文化与翻译课程总结_文化与翻译选词概述

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文化与翻译课程总结

1.The relationship between language and culture.It has been widely recognized that language and culture are inseparableFirst, language is a part of culture.According to the definition of culture given by Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, a people's culture includes their beliefs, rules of behavior, language, ritual, art, technology, style of dre, ways of producing and cooking food, religion, and political and economic systems.We can draw a conclusion that language is a component of culture.Secondly, language is the carrier of culture and language reflects culture 2.The relation between culture and translation.The close relationship between language and culture decides the close relationship between translation and culture Firstly, culture necearily exerts a great influence on translation.The ways of thinking, beliefs, attitudes and values of different nations not only give rise to failures or misunderstandings in cro-cultural communication, but also pose headaches to translation theorists and translators who are trying to bridge the gaps between source language and target language.Secondly, translation also influences culture.It can enrich a nation's culture by absorbing foreign cultural nourishments and transplanting the outside cultures into its own cultural environments.For instance, many English expreions, such as first-hand material(第一手资料)，black list(黑名单)，have found their ways into the Chinese language, with the Chinese people feeling no foreignne at all Finally, translation serves as cultural intermediation(调解).As the informational technology and communication develops, the communication between different countries and regions has become more and more frequent, direct and convenient.This is no denying that translation plays a vitally important role in intercultural communication.3.The differences between Chinese and English thought patterns.Synthetic Thought Pattern and Analytic Thought Pattern Synthesis is a kind of thought which combines the separate parts, elements of the objects into a whole while analysis is a kind of thought which separates the whole into parts.Synthetic and analytic thought patterns are not only opposite, but also unified In thought, Chinese prefer synthesis, English analysis.This results in Chinese preference in holistic（整体）thought pattern while English speakers partial.Their differences are shown in many fields, such as medicine, opera, painting, language, etc.Chinese medicine is the typical reflection of Chinese thought patterns.According to its theory, the human body is an entirety which is connected by different organs, and these internal organs depend on each other and restrict each other Doctors of traditional Chinese medicine will not cure the disease separately but treat it as the whole.Peking Opera also reflects the above synthetic thought patternFrom its performance feature, it belongs to a kind of synthetic performance which includes singing, reciting, and dancing and again this dance is different from the Western ones, which is a kind of Chinese wushu.It is the artistic synthesis that can be divided into four Western arts: opera, ballet, drama and stage play.In Western arts, singers do not dance in the opera while dancers do not sing in ballet and the performers neither dance nor sing in stage plays.Imaginative Thought Pattern and Abstract Thought Pattern Circular Thought Pattern and Linear Thought Pattern

Chinese speakers prefer imaginative thought while English speakers abstract thought.Subjective Thought Pattern and Objective Thought Pattern

Intuitional（直觉的）Thought Pattern and Rational Thought Pattern Collectivistic Thought Pattern and Individualistic Thought Pattern

4.The differences between Chinese and English languages.Compared with Chinese, English is a kind of hypotaxis and thus pays much attention to the formal connection among the sentences.Verb is the center of the sentence.The relationships between words are represented by the morphological(词法的,形态的)changes, inflections, conjunctions and propositions.Their meanings are expreed by the sentence elements.As a result, when Chinese is translated into English, some “omitted” elements should be replenished（补充）.English sentences cannot even be made without these relative words and conjunctions, which are rarely used in Chinese 5.The relationship between foreignization and domestication.In this sense, domestication is considered as a neceary complement when foreignizing strategy fails to deal with cultural elements of the source language in translation.It serves as a reasonable makeshift(权宜之计)and always paves the way for future foreignization Firstly, with the increasing communication among nations, foreign terms or customs may be accepted by the target readers sooner or later.During past decades, large quantities of modern Chinese words loaded with unique Chinese culture information have entered the English vocabulary, and this serves as the best proof of foreignization Since foreignization strategy can faithfully transfer the cultural features of the source into the target and achieve a relative high degree of intelligibility(.可理解性)，Domestication is the surrendering of the culturally-loaded words in the source language to the corresponding cultural category in the target language and translating with corresponding words 6.An analysis of translationese, including such aspects as the definition, causes and features.Definitions Translationese is an unnatural form of language in translation which carries the features of the source language structures, thus violating the habitual use of the target language within a certain period of time Causes to Translationese firstly, the translator's ignorance of differences between the two languages;secondly, the translator's misunderstanding of “faithfulne”;thirdly, the translator does not comprehend the deep meaning of SL text features.①unsmooth language which not only violates the norm of Chinese but ruins the readers' interests and(ii)obscure meaning which confuses the readers' understanding ①being unnatural;(ii)carrying the features of source language structures and(iii)being in violation of the habitual use of target language 7.A brief introduction of or a comment on Skopos theory Skopostheorie points out that translation first must be a kind of human behavior with a distinct purpose the translation Skopos determines the translation procedures

Skopos rule is the top-ranking rule for any translation which indicates that a translation action is determined by its Skopos

• Coherence Rule and Fidelity Rule as Subordinate(从属的)Principles • Another important rule of the Skopos theory is the coherence rule, which means that a translation should be acceptable in a sense that it is coherent with the receivers’ situation

The third rule of the Skopos theory that a translation must conform to is the fidelity（忠实）rule.Such a kind of fidelity is embedded in the very concept of translation in the Skopos theory 8.An analysis of some translation approaches In this section, some common translation approaches will be introduced.They are: transliteration, transliteration with explanation, literal translation, literal translation with explanation, paraphrasing and adaptation.Transliteration means to translate an item according to its pronunciation rather than its meaning.It is a frequently adopted method to the translation of some objects particular toChinese culture Transliteration with Explanation This method can roughly be divided into two subcategories: one is transliteration within-text annotation;the other is transliteration with out-text annotation Literal Translation Literal translation is where the forms of the original are retained as much as poible, even if those forms are not the most natural forms to preserve the original meaning.Literal translation is sometimes called word-for-word translation or sentence-for-sentence translation Literal Translation with Explanation Paraphrasing This method reproduces the content without retaining the form of the original.In other words, it is a proce of rewriting in different words, emphasizing the content instead of the form of the SL.Since translation is the substitution of one language with another, a change of meaning in the proce is a matter of course.