新剑桥商务英语(高级)单词总结_剑桥商务英语高级单词
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1.autonomous: independent, able to take decisions without consulting a higher authority 2.decentralization: dividing an organization into decision-making units that are not centrally controlled.3.function: a specific activity in a company, e.g.production, marketing, finance 4.hierarchy: system of authority with different levels, one above the other.5.line authority: the power to give instructions to people at the level below in the chain of command 6.report to: to be responsible to someone and to take instructions from him or her 7.subordinates: people working under someone else in a hierarch 8.industrial belt: an area with lots of industrial companies, around the edge of a city 9.wealth: the products of economic activity 10.productivity: the amount of output produced(in a certain period, using a certain number of inputs 11.corporate ethos: a company‟s ways of working and thinking 12.collaboration: working together and sharing ideas 13.insulated or isolated: alone, placed in a position away from others 14.fragmentation: breaking something up into pieces 15.motivate :To inspire, to induce, to give a reason or incentive to someone to do something.16.employee: A person employed by someone else, working for money.17.labor relations: Relations between employers and employees, managers and workers, management and unions.18.responsibility: Having control of something as part of your job 19.wages: Money paid(per hour or day or week)to manual workers 20.salary: A fixed regular payment made by employers, usually, for profeional or office work.21.benefits or perks: Advantages that come with a job, apart from wages or salary.22.promotion: To be raised to a higher rank or better job.23.job security: Knowing that there is little risk of losing one‟s job.24.skilled: Having particular abilities, acquired by training.25.subcontractor : Any company that provides goods or services for another one 26.component : Any of the pieces or parts that make up a product, machine, etc.27.outsourcing or contracting out : Buying products or proceed materials from other companies rather than manufacturing them 28.capacity : The(maximum)rate of output that can be achieved from a production proce 29.plant : The buildings, machines, equipment and other facilities used in the production proce 30.location : The geographical situation of a factory or other facility:
31.inventory : The stock of any item or resource used in an organization(including raw materials, parts, supplies, work in proce and finished products)
32.lead time : The time needed to perform an activity(i.e.to manufacture or deliver something)33.distribution channel: all the companies or individuals involved in moving a particular kind of goods or service from the producer to the consumer.34.to launch a product: to introduce a new product onto the market.35.market opportunities: poibilities of filling unsatisfied needs in sectors in which a company can profitably produce goods or services 36.market research: collecting, analyzing and reporting data relevant to a specific marketing situation(such as a proposed new product)37.market segmentation: dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different requirements or buying habits 38.packaging: wrappers and containers in which products are sold 39.points of sale: places where goods are sold to the public – shops, stores, kiosks, market stalls, etc.40.product concept: an idea for a new product, which is tested with target consumers before the actual product is developed 41.product features: attributes or characteristics of a product: quality, price, reliability, etc.42.sales representative: someone who contacts existing and potential customers, and tries to persuade them to buy goods or services 43.Word-of-mouth advertising: free advertising, when satisfied customers recommend products to their friends.44.Institutional or prestige advertising: advertising that mentions a company‟s name but not specific products.45.Advertising agencies: companies that handle advertising for clients.46.An account: a contract with a company to produce its advertising.47.An advertising budget: the amount of money a company plans to spend in developing its advertising and buying media time or space.48.A brief: the statement of objectives of an advertising campaign that a client works out with an advertising agency.49.Advertising campaign: the advertising of a particular product or service during a particular period of time.50.Target customers or target market: a defined set of customers whose needs a company plans to satisfy.51.Media planners: the people who choose where to advertise, in order to reach the right customers.52.The threshold effect: the fact that a certain amount of advertising is neceary to attract a prospective customer‟s attention.53.The comparative-parity method: choosing to spend the same amount on advertising as one‟s competitors.54.Counter-cyclical advertising: advertising during periods or seasons when sales are normally relatively poor.55.Bookkeeping: writing down the details of transactions(debits and credits)56.Accounting: keeping financial records, recording income and expenditure, valuing aets and liabilities, and so on 57.Managerial accounting: preparing budgets and other financial reports neceary for management 58.Cost accounting: working out the unit costs of products, including materials, labor and all other expenses 59.Tax accounting: calculating an individual‟s or a company‟s liability for tax 60.Auditing: inspection and evaluation of accounts by a second set of accountants 61.„Creative accounting‟: using all available accounting procedures and tricks to disguise the true financial position of a company 62.shareholders or stockholders : A company‟s owners
63.earnings or income : The revenues received by a company during a given period, minus the
cost of sales, operating expenses, and taxes
64.liabilities : All the money that a company will have to pay to someone else in the future, including taxes, debts, and interest and mortgage payments 65.turnover : The amount of busine done by a company over a year 66.aets : Anything owned by a busine(cash investments, buildings, machines, and so on)that can be used to produce goods or pay liabilities 67.depreciation or amortization : The reduction in value of a fixed aet during the years it is in use(charged against profits)68.debtors or accounts receivable : Sums of money owed by customers for goods or services purchased on credit 69.creditors or accounts payable :Sums of money owed to suppliers for purchases made on credit 70.stock or inventory :(The value of)raw materials, work in progre, and finished products stored ready for sale 71.overheads or overhead : The various expenses of operating a busine that cannot be charged to any one product, proce or department 72.Overdraft: an arrangement by which a customer can withdraw more from a bank account than has been deposited in it, up to an agreed limit;interest on the debt is calculated daily.73.Credit card: a card which guarantees payment for goods and services purchased by the cardholder, who pays back the bank or finance company at a later date.74.Cash dispenser or ATM: a computerized machine that allows bank customers to withdraw money, check their balance, and so on 75.Loan: a fixed sum of money on which interest is paid, lent for a fixed period, and usually for a specific purpose 76.Standing order or direct debit: an instruction to a bank to pay fixed sums of money to certain people or organizations at stated times.77.Mortgage: a loan, usually to buy property, which serves as a security for the loan 78.Cash card: a plastic card iued to bank customers for use in cash dispensers 79.Home banking: doing banking transactions by telephone or from one‟s own personal computer 80.Current or checking account: one that generally pays little or no interest, but allows the holder to withdraw his or her cash without any restrictions
81.Deposit or time or notice account: one that pays interest, but usually cannot be used for paying cheques(GB)or checks(US), and on which notice is often required to withdraw money 82.Deposit: to place money in a bank;or money placed in a bank 83.Foreign currencies: the money used in countries other than one‟s own 84.Yield: how much money a loan pays, expreed as a percentage 85.Liquidity: available cash, and how easily other aets can be turned into cash 86.Maturity: the date when a loan becomes repayable 87.Underwrite: to guarantee to buy all the new shares that a company iues, if they cannot be sold to the public 88.Takeover: when a company buys or acquires another 89.Merger: when a company combines with another one 90.Stockbroking: buying and selling stocks or shares for clients 91.Portfolio management: taking care of all a client‟s investments 92.Deregulation: the ending or relaxing of legal restrictions 93.Conglomerate: a group of companies, operating in different fields, that have joined together 94.Blue chip: a company considered to be without risk 95.Solvency: ability to pay liabilities when they become due 96.Collateral: anything that acts as a security or a guarantee for a loan 97.liability: having a responsibility or an obligation to do something, e.g.to pay a debt 98.creditor: a person or organization to whom money is owed(for goods or services rendered, or as repayment of a loan)99.bankrupt: to be insolvent: unable to pay debts.100.aets: everything of value owned by a busine that an be used to produce goods, pay liabilities, and so on 101.to liquidate: to sell all the poeions of a bankrupt busine.102.liabilities: money that a company will have to pay to someone else(bills, taxes, debts, interest ad mortgage payments, etc.)103.to put up capital: to provide money for a company or other project 104.venture capital: money invested in a poibly risky new busine 105.founders: the people who begin a new company
106.premises: the place in which a company does busine: an office, shop, workshop, factory, warehouse, and so on 107.underwrite: to guarantee to buy an entire new share iue, if no one else wants it 108.dividend: a proportion of the annual profits of a limited company, paid to sharehodelrs 109.mutual fund: a company that spreads investors‟ capital over a variety of securities 110.portfolio: an investor‟s selection of securities
111.stockbroker: a person who can advise investors and buy and sell shares for them 112.blue chip: a stock in a large company or corporation that is considered to be a secure investment.113.defensive stock: a stock – in an industry not much affected by cyclical trends – that offers a good return but only a limited chance of a rise or decline in price 114.growth stock: a stock – which usually has a high purchasing price and a low current rate of return – that is expected to appreciate in capital value 115.market-maker: a wholesaler in stocks and shares who deals with brokers.116.institutional investors: financial organizations such as pension funds and insurance companies which own most of the shares of all leading companies(over 60%, and rising)117.insider share dealing: the use of information not know to the public to make a profit out of buying or selling shares.118.investors: providers of funds 119.iuing bonds: borrowing money 120.principal: the amount of a loan 121.maturity: date at which the money will be returned 122.pension funds: retirement money 123.buy-and-hold investors: keep their bonds till maturity 124.non-payment: default 125.price appreciation: fall in interest rates 126.price depreciation: rise in interest rates 127.capital gains: profits on the sale of aets 128.futures: contract to buy or sell fixed quantities of a commodity, currency, or financial aet at a future date, at a price fixed at the time of making the contract
129.options: contracts giving the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a security a currency, or a commodity at fixed price during a certain period of time 130.commodities: raw materials or primary products(metals, cereals, coffee, etc.)that are trade on special markets 131.derivatives:
132.hedging: making contracts to buy or sell a commodity or financial aet at a pre-arranged price in the future as a protection or „insurance‟ against price changes.133.speculation: buying securities or other aets in the hope of making a capital gain by selling them at a higher price(or selling them in the hope of buying them back at a lower price)134.market share: a company‟s sales expreed as a percentage of the total market 135.promotion: short-term tactics designed to stimulate stronger sales of a product 136.monopoly: the situation in which there is only one seller of a product 137.competitors: companies offering similar goods or services to the same set of customers 138.slogan: a short and easily memorized phrase used in advertising 139.market segmentation: the division of a market into submarkets according to the needs or buying habits o different groups of potential customers 140.niche: a small and specific market segment 141.differential advantage: a factor which makes you superior to competitors in a certain respect 142.turnover: a busine‟s total sales revenue
receion: a period during which an economy is working below its potential 143.to innovate(innovation): designing new products and bringing them to the market 144.to diversify(diversification): to expand into new fields 145.to merge(a merger): to unite, combine, amalgamate, intergrate or join together 146.a raid: buying another company‟s shares on the stock exchange, hoping to persuade
147.a takeover bid: a public offer to a company‟s shareholders to buy their shares, at a particular price during a particular period, so as to acquire a company 148.horizontal integration: to merge with or take over other firms producing the same type of goods or services 149.vertical integration: joining with firms in other stages of the production or sale of a product 150.backward integration: a merger with or the acquisition of one‟s suppliers
151.forward integration: a merger with or the acquisition of one‟s marketing outlets 152.synergy: combined production that is greater than the sum of the separate parts 153.job insecurity: the fear that you might lose your job 154.tenure: the period of holding a job 155.employability: the extent to which a person has skills that employers want 156.downsizing: decreasing the number of permanent employees 157.agency employment: temporary jobs in companies, arranged by employment agencies 158.core: the central part of something(e.g.a company‟s workforce)159.rhetoric: language used to persuade people to believe something 160.received wisdom: generally held beliefs(that are probably false)161.depreciation: reducing the value of a fixed aet, by charging it against profits 162.disincentive: something which discourages an action 163.regreive: an adjective describing a tax that is proportionally higher for people with le money 164.consumption: spending money to buy things, rather than saving it 165.self-employed: working for yourself, being your own bo 166.national insurance: a tax on incomes that pays for sickne benefit, unemployment benefit, and old-age pensions 167.perks: non-financial benefits or advantages of a job 168.tax shelters: a way to delay the payment of tax to a later time 169.tax-deductible: an adjective describing expenditures that can be taken away from taxable income or profits 170.tax havens : a country offering very low tax rates to foreign businees 171.to “peg” a currency against something means to: fix its value in relation to it
172.market forces: the determination of price by supply and demand(the quantity available and the quantity bought and sold)173..hedging: trying to insure against unfavourable price movements by way of futures contracts 174.supply: the willingne and ability to offer goods or services for sale 175.demand: the willingne and ability of consumers to purchase goods and services 176.market forces: supply and demand
177.equilibrium: a state of balance, for example when supply meets demand 178.fiscal policy: government measures concerning taxation, public expenditure, and so on 179.monetary policy: government or central bank measures concerning the rate of growth of the money supply(the amount of money in circulation)
180.visible trade(GB)or merchandise trade(US): trade in goods 181.invisible imports and exports : trade in services(banking, insurance, tourism, and so on)182.barter or counter-trade: direct exchanges of goods, without the use of money
183.balance of trade: the difference between what a country receives and pays for its exports and imports of goods 184.balance of payments: the difference between a country‟s total earnings from exports and its total expenditure on imports 185.autarky: the(impoible)situation in which a country is completely self-sufficient and has no foreign trade 186.surplus: a positive balance of trade or payments 187.deficit: a negative balance of trade or payments
188.dumping: selling goods abroad at(or below)cost price 189.protectionism: imposing trade barriers in order to restrict imports 190.tariffs: taxes charged on imports 191.quotas: quantitative limits on the import of particular products or commodities 192.threshold: beginning 193.likelihood: probability 194.jurisdiction: geographical area with a particular legal system 195.keep track of : follow and control the development of 196.civil unrest: demonstrations against the government, riots, etc 197.rogue traders: criminals who do nor supply goods customers have paid for 198.Market opportunity: the poibility of providing a new product or service to satisfy particular needs.199.High net worth individuals: people with a lot of money at their disposal.200.Risk averse: Adj.describing investors who do not want to take risks with their money.201.Listed: adj.Describing companies whose shares are traded on the stock exchange.202.Fee: money paid to profeional people for a job of work done.203.Equity: another word for stocks or shares: a company‟s own capital.204.Running costs: the day-to-day expenses of operating a busine.205.Market penetration: the attempt to increase or maximize sales, and get a large number of customers.206.Non-executive directors: directors who do not work full time for a company, but advise it about strategic iues.207.economic agents: individual consumers, households, companies, organizations, etc 208.foresight: seeing what will happen in the future 209.to maximize utility: to do what you prefer to do, at the lowest poible cost 210.expectations: what people think or anticipate will happen in the future 211.entrepreneur: a person who starts a busine 212.alertne: being quick to see, understand or act in new situations 213.ignorance: not knowing about something 214.awarene: knowing or being conscious of something
