浅谈有效提升学生英语写作能力的教学策略_英语写作的教学策略
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浅谈有效提升学生英语写作能力的教学策略——由两篇学生高考英语书面表达想到的摘 要:本文从学生的两篇高考书面表达入手,针对学生在写作中存在的问题和不足,从词汇、句式、逻辑关系三方面,以2009年的浙江省高考英语书面表达为例展开分析讨论,以帮助学生提高写作的能力。
关键词:书面表达;词汇;句式;逻辑关系
[中图分类号]H319.3 [文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1006-2831(2011)06-0096-4doi:10.3969/j.in.1006-2831.2011.02.027 1.引言
中学英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四项技能之一,更是语言生成能力的重要表现形式之一。由于教学侧重点的不同,语言环境的影响,母语思维方式干扰等因素,培养中学生的英语写作能力成了目前中学英语教学中的一个重要课题。写是语言技能的重要组成部分之一,也是高中英语教学的薄弱环节(杨谢友,2010:33-37)。笔者根据自身英语教学的切身体会,认为在中学教学中开展行之有效的写作策略训练是提高学生写作能力的一个重要途径。
2.案例呈现
2009年浙江省英语高考书面表达题,考题的内容为:5月1日,高二(3)班的学生志愿者Li Yue和Zhang Hua去阳光敬老院(Sunshine Nursing Home)开展志愿者活动(送水果、打扫、聊天等)。假如你是校英语报的记者,请按下列要点用英语写一则100—120个词的新闻报道。
1.时间、地点、任务、活动;
2.老人们的反应;
3.简短评论。
注意:报道的标题和记者姓名已给出(不计词数)。
请看下面两篇学生习作:
【学生习作一】
Student Volunteers Brought Sunshine to the Ederly
Today is 1 May, Li Yue and Zhang Hua go to Sunshine Nursing Home make volunteers.There is no doubt that they help the elderly make housework, and give somefruits.It is important that they get along with the elderly very well.The elderly are willing to chat with them.They wish student volunteers can go to there always.I think that student volunteers bring sunshine to the elderly.They are offer to help the elderly.【学生习作二】
Student Volunteers Brought Sunshine to the Ederly
On May 1st, Li Yue and Zhang Hua, two student volunteers from cla III, senior II took an active part in a positive activity to take care of old people in Sunshine Nursing Home.Above all, they did their best to clear the nursing home in order to make it comfortable for old people to live in.Furthermore, various fruits were presented to them, which did good to their health.In addition, they talked with old people, sharing joys and happine.As for those old people, they said that they were extremely happy due to the two warm-hearted volunteers.They appreciated them for bringing sunshine to them.From my personal perspective, it is our youngster’s duty to care for old people in our spare time.What I want to emphasize is the fact that more and more old people feel lonely at present.Therefore, it is high time that we took effective measures to make a contribution to those old people.习作一,语法结构单调,词汇知识有限,语法结构或词汇方面的错误多,缺乏逻辑及语言的整体性。习作二,不仅运用了富于变化的句式(定语从句、同位语从句等),而且还灵活运用了逻辑关系词,整篇文章结构紧凑,语言丰富,行文流畅,是高分作文。
《普通高中英语课程标准(实验)》(教育部,2003:12)里的语言技能八级目标中指出,高中学生能根据用文字及图表提供的信息写短文或报告;能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文,叙述事情或表达观点和态度;能在写作中做到文体规范、语句通顺。新课程标准对高中学生英文写作提出了很高的要求,但目前学生的写作还存在着很大的问题。那么如何提高写作的实效性,使学生写出来的文章更具有文采呢?
纵观浙江省高考英文书面表达的评分标准不难发现,除了一些硬性指标外(例如词数、拼写及标点符号、书写工整程度),阅卷老师给分的标准主要集中在以下几个方面:内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性、上下文连贯性及语言的得体性。在此,笔者将从词汇、句式、逻辑关系三方面,以2009年的高考英语作文为例展开分析讨论。
3.提升策略
3.1 使用准确、丰富的词汇,增加文章亮点
3.1.1 同词转换
语言表达中需要增加一些“亮点”。基础较好的同学应该尽量变化语言的表达方式,尝试使用较为高级的语言。如给出的要点中有“学生志愿者活动”等,考生在选词时马上会想到用“students volunteers go to...”。当然,这个短语没错,但如果考生千篇1律地用这种方式去表达,显然吸引不了阅卷老师。可以试着用“volunteer”不同的词性、方式去表达,如“do some voluntary work”、“volunteer to do”及“work as volunteers”,做到与众不同,给阅卷的老师带来耳目一新的感觉。
3.1.2 同义转换
考生若能适当运用一些高级词汇,平淡无奇的表达马上变得身价百倍。如要点中提到的“送水果”,考生首先想到的是“give/bring them some fruit”。但是,“不要一味地使用初中词汇,而要适当地复杂化”,如把它译为“present them with various fruits” or “offer them an abundance of fruits”,效果就大相径庭了。同学们大可放开手脚去尝试运用不同的词汇,来创造属于自己的亮点。
3.2 使用复杂、多变的句式,提升文章品味
3.2.1 主动语态和被动语态之间的转换,使句子更客观准确
汉语中习惯用主动语态来表达观点、叙述一些事情。由于受中文思维的影响,发现考生很少用被动语态,几乎整篇文章都用主动语态。其实在英语学习中,被动语态是非常重要的,尤其在新闻报道的这样一篇文章中,更需体现其中的客观性。如果能将整篇文章的一两个句子变成被动语态,会使文章句型更加丰富。例如:在考生的作文中有用到“Li Yue and Zhuang Hua were warmly welcomed.”;“Various fruits were presented to the Elderly.”。
3.2.2 从句和简单句之间的转换,使句子更简洁形象
(1)把句子转化为单个的形容词或者形容词短语的形式
They were happy and greeted the elderly.= Happy, they greeted the elderly.(2)把从句转化为介词短语或者非谓语动词(分词、动名词、动词不定式、独立主格结构)的形式
① 转化为介词短语 As soon as they arrived, Li Yue and Zhang Hua were warmly welcomed.= Upon/on their arrival, Li Yue and Zhang Hua were warmly welcomed.② 转化为分词
After they finished cleaning, Li and Zhang chatted with them about their happy memories of the past.= Having finished cleaning, Li and Zhang chatted with them about their happy memories of the past.③ 转化为独立主格结构
After everything was done, they sat in the yard chatting with the elderly people.= Everything done, they sat in the yard chatting with the elderly people.3.2.3 简单句转换为复合句或从句,使句子更复杂得体
It was a beautiful day.They would remember it forever.= It was such a beautiful day that they would remember it forever.Various fruits were presented to them.Fruits did good to their health.= Various fruits were presented to them, which did good to their health.They did a lot for the elderly and enriched their own lives.= What they did has brought a lot to the elderly and enriched their own lives.3.2.4 能够熟练运用疑问句、祈使句、倒装句、省略句、感叹句、强调句及虚拟语气,使句子更丰富多彩
Early in the morning, they set off with a basket of fruits.= It was early in the morning that they set off with a basket of fruits.When we care about others, especially the elderly, we can build up a harmonious society.= Only when we care about others, especially the elderly, can we build up a harmonious society.It was so beautiful a day that they would remember it forever.= So beautiful a day was it that they would remember it forever.We should take effective measures to make a contribution to those old people.= It is high time that we took effective measures to make a contribution to those old people.3.3 恰当使用逻辑关系词,使上下文连贯,通顺
3.3.1 关系词的运用
语篇无论是口头表达,还是书面表达都必须衔接合理,符合逻辑,语意连贯(刘庆元,1998:22-25)。随着高中写作题材及字数的变化,文章内部的层次、逻辑关系显得尤为重要。用分段来体现文章的逻辑性是上策。通过文章的中文提示,该作文应分为三个层面或三个段落:1.志愿者活动的介绍;2.老人们的反应;3.作者对此活动的评论。就第一点的内容而言,志愿者们活动包含送水果、打扫、聊天等。可以参照习作二考生用的“furthermore”、“in addition”等表递进关系的连接词,同时也可以使用“Then”、“Next”、“After that”等表时间顺序关系的连接词,如:“They presented the elderly flowers and fruits.Then, they started working....After that, they sat in the yard chatting.”。在最后一段发表个人观点时用的表达方式有“from my personal perspective”、“as far as I am concerned”、“in my opinion”等。
3.3.2 关系词的类型
使用逻辑关系词,即有效使用语言的连接成分,能使全文结构紧凑。想要做到一篇文章的上下文连贯通顺、条理清楚,恰当地使用逻辑关系词是非常必要的。关系词语能承上启下,帮助读者理清文章的思路,密切句子之间的逻辑关系,从而使整段文字衔接自然、流畅(沈正南,2009:34-38)。下面归纳了考纲中常用的几类逻辑关系词:(1)表递进:furthermore、what’s more、besides、in addition、moreover、last but not the least...(2)表转折:but、however、yet、instead、on the contrary、neverthele、by contrast、despite the fact that、in contrast、conversely...3)表因果:since、as、because(of)、so、thus、therefore、as a result、so that、due to、owing to、on account of...(4)表条件:if、on the condition(that)、as long as、unle...(5)表时间:when、while、after、before、until、as soon as、later、afterwards、soon、lately、recently、since、from then on...(6)表顺序:and then、next、after that、firstly、secondly、and finally、immediately、shortly after that...(7)表解释:in other words、that is to say、to put it another way、namely...(8)表举例:for instance、for example、such as、take...for example、to illustrate、as an illustration...(9)表陈述事实:in fact、actually、as a matter of fact、to tell you the truth、frankly speaking...(10)表归纳总结:in conclusion、in a word、in short、on the whole、generally speaking、in general、all things considered、everything taken into consideration、to be brief、to sum up...4.结束语
2009年浙江卷的书面表达在体裁上完全脱离了前四年“三段论”式议论文的命题思路,而以新闻报道的全新形式出现。此题给出了题目和记者的姓名、报社名称,体现了一定的控制性,但此题对考生的语言运用能力和信息组织能力有了更高的要求(费胜昌,2009:61-65)。写作作为一种输出型的交流方式,需要步步为营,日积月累,考生在写作中闪光点的出现,绝不是考生灵感爆发的结果。背诵、仿写是提高写作的有效方法,学生可以将重点词组、句型和优美句子储存于大脑之中,并内化成自己的语言,才能在写作中厚积薄发,表达流畅。同时考生在学习之余应增加课外阅读量,拓展视野,扩大知识面,从而提高思维能力。当然,运用“较复杂结构或较高级词汇”应适量,并非刻意地去“创造词汇和句子结构”或追求通篇使用长句和各种新的词汇,造成过分追求“复杂”和“高级”,结果反而适得其反。总而言之,只要考生打好语言基础,掌握一定的写作技巧,重视逻辑关系词的作用,又能力求用词用句准确恰当、表达地道,考生的英语作文肯定会增色不少。
参考文献
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