初中英语词形变换_初中英语词形转换

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育人教育：原创资料—李昕

●初中英語詞形變換部分知識

标注“*”的为次要或补充知识

○动名词与动词过去式双写

○元音字母为a、e、i、o、u；其余所有字母均为辅音字母。有以下情况：

1、最后一个音节，读音上必须该音节重读，且中为短元音，最后为辅音；字形上多为“辅音字母-元音字母-辅音字母”。例如stop-stopping;sit-sitting;control-controlling(该词亦可不双写)。

2、符合1情况，但以x结尾的，不双写。例如relax-relaxing;box-boxing。

*

3、不符合1重读情况，但以元音字母加g结尾的，双写。例如humbug-humbugging。

*

4、符合情况的单词，若以l、m结尾，可能在英式英语双写，美式不双写。例如travel-travelling(BrE)/traveling(AmE);control-controlling(BrE)/controling(AmE)。

○形容詞變副詞

○一般情况下，形容词直接加上ly变为副词；多数以e结尾的形容词仍直接加ly，特例为true。例：quick-quickly;polite-politely;true-truly;

○以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词，变结尾y为i再加上ly。*单音节词或元音字母加y时直接加ly。例：busy-busily;happy-happily;angry-angrily;easy-easily;sly-slyly;gay-gayly;

○以le结尾的词，变le为ly即可。例：terrible-terribly;gentle-gently;

○名词复数

该部分只写出重难点。

○以o结尾的单词，通常有生命的加es，否则加s即可。如potato-potatoes;hero-heroes;tomato-tomatoes;Negro-Negroes(黑人，有侮辱性);radio-radios;zoo-zoos;piano-pianos;photo-photos;还有部分既可加s，又可加es，如cargo(货物);motto(格言);volcano(火山);zero;mosquito(蚊子);tobacco(烟草);tornado(龙卷风);

○还有部分名词加es构成复数，它们主要取决于读音而非结尾字母组合。如fox/s/-foxes;watch / t/-watches;∫ ache/k/-aches;stomach/k/-stomachs;

○另外如fish表示鱼个体复数“很多条”，fishes表示种类复数“很多种”。

○不规则变化。如foot-feet;man-men;tooth-teeth;mouse-mice;goose-geese;child-children;ox-oxen;deer-deer;sheep-sheep;phenomenon(现象)-phenomena;bacterium-bacteria;medium-media;

○比较级与最高级

○一般的副词形容词加er,est即可。如strong-stronger-strongest;deep-deeper-deepest;

○以e结尾，加r,st。如late-later-latest;

○双写，与“动名词与动词过去式双写-1”相同。

○辅音字母加y，变y为i加er,est。

○长形容词或分词形容词，前加more,most/le,least(le,least可用于所有形容词，表示更不、最不)即可。如important-more important-most important/le important-least important;challenging-more challenging,most challenging/le challenging, least challenging;

○一些单词不规则变化。如good/well-better-best;bad/ill-worse-worst;little-le-least;much/many-more-most;far-farther/further-farthest/furthest（距离远/程度深）;

*○部分单词兼有两种变化(加er或most)。如以er结尾的(bitter,clever),pleasant,common,polite,handsome, cruel,stupid,tired,glad;

反意疑问句

●前导知识：回答简单疑问句的注意事项之一。

—Aren’t you a student？/Are you not a student ?—Yes,I am.是的，我是学生。/No,I am not.不，我不是学生。这里回答yes或no取决于后面是肯定还是否定。Yes后一定跟肯定句,no后一定跟否定。又如—Haven’t you been to America?—Yes,I have.是的，去过。/No,I haven’t.不，没去过。

反意疑问句中的回答同样遵循此原则。如—You are a student,aren’t you ?—Yes,I am.是的，我是学生。/No,I am not.不，我不是学生。

● 在一个陈述句后加一个用人称代词的短疑问句就构成反意疑问句。大体上，前面的陈述句与后面的疑问句肯否定相反。

记住并类比下列句子即可掌握。

1、You are a student,aren’t you ?Jack didn’t attend the meeting,did he ?

2、Tom is never/seldom/hardly lovely,is he ?这几个词表示否定。加前缀构成的有否定意义的词却表示肯定。

如Alice DISLIKES computer games, DOESN’T she ?He is unable to finish the task,ISN’T he ?(很有可能误用“can’t he ?”)

3、There were some books here yesterday,weren’t THERE ?

4、祈使句为特例，后面总是肯定：Open the door,will/would you?;Don’t open the door,will/would you?

其中，注意“let us”的us中不包含听话者，而“let’s”的us中包含。因此Let us help you to carry the

育人教育：原创资料—李昕

bags,will/would YOU ?而Let’s go skiing, shall WE ?

5、I am not a good student, AREN’T I ?

6、She ought to be here,ought she ?

7、*He thinks that it is good,doesn’t he ?I don’t think you are right,are you ?

8、*Nobody came,did THEY ?Nothing remains,does IT ? Someone/everyone used it,didn’t they ?

10、*We have to get up early, DON’T we ?

“so(neither,nor)”倒装结构

1、“So”+be/助动词/情态动词+sb.：表示“…也”。其中的助动词等与上一句一致。如

(1)—I love drawing a lot.—So do I.(2)—It has been hot in Nanjing for long.—So HAS it in Wuhan.(3)—Jack has been to San Diego,California.—So HAVE all my clamates.(4)—James can jump very high.—So can I.(5)—Michael Jackson is extremely popular globally.—So is Beyond.*(6)—My brother wants to go to the concert.—If he GOES, so WILL I.不一致

*(7)将上面的so替换为neither或nor，则表示“…也不”：—I don’t like schools.—Neither/nor do I.2、“So”+sb.+ be/助动词/情态动词：表示“的确这样”。如

(1)—I can finish the task.—So you can.(2)—We are clever enough to work the problem out.—So we are.(3)—Jack has been to San Francisco.—So he has.被动语态

被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。它的所有时态、数的变化都在be上。

① 一般变化

一般现在 King Lear is written by Shakespeare.一般过去We were all moved by the touching story.一般将来 Will the goods be delievered to us on time ? 现在进行 The skyscraper is being built.过去进行+现在完成He was being treated just yesterday so that I’m sure he hasn’t been totally cured yet.将来进行 When will we be being tested tomorrow?

情态动词 You can be believed because you’re so honest.② 转换

首先，必须及物动词才有被动语态。(He is a student.→ A student is been by him.大错特错！)

其次，短语动词中介词或副词决不可省略！(Mum looked after me when I was ill.→ I was looked after by Mum when I was ill.)☆短语动词的相关知识：v.+prep.+sb.;v.+人称代词/人称+adv.，v.+adv.+人称

第三，祈使句添加使役动词let.(Keep all the books at hand.→ Let all the books kept at hand.;Don’t throw garbage everywhere.→ Don’t let garbage thrown everywhere)☆使役动词：have,make,let +sb.+do

第四，使役动词或部分感官动词变为被动语态加上to.(I saw him play football with Tom.→ He was seen to play football with Tom by me.;Donald always makes his son study into the night.→ Donald’s son is always made to study into the night by his father.)

第五，其他宾补改为被动后仍置于最后。(We call the flower carnation.→ The flower is called carnation by me.;We have considered it wrong to shout at collegues.→ It has been considered wrong to shout at collegues by us.)

第六，含有双宾语，通常直/间接宾语均可改为主语。其中，直接宾语变为被动句主语必须有介词（多为to）。(Sally taught us English literature last year.→ We were taught English literature./English literature was taught to us.)但是，间接宾语前加for的动词一般不可有后一种改法，如buy(Mum has bought me a laptop.→

A laptop has been bought for me.√/I was bought a laptop for.×)

第七，长句子变为被动语态可以借助形式主语。(People say that James Cameron is an expert on directing.→ James Cameron is an expert on directing./It is said that James Cameron is an expert on directing.)

第八，基本上不可用被动语态的情形。当然，非及物动词绝不可以。(A)状态动词：have,own,poe(拥有),want,need(缺乏)；(B)宾语是反身代词(oneself)或相互代词(each other/one another)。