简明英语句子成分分析_经典英语句子成分分析
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简明英语句子成分分析
一、句子的成分概说
句子是包含主语部分和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调,用来表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。句子的各个组成部分,叫做句子成分。英语的句子成分有:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。此外有些句子还带有呼唤语、感叹语、插入语,它们在句法上与句子的其他成分不发生关系,叫做独立成分。
句子的成分一般由实词(具有实义的词类)担任。实词有名词、代词、形容词、数词、动词和副词。虚词在句子中只起辅助和联系作用,不能做句子成分。虚词有冠词、介词、连词、助动词等。
二、句子成分
(一)主语
主语是一句话的主题,是说话人要说明的对象,表示所谈的是“谁”或是“什么”。主语一般在谓语之前。英语里可担任主语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式(短语)、现在分词(短语)、从句等。
1、名词作主语
Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。The book on the desk is mine.书桌上的那本书是我的。The letter is in her basket.信在她的篮子里。
2、代词作主语
He goes to school after breakfast.早饭后他去上学。
They have lived in Beijing since 1972.自1972年以来,他们就住在北京。He has learned English for 2 years.他学英语两年了。We study hard.我们学习努力。This is a book.这是一本书。
She is coming back either today or tomorrow.她不是今天就是明天回来。
3、数词作主语
Three of the boys joined the army.男孩儿中的三个参军了。Ten is a very important number.十是一个重要数字。
4、名词化的形容词作主语 The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.富者愈富,穷者愈穷。The rich are not always happy.富有的人未必是幸福的。
5、不定式(短语)作主语
To read in the sun is bad for your eyes.太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好。To teach them English is my job.教他们英语是我的工作。
6、现在分词(短语)作主语
Smoking is bad for you.吸烟对你有害。Swimming is good exercise.游泳是很好的运动。
7、名词化的介词作主语
The ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.我们必须承认人生之沉浮。
8、名词化的过去分词作主语。
The disabled are to receive more money.残疾人将得到更多的救济金。The deceased died of old age.死者死于年老。
9、介词短语作主语。
To Beijing is not very far.到北京不很远。
9、从句作主语
Whenever you are ready will be fine.你不论什么时候准备好都行。It’s not your fault that this has happened.发生了这样的事不是你的错。
10、句子作主语。
“How do you do ?”is a greeting.“你好吗?”是一句问候语。
(二)谓语
1、概说
谓语是说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或者“怎么样”。谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)用动词。
动词常分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词以及助动词。情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,它们必须和实义动词或连系动词一起构成谓语。实义动词包括及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词后面要带宾语。通常情况下,谓语位于主语之后。谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。谓语有简单谓语和复合谓语之分。(1)简单谓语
简单谓语由一个动词或短语动词构成。它有时态、语态、语气等。如: He will drive to Washington.他将开车去华盛顿。
I had finished my homework before 9 o’clock.在9点前我已完成我的家庭作业。He had left when we arrived there.当我们到时,他已经走了。(2)复合谓语
① 由“连系动词+表语”构成复合谓语。如: The game is very boring.这场比赛真没劲。Her brother is a driver.她哥哥是一名司机。Li Ming is a good student.李明是个好学生。
② 由“情态动词+动词原形”构成复合谓语。如:
She can swim very fast.她游泳游得很快。
We must work hard at English.我们必须努力学习英语。
2、谓语和主语的一致
一个句子的谓语动词与主语必须在人称和数上保持一致,规则如下:
(1)主语是单数必须跟单数形式的动词,主语是复数必须跟复数形式的动词,如: He is a friend of mine.他是我的一个朋友。
They always show concern for others.他们总是关心别人。
(2)两个或两个以上的单数名词由and连接起来作并列主语时,谓语动词用复数。如: You, he and I are all students.我、你和他都是学生。He and I like green tea.我和他喜欢绿茶。注:
A、用and连接的两个名词如果表示一个整体,谓语动词仍用单数形式。如: Bacon and eggs was served.火腿和蛋端了上来。
Fork and knife was used instead of chopsticks.用刀叉而不是用筷子。
B、有every或each修饰的单数名词并列时,谓语动词用单数形式。第二个every或each可省略。如:
Every hour and(every)minute is important.每一小时,每一分钟都很重要。Each man and(each)woman has a seat.每位男士和女士都就坐了。
(3)主语是单数,后面有其他干扰的成分如with, together with, along with, as well as, no le than, like, but, except 等短语时,仍和单数形式的谓语动词连用。如:
The teacher, as well as the pupils, is doing morning exercises.老师和学生在做早操。A woman with a baby is coming to the hospital.一位妇女抱着一个婴儿正向医院走来。Emma with her students is singing an English song.埃玛和她的学生在唱一首英语歌。(4)当两个主语由or, either…or, neither…nor或not only…but also等连接时,谓语动词应该和最邻近的主语一致。如:
His parents or his sister often helps him.要么是他父母要么是他姐姐常帮助他。
Either Tim or his brothers have to tidy the room.不是蒂姆,就是他的兄弟们去打扫房间。Neither the teacher nor the students know the answer.老师和学生都不知道答案。
Not only the pupils but also the teacher is going to the cinema.不但学生们,而且老师也要去看电影。
(5)有些集体名词,如:people, police, youth, cattle 等用作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式。如:
The police are looking for the miing child.警察在寻找失踪的儿童。
People standing there are talking about the bad news.站在那边的人正在议论那个坏消息。Cattle are also kept.还养牛。
注:people作“民族”解时,作单数用。如:
The Chinese people is a great people.中华民族是一个伟大的民族。
(6)有些名词以“s”结尾,但却是单数。如:news, physics, politics 等。所以谓语动词应用单数形式。如:
What’s the news? 这消息是什么?
(7)由here和there引起的句子中,如有两个和两个以上的主语,谓语动词通常和最邻近be的那个名词一致。如:
There is a pen and three books on the desk.书桌上有一支钢笔,三本书。There are three books and a pen on the desk.书桌上三本书,一支钢笔。
(8)集体名词作主语时,如作为整体看待,谓语动词用单数;如作为个体看待,则有复数。这类集体名词有audience(观众,听众),cla(班级),committee(委员会),couple(夫妇),family(家庭),government(政府),group(小组),team(队),army(部队)等。如:
My family is a small one.我的家庭是一个小家庭。My family are listening to the radio.我家里人正在听广播。
The cla are doing experiment in the lab.全班同学正在实验室里做实验。(9)each和由some, any, no, every 构成的复合代词,在意义上属于单数。它们作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Each day is better than the one before.一天比一天好。Everybody was wearing their shorts.每个人都穿着短裤。Everyone is here.每个人都在这儿。
(10)Chinese, French, English, Japanese 等名词作主语表示语言时,用单数动词;表示人时,用复数动词。如:
English is spoken in many countries.许多国家讲英语。The Chinese are very friendly.中国人很友好。
(11)表示时间、重量、价值、长度、距离等的复数名词作主语时,把它视作一个整体谓语动词用单数形式。如:
Fifty years is not a short period.50年并不是一个短时期。
Twenty miles is a long way to walk.走二十英里路可是很长的一段路程。Where’s that five pounds? 那五英镑在哪儿?
Ten thousand dollars is a lot of money.一万美元是一大笔钱。(12)a number of 与the number of 作主语
“a number of +复数可数名词”表示“一些”、“许多”的意思,谓语动词用复数;“the number of+复数可数名词”表示“„„的数目、数量”,谓语动词用单数。如: A number of books are miing from the library.图书馆丢了许多书。
The number of workers in this factory is increasing.这家工厂的工人数目正在增加。
(三)表语
表语是指跟在连系动词be, seem, look, feel, get, smell, become等词后面的词语或从句,用以说明主语的身份、特征、和状态。由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语、现在分词(短语)、过去分词(短语)、从句等充当。
1、名词作表语
I was a worker at that time.那时我还是个工人。
2、代词作表语
These sweets are mine, those are yours.这些糖果是我的,那些是你的。——Who is it? 是谁呀? ——It’s me/I.是我。注:当人称代词作表语时,在口语中常用宾格,在正式文体中用主格。
3、形容词作表语
You will feel better after taking this medicine.服了这药你会感到好一些。The girl is quite pretty.这个姑娘长得相当漂亮。The price sounds reasonable.这价格听起来还是公道的。
4、数词作表语
We are altogether fourteen.我们一共四十个人。Five plus seven is twelve.五加七是十二。
5、副词作表语
Is your father in? 你父亲在家吗? The meeting is over.会议结束了。
6、介词短语作表语
My books are on the desk.我的书在书桌上。They are at home now.他们现在在家。
7、动词不定式短语作表语
My job is to teach them English.我的工作是教他们英语。The question is when to start.问题是什么时候开始。His wish is to become a teacher.她的愿望是成为一名教师。
8、现在分词(短语)作表语
What he likes is reading novels.他的喜好是读小说。
9、过去分词(短语)作表语 His cup is broken.他的杯子碎了。
Are you excited about your new job? 你对你的新工作感到高兴吗?
10、从句作表语
The question is what we should do first.问题是我们先干什么。
(四)宾语
1、直接宾语
宾语表示动作的对象或行为的承受者,用在及物动词或相当与及物动词的短语动词之后。可以作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、名词化的形容词、现在分词(短语)、从句等。(1)名词作宾语
She is playing the piano now.她正在弹钢琴。
Please open the door? 请把门打开好吗? Can you drive a car? 你会开车吗?(2)代词作宾语
She often helps us with our study.他常常帮助我们学习。
We should keep these in mind.我们应该记住这些。
All the students in our cla should help one another.我们全班应该互相帮助。You needn’t look at me like that.你不必那样瞧着我。(3)数词作宾语
I like the first.我喜欢第一个。(4)不定式(短语)作宾语
He tried to catch up with his clamates.他设法赶上他的同学。I’d like to be able to dance.我希望能跳舞。(5)名词化的形容词作宾语
We should respect the old.我们应尊敬老人。
The scientists may find out the unknown.科学家们可以发现不知道的事物。He is always helping the poorer than himself.他总是帮助比他穷困的人。(6)现在分词(短语)作宾语
Return the book to the library as soon as you finish reading it.你一看完这本书就还回图书馆。He stopped smoking last week.他上星期戒烟了。He denied visiting her house.他否认去过她的家。(7)从句作宾语
She said that she was busy.她说她很忙。
The mother asked how her daughter was.母亲问她的女儿身体如何。
2、间接宾语
在英语中,有些及物动词,如bring, give, send, show, tell, teach, lend, pa 等,可以有两个宾语,一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫做间接宾语,指物的叫做直接宾语,间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前。如:
Can you give me any information on this matter? 你能给我提供这些事的任何信息吗? Write me a letter every month, please.请每月给我写封信。
Can you lend me the same ruler as was used yesterday? 你能借给我昨天用的同一把尺子吗? 有时,也可以在间接宾语之前加介词to或for,构成介词短语,并把这个短语放在直接宾语之后。如:
Mather bought the handkerchief for you, not for me.母亲是给你的,而不是给我买的手帕。I took it to the policeman on duty.我把它交给了值勤的警察。
(五)定语
定语是修饰名词或代词的。定语有前置定语和后置定语之分。一般来说,形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格等作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语;而副词、介词短语、不定式短语、现在分词短语、过去分词短语、从句作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之后作后置定语。
1、形容词作前置定语
It is a difficult problem.这是一个棘手的问题。
He said he had an important meeting to attend.他说他有一个重要的会议要出席。
2、代词作前置定语
His birth-place is Beijing;Mine si Shanghai.他的出生地是北京,我的出生地是上海。May I have your name, please? 请问您的大名?
3、数词作前置定语
We have four leons in the morning.上午我们上四节课。Tom is their second son.汤姆是他们的第二个儿子。
When I sat down, a fourth man rose to speak.我坐下后第四个人又起来发言。
4、名词或名词所有格作前置定语
I do morning exercises every day.我每天做早操。
We should follow the doctor’s advice.我们应听医生的嘱咐。
5、副词作后置定语
Who is the man over there? 那边的男人是谁?
Every night, the man upstairs came back late.每天晚上,楼上的那个人回来很晚。
6、介词短语作后置定语
A college in London had agreed to take me.最后伦敦的一所院校同意接受我。The book on the desk is interesting.桌上那本书很有趣。
7、不定式短语作后置定语
Can you give me some work to do? 你能给我什么活儿干吗? He needs a place to live in.他需要有个住的地方。
8、现在分词短语作后置定语
The boy sitting at the desk is called Tom.坐在书桌旁的那个男孩叫汤姆。
9、过去分词短语作后置定语
There is a little difference between written English and spoken English.书面英语和口头英语有些不同。(单个过去分分词作前置定语)
I hate to see letters written in pencil.我讨厌看用铅笔写的信。
10、从句作后置定语
The car that’s parked outside is mine.停在外面的汽车是我的。(限制性从句)
Your car, which I noticed outside, has been hit by another one.我在外面看见你的汽车了,它给另一辆车撞了。(非限制性从句)
(六)状语
1、状语的表现形式
状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分。可用作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、从句等。(1)副词作状语
They work hard.他们努力工作。
This is even better than that.这个比那个好。
I am truly sorry to hear that.听到那件事我确实很不安。I don’t quite agree with you.我不同意你的观点。It is very nice today.今天天气很好。(2)名词作状语
The coat costs 40 dollars.这件上衣值40美元。Come this way, please.请这边走。Wait a moment.等一会儿。
They worked day and night.他们日夜工作。(3)介词短语作状语
She will arrive on Monday.她将于星期一到达。Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.如果没有他的帮助,我们不可能解决这个问题。They were glad at the news.他们听到这个消息很高兴。(4)不定式作状语
To kill bugs, spray the area regularly.为了杀死臭虫,这地方要经常喷洒。They stopped to have a rest.他们停下来休息。(5)现在分词(短语)作状语
They entered the room, talking and laughing.他们又说又笑地走进房间。(6)从句作状语
She won’t come to work today because she is ill.她今天没来上班是因为病了。
I will return the book to you on Monday if I have read it by then.如果星期一读完了,那我会把书还给你的。
She has lived alone since her husband died.自丈夫去世后她一直独自生活。
2、状语的分类
状语按照内容可以分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、方式状语、程度状语、频度状语、伴随状语。(1)时间状语
What were you doing at ten last night? 昨晚十点钟你在干什么? At that time, she was working in a factory.那时她在工厂工作。(2)地点状语
I met Profeor Wu at the library.我在图书馆遇见了吴教授。
注:如果句中既有时间状语,又有地点状语,则地点状语通常方阵时间状语之前。如: I’ll meet him at the school gate tomorrow.明天我们要在学校门口与他见面。(3)原因状语
Because she was ill, Mary lost her job.玛丽由于生病,失去了工作。
Having no money, he could not buy the TV set.因为没有钱,他不能买电视机。(4)目的状语
In order to get into a good school, he studies hard day and night.为了考入一个好的学校,他夜以继日地苦读。
He lit a fire so that he would be warm.他生火取暖。(5)结果状语 The wind blew with such force that people could hardly stand up against it.风很大,人们几乎站不住。
It continued raining all that day, so that I could not stir abroad.那天下一天雨,我没法出去。(6)条件状语
I can’t do it without your help.没有你的帮助,我做不成这件事。If it rained, I went by car.如果那时下雨,我就乘车走了。(7)让步状语
Whatever/No matter what I said, he refused to go.不论我说什么他都不愿走。They succeeded in spite of all difficulties.尽管困难重重,他们还是成功了。(8)方式状语
He knew the country around as he knew his own house.他了解那儿的乡村一如他了解自己的房舍。(9)程度状语
放在被修饰的词之前,但enough一词则放在形容词之后。We are very busy.我们很忙。
This problem is difficult enough.这个问题够难的。(10)频度状语
作频度状语的副词always, often, usually, seldom, ever, never 等一般放在实意动词之前,连系动词之后。如:
They have already done their homework.他们已经做完作业。We’ll never forget your kindne.我们永远忘不了你的好意。She almost forgot about the whole thing.她几乎忘了整个事情。They are always late for school.他们总是上学迟到。They can hardly stay at home alone.他们几乎不单独在家。He has never been there.他从来没去过那里。(11)伴随状语
They are now at breakfast, talking about the plan for their trip.他们正在吃早餐,谈论着旅行计划。
She stood there, listening to the radio.她站在那里,听着收音机。
(七)宾语补足语 英语中有些及物动词,除了要有一个直接宾语外,还要带上宾语补足语,句子的意思才能完整。宾语和宾语补足语(简称宾补)一起构成复合宾语,二者之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。可以作宾补的有形容词、副词、名词、不定式(短语)、现在分词(短语)、过去分词(短语)、介词短语等。如:
1、形容词作宾语补足语
I made the room beautiful.我把房子拾掇得漂漂亮亮的。No one ever saw him angry.从未有人见他恼怒过。
2、副词作宾语补足语
Keep the lights on while you are out.你不在家时,请开着灯。
He found the meeting over when he arrived there.他到那里时,发现会议已经结束了。
3、名词作宾语补足语
They named the child John.他们给孩子取名约翰。They made him head of the group.他们选他当小组长。
4、不定式短语作宾语补足语
What do you want me to do? 你希望我为你做些什么事?
The doctor advised Mary to have more exercises.大夫劝玛丽多锻炼。
注:当动词hear, feel, make, watch, see, observe 等词后面的宾语补足语是不定式时,在主动语态中,不定式前面的“to”必须省略;在被动语态中,不定式前面的“to”不能省略。如: I heard someone knock at the next door.我听见有人敲隔壁房间的门。I saw him run away.我看到他逃跑了。
5、现在分词(短语)作宾语补足语
I saw him coming last night.我昨晚看见他来了。
Aren’t you ashamed to have everybody laughing at you? 你弄得人们都笑你,难道不害臊?
6、过去分词(短语)作宾语补足语
I had my watch mended in town.我在城里修的表。(叫别人修的表)
When you talk, you have to at least make yourself understood.你说话,至少要让别人听懂。
7、介词短语作宾语补足语
You should put your things in order.你应该把你的东西摆整齐。Make yourselves at home.你们请随意。
(八)主语补足语 英语中补足主语的意义的句子成分叫做主语补足语,常见的有形容词、名词、数词、不定式、分词、介词、从句等。如:
Tired and sleep, I went to bed.我又累又困,就去睡了。(形容词用作主语补足语常置于主语前。)
The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings.那人不可置信地残酷,不听取他们的恳求。(形容词有时也置于主语之后,前后皆有逗号,与非限定性定语相似。)
You act strange.你有点异乎寻常呀。(主语补足语常置于谓语动词之后,形成“主+谓+主补”结构。)
He got off the bench very nervous.他很不安地从长凳上下来。(主语补足语置于宾语之后,形成“主+谓+宾+主补”结构。)
He was called Oliver.他名叫奥利弗。(名词作主语补足语。)
He was seen to go upstairs.有人看见他上楼去了。(不定式作主语补足语。)
Starting as a street vendor, he is now general manager of a trading corporation in Shanghai.他原来是一个街道摊贩,现在则是上海一家贸易公司的总经理。(现在分词短语作主语补足语。)He came home quite changed.他回到家时已完全变了。(过去分词短语作主语补足语。)He came home out of happine.他回到家时很不高兴。(介词短语作主语补足语。)People are just born what color they are.人们的肤色是天生的。(名词性从句作主语补足语。)As a true friend he stood by me to the end.作为我的真挚朋友,他助我到最后。(用作主语补足语的名词之前有as。)
He was taken for my brother.他被误认作我的兄弟。(主语补足语之前有时也可用介词for。)
三、独立成分
(一)呼唤语
称呼人的用语,称为呼唤语。它可以位于句首,也可以位于句末或句中。Hurry up, children, or we’ll be late.赶快吧,孩子们!否则我们要迟到了。
Shylock, how can you hope for mercy yourself when you show none? 夏洛克,如果你不宽恕别人,你自己怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢?
(二)感叹语
感叹语表示喜怒哀乐等感情。他多位于句首,也可放在句中或句末。常用作感叹语的感叹词有:hello, oh, well, why, alas, eh 等。如: Here!Don’t cry!好了!别哭了!Oh, what a beautiful garden this is!啊!这是多么美丽的花园!Well, well, here’s Jack.哎呦,杰克来了。Why, it is past noon.哎呀,已经中午了。
Ah!I have never heard of such things before!啊!我以前从未听说过这种事情!注:
A、其他同类的词也可用作感叹词,表示突然的情绪。如:
Fire!Fire!Water!Quick!The house is on fire.着火了!着火了!水!快!房子着火了!B、yes 和no在句子里也是一种独立成分。如: ——Do you know Tom? 你认识汤姆? ——Yes, I do.是的,我认识。
(三)插入语
在叙事中途往往插入一些词语,对一句话作一些附加的解释。这类词语称为插入语。它可位于句首、句中或句末。
常用的插入语有:I think 我想,I believe 我相信,I suppose 我想,I must admit 我必须承认,in my opinion 依我看,as far as I know 据我所知,as…is concerned 就„„来说,to tell you the truth 说真的,to be frank 坦率地说,in other words 换句话说,after all 毕竟,of course 当然,if you don’t mind 如果你不介意的话,if I may say so 如果我可以这样说的话,„„等。如: By the way, do you happen to know the young man’s name? 顺便问一下,你知道那个年轻人的名字吗?
That’s the cheapest suit we have, I’m afraid.恐怕那是我们最便宜的西服了。To be frank, I don’t think you are right.坦率地说,我认为你是错的。
The cro-talk, I think, was both interesting and instructive.那个相声,我觉得既有趣又能教育人。
注:由于本人水平有限,难免会有不足或错误之处,欢迎读者批评指正,相互学习,共同进步。
2012年3月10日
夜整理于宿舍