术语解释_常见术语解释

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1.Sonnet: A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.A sonnet generally exprees a single theme or idea.2.Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people.Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language.A later form of ballad is the literary ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.3.Rhyme: It’s one of the three basic elements of traditional poetry.It is the repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that appear close to each other in a poem.If the rhyme occurs at the ends of lines, it is called end rhyme.If the rhyme occurs within a line, it is called internal rhyme.4.Heroic couplet: Couplet: Two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme.Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter.It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.5.Iambic抑扬格: It is the most commonly used foot in English poetry, in which an unstreed syllable comes first, followed by a streed syllable.6.Free Verse: Free verse has no regular rhythm or line length and depends on natural speech rhythms and the counterpoint(对照法)of streed and unstreed syllables.7.Romanticism: it is a reaction against the Enlightenment and rationalism in 18th century, and a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified in claicism and neoclaicism.Authors in this period advocate return to nature and the innate goodne of humans(善良的本性).They emphasize the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary and the transcendental(超验).8.Critical Realism: The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties.The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality.But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.9.Enlightenment: The Enlightenment refers to a progreive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe that spans approximately one hundred years from 1680s to 1789.It celebrates reason(rationality), equality, science.Everything should be put under scrutiny, to be measured by reason.This is the “eternal truth”, “eternal justice” and “natural equality”.It on the whole, was an expreion of struggle of the then progreive cla of bourgeois against feudalism.They aim to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.10.Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S.flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording.The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.11.Stream of consciousne: “Stream-of-Consciousne” or “interior monologue” is one of the modern literary techniques.It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate

the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce.Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing inceantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality.The modern American writer William Faulkner succefully advanced this technique.In his stories, action and plots were le important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators.Time sequences were often dislocated.The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer.A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.12.Puritanism:Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them.They were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had an enduring influence on American literature.13.Transcendentalism: A broad, philosophical movement in New England during the Romantic era(peaking between 1835 and 1845).It appeared after1830s, marked the maturity of American Romanticism and the first renaiance in the American literary history.The term was derived from Latin, meaning to rise above or to pa beyond the limits.It laid emphasis on spirit and individual and nature.Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses”.It streed the role of divinity in nature and the individual’s intuition, and exalted feeling over reason.They spoke for cultural rejuvenation(复兴)and against the materialism of American society.14.Lost Generation: This term has been used again and again to describe the people of the postwar years.The Lost Generation writers were diatisfied with the oppreive materialism and cultural narrowne of the American society, so they went abroad to search for a more congenial, artistic locale and produced a great number of the best works in the American literary history.They cast away all past concepts and values in order to create new types of writing, which was characterized by disillusionment with ideals and further with civilization the capitalist society advocated.They painted the post-war western world as a waste land, lifele and hopele due to ethical degradation and disillusionment with dreams.They had cut themselves off from their past and old values in America and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad.15.Naturalism: An extreme form of realism.Naturalistic writers usually depict the sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelely, limited by their environment or heredity.Naturalists are inevitably peimistic in their view because firstly, they accept the negative implication of Darwin’s theory of evolution,and believe that society is a “jungle” where survival struggles go on.Secondly, they believe that man’s instinct, the environment and other social and economic forces play an overwhelming role and man’s fate is “determined” by such forces beyond his control.16.Black Humor(黑色幽默): It also known as Black Comedy, writing that places grotesque elements side by side with humorous ones in an attempt to shock the reader, forcing him or her to laugh at the horrifying reality of a disordered world.17.Gothic novel: It is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century and was one phase of the Romantic Movement.Its principal elements are violence, horror and the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader’s emotion.With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period.