虚拟语气详解_虚拟语气详细讲解

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高中英语虚拟语气讲解

一、概述

英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法，愿望，假想，猜测，怀疑或建议，而不是根据客观实际，就用虚拟语气。在表示假想的虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气，表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时，也用虚拟语气。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。

二、条件状语

条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

例如：

If he doesn't hurry up,he will mi the bus.如果他不快点，他将错过巴士。(真实)If he is free,he will ask me to tell stories.如果他是空闲的，他会要求我讲故事。（真实）

If I were you,I would go at once.如果我是你，我马上就会去。（我不可能是你。非真实，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反）

If there were no air,people would die.如果没有空气，人就会死亡。（不可能没有空气。非真实，虚拟语气，与现在事实相反）

1、表示与现在事实相反的情况：

从句：If+主语+过去时(Be动词用were)主句：主语+ should/would/might/could+do：

1．If I were you,I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。（事实：我不可能是你）

2．If I knew his telephone number,I would tell you.如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）

3．If there were no air or water,there would be no living things on the earth.如果没有水和空气，地球上就不会有生物。(事实：地球上既有空气也有水)

4．If I had any money with me,I could lend you some.如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没有带钱）

2、表示与过去事实相反的情况

从句：If+主语+had+done主句：主语+should/would/might/could+have done

eg：1． If I had gotten there earlier,I should/would have met her.如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。（事实：去晚了）

2．If he had taken my advice,he would not have made such a mistake.如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话）

3．She looked at me as if I had been a stranger.她看我的样子好像我是一个陌生人。（事实：我并非陌生人）

3、表示对将来情况的主观推测

从句：①if+主语+were to do（if 表示未来的虚拟语气独有形式，其他如wish，even if等词都没有该形式来表示未来的虚拟语气）

②if+主语+should+do

③if+主语+过去式（be动词用were）

主句：主语+should/would/might/could+do

eg：1．If he should come here tomorrow,I would talk to him.如果他明天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小，不可能）

2．If there were a heavy snow next Sunday,we would not go skating.如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：下雪可能性很小，不可能）

3．If she were to be here next Monday,I would tell her about the matter.如果她下周一来这儿的话，我就会告诉她这件事的始末。（事实：来的可能性很小，不可能）

4、当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were,should,had时，if可以省略，这时条件从句要用倒装语序，即把were,should,had等词置于句首，这种多用于书面语。

eg：Should he agree to go there,we would send him there.要是他答应去的话，我们就派他去了。

Were she here,she would agree with us.如果她在这儿的话，她会同意我们的。

Had he learnt about computers,we would have hired him to work here.如果他懂一些电脑知识的话，我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。

5、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来，只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句，在多数情况下，条件会暗含在短语中，如without…，but for…（要不是因为...）等

eg：But for his help,we would be working now.要不是他的帮助，我们还会在工作呢。

Without your instruction,I would not have made such great progre.要是没有你的指导，我不会取得如此大的进步。

We didn't know his telephone number,otherwise we would have telephoned him.我们不知道他的电话号码，否则我们就会给他打电话。

6、有时，虚拟条件句中，主、从句可以省略其中的一个，来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。①省略从句

He would have finished it.他本该完成了。

You could have paed this exam.你本能通过这次考试的。

②省略主句

If I were at home now.要是我现 在在家里该多好啊。

If only I had got it.要是只有我得到它了该多好啊。.注意，在虚拟语气的从句中，动词be的过去时态一律用were，不用was。

eg：If I were you,I would go to look for him.如果我是你，就会去找他。

8.若条件从句为否定句，否定词not应置于主语之后，而不能与were,should,had 等缩略成Weren’t,Shouldn’t,Hadn’t而置于句首。

①,If it were not to rain tomorrow,we would go to the park

Were it not to rain tomorrow,we would go to the park..(如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园)

②if you should not attend meeting tomorrow on time,i would punish you.Should you not be attend meeting tomorrow on time,i would punish you.(如果明天会议你居然迟到了，我会惩罚你的)

9.主语和动词be的省略

若主从句主语一致，且谓语部分包含有动词be，通常可将主语和动词be省略：

If repaired earlier,the tractor would not have broken down.要是早点儿修一下，拖拉机就不会抛锚了。(=If it had been repaired earlier…)

If neceary,I would send more farmhands to help you.如果需要的话，我会派更多的人去帮你。(=If it was neceary,…)

四、目的状语

1、在for fear that, in case, lest引导的从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为：（should）+ do。并且should能省略（for fear that，lest），in case不能省略

She examined the door again for fear that a thief(should)come in.她又把门检查了一遍，以防盗贼的进入。

He started out earlier lest he(should)be late.他早早的就出发了以防迟到。

2、在so that / in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / could / may / might / will / would / should + do。

He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer.他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。He read the letter carefully in order that he should not mi a word.他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个字。

五、宾语从句

当人们想要表达建议、命令或要求时，从句的谓语动词需用虚拟语气，其形式为“(should)+动词原形。这类动词常有十二个。

“一二四四”

一个坚持（insist）；

两个命令（order, command）；

四项要求（demand, desire, require, request）；

四条建议（advise, suggest, propose, recommend）。

“I drop caps.”

insist,demand, desire,require, request, recommend,order,propose,command,advise,prefer,suggest.（一）、I wish后的宾语从句

动词wish后接宾语从句时，从句谓语要用虚拟语气。

若要表示与现在事实相反的愿望，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时(同样be动词换成were)； 若表示与过去相反的愿望，从句谓语用would / could+have +过去分词或者过去完成时had done(注意这里的情态动词不能用should)；

若表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用would(could)+动词原形。

注意如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。

如：

I wish I could be of some use.我希望我能有什么用处。

We wish he didn’t smoke.我们希望他不吸烟。

I wish prices would come down.我希望物价能降下来。

I wish the train would come.我希望火车将会来。

I wished I hadn't spent so much money.但愿我没有花这么多钱。

（二）、表示“坚持”后的宾语从句

主要是指insist的宾语从句，从句谓 语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国 英语中通常可以省略。如：

I insisted that he(should)stay.我坚持要他留下。

He insisted that I(should)go with them.他坚持要我同他们一起去。

Rose insisted that he be present.罗斯坚持要他出席。

The detective insisted that he should have a look.警探坚持要查看。

注意：动词insist后接宾语从句时，除可用虚拟语气外，也可用陈述语气，两者的区别是：若谓语动词所表示的动作尚未发生，或尚未成为事实，则用虚拟语气；若谓语动词所表示的动作已经发生，或已经成为事实，则要用陈述语气。比较：

He insisted that I had read his letter.他坚持说我看过他的信。

He insists he is a student.他坚持说他是个学生。

He insisted that I should read his letter.他坚持要我看他的信。

（三）、表示“命令”后的宾语从句

主要是指order, command的宾语从句，从句谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语 中通常可以省略。如：

He ordered that it(should)be sent back.他命令把它送回去。

Thejudge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded.法官命令被告还押。

The King ordered that the man be released.国王命令释放那人。

He commanded that we(should)attack at once.他命令我们立即发起进攻。

（四）、表示“要求”后的宾语从句

主要是指ask, desire, demand, require, request等后的宾语从句，从句谓语 由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常 可以省略。如：

I ask that he leave.我要求他走开。

He desires that I(should)appear.他要求我出场。

They require that I go at once.他们要求我立刻走。

I demand that John(should)go there at once.我要求约翰立即到那里去。

I requested that he should use his influence on my behalf.我请求他为我施用他的影响。

He asked that the meage be given to Madame immediately.他要求把信息立即带给夫人。

They demanded that the right to vote be given to every adult man.他们要求给予每个成年男子以选举权。

（五）、表示“建议”后的宾语从句

主要是指advise, suggest, propose, recommend等的宾语从句，从句 谓语由“should+动词原形”构成，其中的should在美国英语中通常可以省略。如：

He suggested that we should leave early.他建议我们早点动身。

The doctor advised that he change his job.医生劝他换工作。

They recommend that this tax be abolished.他们建议取消这种税。

I propose that the matter be put to the vote at once.我提议对此问题立刻进行表决。

He proposed that Mr.O’Leary be the chairman.他提议奥列利先生担任主席。

注意：动词suggest译为“建议”后接宾语从句时，表示的情况尚未成为事实, 用虚拟语气;suggest译为“表明”、“认为”, 则要用陈述语气：

He suggested that we(should)stay for dinner.他建议我们留下吃饭。

What he said suggested that he was a cheat.他说的话表明他是个骗子。

I suggested that you had a secret understanding with him.我觉得你与他心照不宣。

四、其它

1、在even if,even though 所引导的让步状语从句中用may/might+动词原形，may/might可以省略，表示与现 在相反的情况；从句用过去完成时，表示与过去相反的情况，类似的词有though/even though/whatever/however/so long as;主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。

eg：Even if he were here himself,he should not know what to do.即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。（事实：他没来）

Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here.即使华佗在世也救不了他。（事实：华佗不在世）

2.在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用（谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同）表示与现在事实相反，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时； 表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大，用“would(could)+动词原形”

He felt as if he were responsible for what had happened.He treats me as if I were a stranger.3、在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever,wherever，however,no matter wh-等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：

指现 在或将来：may +do。

eg：We will finish it on time no matter what may happen.不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。指过去：may +have done。

eg：You mustn't be proud whatever great progre you may have made.不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲。

We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made.不管他犯过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。

4、if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气表示与现在或未来事情相反的愿望，谓语动词用 过去式 或 would/should+动词原形 表示与过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用 过去完成式。Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I had followed your advice.If only I had not been busy last week5、一般would rather,had rather,would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：

过去 had + done

现在 过去时(be 用were)

将来 过去时(be 用were)

eg：I'd rather you had seen the film yesterday.我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。

I'd rather you were here now.我倒想你现在在这儿。

We'd rather you went here tomorrow.我们倒想你明天去那儿

6、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中，表示：“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：

It is(high / about)time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + do

It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school.我该去学校接我的女儿了。

It is high time you should go to work.你早该上班了。

7、简单句中的虚拟语气

（1）说话时，为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌，言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为：would / could / might / should +do。

eg：Would you mind my shutting the door?你介意我把门关起来吗？

You should always learn this leon by heart.你要把这个教训牢记于心。

I should agree with you.我本该同意你的观点。（委婉的不同意）

（2）表示“祝愿”时，常用may +主语+ do。

eg：May you have a good journey!祝你一路顺风。

May your youth last forever!祝你青春永驻。

（3）表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时，常用do。

eg：God ble us.上帝保佑。

（4）习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。

① 提出请求或邀请。eg：

Would you like to have a talk with us this evening?今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗？

Could I use your bike now?我可以用一下你的单车吗？

② 陈述自己的观点或看法。eg：

I should be glad to meet you.见到你我会很高兴。

I would try my best to help you.我会尽力帮助你。

③提出劝告或建议。eg：

You'd better ask your father first.你最好先问一问你的父亲。

You should make a full investigation of it first.你应该先全面调查一番。

④ 提出问题。eg：

Do you think he could get here on time?你认为他能按时来吗？

Do you expect he would tell us the truth?你期望他会告诉我们真相吗？

⑤表示对过去情况的责备时，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：

情态动词（could/should/might）+ have done。

eg：You should have got here earlier.你早该到这里了。