化学工程与工艺专业英语_化学工程与工艺英语
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1.Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently.It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries.尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业.2.At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals.This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact proce for sulphuric acid and the Haber proce for ammonia.The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high preure for the first time.20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。这要归因于新染料的发现以及硫酸的接触法生产和氨的哈伯生产工艺的发展。而后者需要较大的技术突破使得化学反应第一次可以在非常高的压力条件下进行。
3.At present, however, many intermediates to products produced, from raw materials like crude oil through(in some cases)many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily converted into them.The difficulty cones in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere of activities.然而现在有数千种化学产品被生产，从一些原料物质像用于制备许多的半成品的石油，到可以直接作为消费品或很容易转化为消费品的商品。困难在于如何决定在一些特殊的生产过程中哪一个环节不再属于化学工业的活动范畴.4.The chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates and then into a tremendous variety of other chemicals.These are then used to produce consumer products, which make our lives more comfortable or, in some cases such as pharmaceutical produces, help to maintain our well-being or even life itself.化学工业涉及到原材料的转化，如石油 首先转化为化学中间体，然后转化为数量众多的其它化学产品。这些产品再被用来生产消费品，这些消费品可以使我们的生活更为舒适或者作药物维持人类的健康或生命。
5.The improvement in properties of modern synthetic fibers over the traditional clothing materials has been quite remarkable.在传统的衣服面料上，现代合成纤维性质的改善也是非常显著的。
6.In terms of shelter the contribution of modern synthetic polymers has been substantial.Plastics are tending to replace traditional building materials like wood because they are lighter, maintenance-free
讲到住所方面现代合成高聚物的贡献是巨大的。塑料正在取代像木材一类的传统建筑材料，因为它们更轻，免维护
7.The claical role of the chemical engineer is to take the discoveries made by the chemist in the laboratory and develop them into money--making, commercial-scale chemical procees.化学工程师经典的角色是把化学家在实验室里的发现拿来并发展成为能赚钱的商业规模的化学过程。1
8.The chemical industry is a very high technology industry which takes full advantage of the latest advances in electronics and engineering.Computers are very widely used for all sorts of applications, from automatic control of chemical plants, to molecular modeling of structures of new compounds, to the control of analytical instruments in the laboratory.化学工业是高技术工业，它需要利用电子学和工程学的最新成果。计算机被广泛应用，从化工厂的自动控制，到新化合物结构的分子模拟，再到实验室分析仪器的控制。
9.Once the pilot plant is operational, performance and optimization data can be obtained in order to evaluate the proce from an economic point of view.The profitability is aeed at each stage of the development of the proce.If it appears that not enough money will be made to justify the capital investment, the project will be stopped.中试车间一旦开始运转，就能获得性能数据和选定最佳数值以便从经济学角度对流程进行评价。对生产过程的每一个阶段可能获得的利润进行评定。如果结果显示投入的资金不能有足够的回报，这项计划将被停止。
10.Based on the experience and data obtained in the laboratory and the pilot plant, a team of engineers is aembled to design the commercial plant.The chemical engineer’s job is to specify all proce flow rates and conditions, equipment types and sizes, materials of construction, proce configurations, control systems, safety systems, environmental protection systems, and other relevant specifications.根据在实验室和中试车间获得的经验和数据，一组工程师集中起来设计工业化的车间。化学工程师的职责就是详细说明所有过程中的流速和条件，设备类型和尺寸，制造材料，流程构造，控制系统，环境保护系统以及其它相关技术参数。
11.The startup period can require a few days or a few moths, depending on the newne of the technology, the complexity of the proce, and quality of the engineering that has gone into the design.Problems are frequently encountered that require equipment modifications.This is time consuming and expensive: just the lost production from a plant can amount to thousands of dollars per day.Indeed, there have been some plants that have never operated, because of unexpected problems with control, corrosion, or impurities, or because of economic problems.启动阶段需要几天或几个月，根据设计所涉及工艺技术的新颖、流程的复杂程度以及工程的质量而定。中间经常会遇到要求设备完善的问题。这是耗时耗财的阶段：仅仅每天从车间出来的废品会高达数千美金。确实，曾经有些车间因为没有预计到的问题如控制、腐蚀、杂质或因为经济方面的问题而从来没有运转过。
12.Chemical engineers study ways to reduce operating costs by saving energy, cutting raw material consumption, and reducing production of off-specification products that require reproceing.They study ways to improve product quality and reduce environmental pollution of both air and water.化学工程师研究一些方法节省能源，降低原材料消耗、减少不合要求的需进行处理的产品的生产，以降低生产成本。他们还研究一些提高产品质量、减少空气和水中环境污染的措施。
13.The marketing of many chemicals requires a considerable amount of interaction between engineers in the company producing the chemical and engineers in the company using the chemical.This interaction can take the form of advising on how to use a chemical or developing a new chemical in order to solve a specific problem of a customer.许多化工产品的市场开发需要制造化工产品公司的工程师与使用化工产品公司的工程师密切合作。这种合作所采取的方式可以是对如何使用一种化学产品提出建议，或者是生产出一种新的化学产品以解决客户的某个特殊的困难。
14.The number and diversity of chemical compounds is remarkable: over ten million are now known.Even this vase number pales into insignificance when compared to the number of carbon compounds which is theoretically poible.化学物质的数量多得惊人，其差异很大：所知道的化学物质的数量就达上千万种。如此的数量与理论上可能形成的含碳化合物的数量相比，相形见绌。
15.Since the term “inorganic chemical” covers compounds of all the elements other than carbon, the diversity of origins is not surprising.Some of the more important sources are metallic ores, and salt or brine.In all these cases at least two different elements are combine together chemically in the form of a stable compound.因为“无机化学品”这个词涉及到的是除碳以外所有元素构成的化合物.其来源的多样性并不很大。一些较重要的来源是金属矿以及盐和海水。在这些情况下，至少两种不同的元素化合以一种稳定的化合物在一起。
16.In contrast to inorganic chemicals which, as we have already seen,are derived pfom many different sources, the multitude of commercially important organic compounds are eentially derived from a single source.Nowadays in exce of 99% of all organic chemicals is obtained from crue oil and natural gas via petrochemical procees.相比于无机化学品来自于众多不同的资源，商业上的一些重要的有机化合物基本上来源单一。如今，所有有机化合物的99%以上，可以通过石化工艺过程从原油和天然气得到.17.The major route form bioma to chemicals is via fermentation procees.However these procees cannot utillize polysaccharides like cellulose and starch, and so the latter must first be subjected to acidic or enzymic hydrolysis to from the simpler sugars which are suitable starting materials.从碳水化合物得到化学物质的主要途径是通过发酵过程。然而发酵过程不能利用多糖，因此，淀粉必须先受到酸性或酶水解反应，生成更简单的糖类，是合适的起始原料。
18.Being esters, the use of lipids for chemicals production starts with hydrolysis.Although this can be either acid-or alkali-catalyzed, the latter is preferred since it is an irreversiblereaction, and under these conditions the proce is known as saponification.类脂属于脂类（物质），用于生产化学物质时，以水解反应开始，虽然水解反应可以用酸或碱催化，但碱催化效果更好，因为碱催化反应不可逆。碱性条件下的水解反应叫做皂化反应。
19.In effect he applied the ethics of industrial consultancy by which experience was transmitted “from plant to plant and from proce to proce in such a way which did not compromise the private or specific knowledge which contributed to a given plant’s profitability”.The concept of unit operations held that any chemical manufacturing proce could be resolved into a coordinated series of operations such as pulverizing, drying, roasting, electrolyzing, and so on.他采用了工业顾问公司的理念，经验传递从一个车间到另一个车间，从一个过程到另一个过程。这种方式不包含限于某个给定工厂的利润的私人的或特殊的知识。单元操作的概念使每一个化学制造过程都能分解为一系列的操作步骤，如研末、干燥、烤干、电解等等。
20.Chemical engineers of the future will be integrating a wider range of scales than any other branch of engineering.未来的化学工程师将比任何其他分支的工程师在更为宽广的规模范围紧密协作
21.Thus, future chemical and engineers will conceive and rigorously solve problems on a continuum of scales ranging from microscale.因此，未来的化学工程师们要准备好解决从微型的到巨型的规模范围内出现的问题。
22.Chemical engineers will become more heavily involved in product design as a complement to proce design.化学工程师将越来越多地涉及到对过程设计进行补充的产品设计中。
23.Chemical engineers will be frequent participants in multidisciplinary research efforts.化学工程师将经常性地介入到多学科领域的研究工程。
carbonate 碳酸盐 spectrum 光谱 silica 二氧化硅epoxy 环氧树脂 vinyl 乙烯基 acetate 醋酸盐 pharmaceutical 药物 polypropylene 聚丙烯 formaldehyde 甲醛 ammonium 铵基polyester 聚酯 the lion’s share 较大部分
reactant 反应物 distillation 蒸馏 nozzle 喷嘴 compreor 压缩机 pilot-plant 中试装置 specification 说明书 flow sheet 工艺流程图
corrosion 腐蚀 sensor 传感器 atrophy 退化，衰退 on-line 联机 commiion 投产，交工式运转 covalent 共价的 isomerism 同分异构
froth flotation 泡沫浮选 borate 硼酸盐（酯）fluoride 氟化物 amino 氨基的 hydrolysis 水解 nap h the ne 环烷烃 naphtha 挥发油
钠 sodium 钾 potaium 磷 phosphorus 氨 ammonia 聚合物 polymer 粘度 viscosity 聚乙烯 polyethylene 氯化物 chloride
烃 hydrocarbon 催化剂 catalyst 炼油厂 refinery 添加剂 additive 间歇的 batch 反应器 reactor 放大 scale-up 热交换器 heat exchanger
创新 innovation 术语 terminology 阀 valve 梯度 gradient 组成 composition 杂质 impurity 模拟 simulate 氢氧化物 hydroxide 酯 ester 脂肪族的 aliphatic 不饱和的 unsaturated
芳香族的 aromatic 甲烷 methane 烯烃 olefin 烷烃 alkaneenzymic 酶 xylene 二甲苯
