, when released, they search for souls to take their place in misery.The most important days of this month are the 14th and 15th, the days of the great feasts.On the 14th, a great feast would be held to honor family ancestors.Prayers and offerings would be made at family altars.On the following night, the 15th, they would feast for the hungry ghosts.Held outside under the full moon, these feasts feed the evil spirits so that they will leave the living alone and bribe the ancestors for luck with money and the harvest.Winter solstice Winter solstice is a very important solar term in Chinese Lunar calendar.Being a traditional holiday as well, it is still now celebrated quite often in many regions.Early during the Spring and Autumn period, 2500 odd years from now, Winter solsticewas first determined as the Chinese traditional solar term among the total 24 terms.In Gregorian calendar, it is around Dec 22nd or 23rd.Ancient china did pay great attention to this holiday, regarding it as a big event.There was the saying that “Winter solstice holiday is greater than the spring festival”.Nowadays, many regions still celebrate it as a big holiday.Northerners may have dumplings and raviolis that day while southerners may have dumplings made by rice and long noodles.Some places even have the tradition to offer sacrifices to the heaven and earth.Spring Festival The New Moon on the first day of the new year--the full moon 15 days later Chinese New Year starts with the New Moon on the first day of the new year and ends on the full moon 15 days later.The 15th day of the new year is called the Lantern Festival, which is celebrated at night with lantern displays and children carrying lanterns in a parade.The Origin of Chinese New YearThe Chinese New Year is now popularly known as the Spring Festival because it starts from the Begining of Spring(the first of the twenty-four terms in coodination with the changes of Nature).Its origin is too old to be traced.Several explanations are hanging around.All agree, however, that the word Nian, which in modern Chinese solely means “year”, was originally the name of a monster beast that started to prey on people the night before the beginning of a new year.Traditional New Year Foods Probably more food is consumed during the New Year celebrations than any other time of the year.Vast amounts of traditional food is prepared for family and friends, as well as those close to us who have died.On New Year's Day, the Chinese family will eat a vegetarian dish called jai.Although the various ingredients in jai are root vegetables or fibrous vegetables, many people attribute various superstitious aspects to them.Other foods include a whole fish, to represent togetherne and abundance, and a chicken for prosperity.The chicken must be presented with a head, tail and feet to symbolize completene.Noodles should be uncut, as they represent long life.In south China, the favorite and most typical dishes were nian gao, sweet steamed glutinous rice pudding and zong zi(glutinous rice wrapped up in reed leaves), another popular delicacy.In the north, steamed-wheat bread(man tou)and small meat dumplings were the preferred food.The tremendous amount of food prepared at this time was meant to symbolize abundance and wealth for the household.Lantern Festival The 15th day of the 1st lunar month is the Chinese Lantern Festival because the first lunar month is called yuan-month and in the ancient times people called night Xiao.The 15th day is the first night to see a full moon.So the day is also called Yuan Xiao Festival in China.According to the Chinese tradition, at the very beginning of a new year, when there is a bright full moon hanging in the sky, there should be thousands of colorful lanterns hung out for people to appreciate.At this time, people will try to solve the puzzles on the lanterns and eat yuanxiao(glutinous rice ball)and get all their families united in the joyful atmosphere.Besides entertainment and beautiful lanterns, another important part of the Lantern Festival,or Yuanxiao Festival is eating small dumpling balls made of glutinous rice flour.We call these balls Yuanxiao or Tangyuan.Obviously, they get the name from the festival itself.It is said that the custom of eating Yuanxiao originated during the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the fourth centuty, then became popular during the Tang and Song periods.The fillings inside the dumplings or Yuansiao are either sweet or salty.Sweet fillings are made of sugar, Walnuts, sesame, osmanthus flowers, rose petals, sweetened tangerine peel, bean paste, or jujube paste.A single ingredient or any combination can be used as the filling.The salty variety is filled with minced meat, vegetables or a mixture.The way to make Yuanxiao also varies between northern and southern China.The usual method followed in southern provinces is to shape the dough of rice flour into balls, make a hole, insert the filling, then close the hole and smooth out the dumpling by rolling it between your hands.In North China, sweet or nonmeat stuffing is the usual ingredient.The fillings are preed into hardened cores, dipped lightly in water and rolled in a flat basket containing dry glutinous rice flour.A layer of the flour sticks to the filling, which is then again dipped in water and rolled a second time in the rice flour.And so it goes, like rolling a snowball, until the dumpling is the desired size.The custom of eating Yuanxiao dumplings remains.This tradition encourages both old and new stores to promote their Yuanxiao products.They all try their best to improve the taste and quality of the dumplings to attract more customers.Qing Ming（Tomb Sweeping Day）

Celebrated two weeks after the vernal equinox, Tomb Sweeping Day is one of the few traditional Chinese holidays that follows the solar calendar--typically falling on April 4, 5, or 6.Its Chinese name “Qing Ming” literally means “Clear Brightne,” hinting at its importance as a celebration of Spring.Similar to the spring festivals of other cultures, Tomb Sweeping Day celebrates the rebirth of nature, while marking the beginning of the planting season and other outdoor activities.Easter

Easter is a Christian holiday celebrating the resurrection of Christ.Now for most people, Easter is a good time to enjoy the festival.Time is the first full moon after the vernal equinox on Sunday, probably in the March 22-April 25 any day between.Easter gift with a typical spring and regeneration, such as eggs, Easter Bunny, etc..Easter morning, children will find the bed of the Easter basket filled with chocolate eggs, Easter bunnies, chicks and baby plush toys.It is said that the Easter Bunny will be eggs hidden in the room or the gra to get the kids to find.The Christian believers will go to church for the christening in the pre-holiday, and then put their new robes to celebrate the new life of Christ, the custom of wearing a new reservation now, people think the festival is to be out of luck do not wear new clothes, so the resurrection Day comes, people will have clean houses, put on new clothes, new life.外文资料译文

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万圣节

在十月三十一日这天，成群的小孩穿着节日的盛装并去敲邻居的门当他们打开门时就叫喊着：“不请吃就捣乱”。孩子们装扮成的海盗，公主，鬼魂和当时流行的英雄们都手持着袋子去接邻居散发的糖果或是其他好吃的食物。当邻居分发给孩子们食物时就会试着猜猜盛装以及面具下面是谁。

万圣节最早起源于公元八百年的十一月一日，这天的聚会被称作万圣节聚餐。前一天的傍晚就是我们熟知的万圣节前夕，或是万圣节。像一些其他的美国节日一样，它也是起源于圣诞节以及圣诞的风俗。

十月三十一日是凯尔特人的新年前夕。凯尔特人是现在的爱尔兰人，威尔逊人和苏格兰人的祖先。在这天，鬼魂就会走出来并且混到活人中去，凯尔特人是这么认为的。城里的人们这天会烹制好食物，并且等候到夜幕降临时，他们就会乔装打扮成已故的灵魂。希望鬼魂能够在新年午夜前平静地离开。

过年以后，当基督教传播到爱尔兰时，十月三十一日不再是每年的最后一天了，万圣节变成了主要是孩子们庆祝的节日。“鬼魂”走家串巷叫嚷着要求请吃东西，否则就会在主人的房子上做恶作剧。当为数目众多的爱尔兰人于十九世纪四十年代移民到美国后，也将他们的文化带到了那里。

现在，像学校学校的舞会和社区的聚会之类的“群众聚会”无论是老人还是年轻人都一样很喜欢。越来越多的成年人庆祝万圣节。他们打扮成历史或是政治上的人物并参加化装舞会。在大城市里，盛装打扮的小孩和他们的父母会在傍晚时早早地就在购物广场里集合。商场和商店会举行派对并有游戏和食物提供给小孩。青少年们就正在享受着学校的盛装舞会，服装越是怪异越好。

经常能见到恶作剧，比如用肥皂涂抹车窗和弄翻垃圾箱。万圣节狂欢者不仅仅是聚聚会或是做点恶作剧。有些人会募捐善款来购买食物和药品给全世界那些需要的孩子们。万圣节的象征

万圣节的起源和邪恶的灵魂有关。万圣节的象征物包括骑在飞行扫把上的巫师，他们身边有黑猫，鬼魂，小精灵和骨架。

他们都是比较流行的孩子们用来trick or treat的服饰或是用在问候卡片或是窗户上。黑色是万圣节传统的颜色之一，很有可能是因为万圣节及其习俗活动都在晚上举行。在十月三十一号以前的几个星期里，美国人都会把家里的窗户或是学校装扮上带有巫师和黑猫轮廓的图案。

南瓜也是万圣节的象征之一。南瓜是一种橙黄色的瓜类，并且橙黄色是万圣节的象征颜色。通常是把南瓜雕刻成南瓜灯笼。七夕节

在八月十九时当你仰望星空时，你就会发现带有浪漫气息的一幕。七夕节是中国的情人节，农历七月七，也就是每年的八月十九日。在周日的晚上，牛郎和织女将会穿过银河在鹊桥相见。中国的奶奶们就会告诉他们的孙辈们在那个晚上将看不到喜鹊，因为所有的喜鹊都会离开并用翅膀在天堂建起一座鹊桥。中元节

农历七月十四或十五。不像其他的东方节日是为了祭奠过世的先辈。中元节是为了安抚恶鬼，陌生人的鬼魂和游魂。这些人是因为自杀或是车祸，或是溺死或是上吊身亡的，他们都没有来得及进入天堂。他们因为被迫逗留阻在地狱而没有食物或是慰藉。当释放的时候，他们就会去寻找哀魂来替代他们。

对于中元节来说，最重要的日子是这个月的十四号和十五号，即大摆宴席的时候。在十四号这天，举办盛大的宴席是为了能够惦念先辈们。人们会把祭奠物品摆放在家里的祭坛上，并会祈福。在第二天的晚上，即十五号，他们会为孤魂野鬼摆宴席。一般是摆设在满月下，用来喂饱恶鬼，然后他们才会离开，并且也是希望祖先能够带给他们福气，财运和丰收。冬至

冬至是中国农历里一个很重要的节气。

也同样作为一个传统的节日，现在仍然很多地方都过冬至。早在春秋时期，距今大约2500年，冬至率先被确认为中国传统的二十四节气之一。在阳历里，大约是十二月二十二或是二十三。

在古代，人们很重视这个节日，把其列为一项大事。有这样的说法“冬至贵于春节”。时至今日，很多地方仍然把冬至当做是一个重要的节日来庆祝。北方人在那天会吃饺子和小方饺，南方人会吃米饭烹制的饺子和长面条。有些地方甚至仍然保留着祭天地的习俗。春节

新月是新年的第一天，满月是在十五天之后。

中国的新年是以新月为开端即正月初一并且一满月收尾即十五天之后。新年的第十五天叫做元宵节，为了庆祝元宵人们会在晚上举办灯节，小孩排着队伍提着灯笼。

中国新年的起源：中国新年就是现在人们熟知的春节，因为它起始于立春（中国二十四节气之首）。其起源过于久远难以追溯。有很多种不同的说法，有一种普遍认可的说法是，汉语中的“年”字，在现代汉语中的英文意思是“year”。最早是一只怪兽的名字，这种怪兽在新年的前夜就会把来猎取人作为食物。传统的新年食物

通常在庆祝春节时消耗的食物比平时任何其他时候要多。丰富的食物被供给家里人和朋友们享用，和祭奠逝去的人。在新年的这一天，中国家庭通常会吃斋。尽管在斋食中都是写普通的根茎类的含有纤维的蔬菜，但是还是有很多人会加之以各式各样的迷信观念。其他的食物包括整条的鱼，代表着团聚和富余，鸡则代表着繁盛，鸡必须保留头，尾，和爪子象征者完好。面条也不能弄断，因为他们象征着长寿。

在中国南方，最受欢迎和最具典型的食物是年糕，甜美的烹制糯米布丁和粽子（用芦苇叶包裹的糯米）--另一美食。在北方，馒头和小肉饺子很受欢迎。对于家庭来说，这时准备大量的食物意味着丰富和财富。元宵

正月十五就是中国的元宵节，因为农历第一个月被称作元月并且在古时候人们将其称作宵夜。正月十五是能看到元月的第一天，所以这天在中国又被称作元宵节。

根据中国的传统，在新年伊始时，每当明亮的满月悬挂在空中，都会有成千上万的色彩各异的灯笼挂在外面供人们欣赏。在这时，人们就会解灯笼上的字谜和吃元宵（糯米团）并且一家人融入到欢乐愉快的氛围中。除了娱乐和漂亮的灯笼外，元宵节很重要的另外一部分吃元宵。我们把其称作是元宵或是汤圆。很明显，他们的名字从节日本身得来。据说这种习俗源自于公元四世纪的东晋，并在唐宋得到流行。

元宵的馅儿有甜有咸。甜馅儿通常有糖，核桃，芝麻，桂花，玫瑰花瓣，甜制的橘子皮，豆泥或是枣泥。一种简单的配料或是任何组合都能用来做馅儿。咸馅儿是用肉泥或是蔬菜或是混合物。

中国南北方元宵的做法也不相同。通常在南方的省份制作的方法是将糯米揉成球状，然后做出个孔，填入馅儿，然后双手揉搓使其成光滑球状。在中国北方，通常采用甜的或是素的原料。馅儿被挤压进坚硬的孔里，轻轻地沾点水，然后放到一个盛有干糯米面粉的篮子里。当沾上一层面粉后，就再将其占点儿水再在面粉中滚第二次。按照这样的方法继续下去，就像滚一个雪球一样，直到元宵达到理想的大小。

吃元宵的习俗依然延续着。这个传统习俗鼓励着无论新店还是老店都推出他们的元宵产品。他们都尽力提升元宵的口味和质量以便吸引更多的客户。清明节（扫墓节）

这个节日是在春分后的两周后庆祝的，清明节是依据阳历来定的少数几个节日之一，通常在四月四，五，六号。其中文名清明字面有清晰明亮之意，暗示其庆祝春天的重要性的节日特性。和其他文化中春天的节日类似，清明节是为了庆祝自然的重生，同时也标志着植树季节的到来和其他户外活动的开始。复活节

复活节是基督教的节日，是为了庆祝基督的复活。而现在对于大多数人来说，复活节更多的是享受节日带来的快乐。复活节通常是在春分后的第一场满月，在某个周日。通常是在三月二十二日到四月二十五日中的某一天。复活节的礼物，通常带有典型的春天或是新生命的气息，如鸡蛋，复活节兔子等。在复活节的早晨，孩子们会在床边的复活节篮子里发现巧克力蛋，复活节兔子，小鸡和毛茸茸的玩具小娃娃。据说人们会将复活节兔子和蛋藏在房间里或是草地里让孩子们去寻找。基督教徒们就会去做礼拜，在节前做个洗礼，然后穿上他们的新礼服庆祝耶稣的重生，现在的做法一般是来接受新的圣任，人们通常认为在这个节日不穿新衣服就会与好运擦肩而过，所以在复活日到来之时，人们都会把房子打扫的干净，穿上新衣服，迎接新生活。