安徽大学 研究生读写译教程课文总结翻译答案上册(全)_研究生读写译教程

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Unit One

Text A How to Read A Book

Introductory Remarks ―Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.‖ Francis Bacon warned readers several hundred years ago.However, what are the criteria for those books to be ―chewed and digested?‖ How to tell good literature from bad literature? On these iues, people don‘t seem to have reached an agreement.In the article, Nobel laureate Joseph Brodsky first states that people‘s life is generally much shorter than books, and that it is important for people to select good books to read.Yet, the author further argues that selecting good books from the ocean of literary works is no easy job;even book reviewers can‘t help much.In the end, the author suggests that reading poetry is the way to develop good taste in literature, because it is the supreme form of human locution, the most concise way of conveying the human experience, and offers the highest poible standards for any linguistic operation.Text-related Information

1.The Last Judgment The last judgment(sometime referred to as universal judgment)is a firmly held belief of Roman Catholicism.Immediately upon death each soul undergoes a particular judgment, and, depending upon the state of that person's soul, goes to heaven, purgatory, or hell.The last judgment will occur after the resurrection of the dead and the reuniting of a person's soul with his or her own physical body.At the time of the last judgment Christ will come in his glory, and all the angels with him, and in his presence the truth of each man's relationship with God will be laid bare, and each person who has ever lived will be judged with perfect justice.Those already in heaven will remain in heaven;those already in hell will remain in hell;and those in purgatory will be released into heaven.The Roman Catholic Church holds no doctrinal position on the fate of those in Limbo.Following the last judgment, the bli of heaven and the pains of hell will be perfected in that those present will also be capable of physical bli/pain.After the last judgment the universe itself will be renewed with a new heaven and a new earth.2.The rhetoric “anticlimax”

In rhetoric, climax is a figure of speech, in which words, phrases, or clauses are arranged in order of increasing importance.Climax comes from the Greek word for “ladder”.Examples:

There are three things that will endure: faith, hope, and love.But the greatest of these is love.“I think we've reached a point of great decision, not just for our nation, not only for all humanity, but for life upon the earth.” George Wald A Generation in Search of a Future, March 4, 1969.“...Lost, vaded, broken, dead within an hour.William Shakespeare, The Paionate Pilgrim, XIII.”...the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happine.“ Martin Luther King, I Have a Dream.Similarly an anticlimax is an abrupt declension(either deliberate or unintended)on the part of a speaker or writer from the dignity of the idea which he appeared to be aiming at;as in the following well-known distich:---

”The great Dalhousie, he, the god of war, Lieutenant-colonel to the earl of Mar.“

An anticlimax can be intentionally employed only for a jocular or satiric purpose.It frequently partakes of the nature of antithesis, as in，”Die and endow a college or a cat.“

3.Belles lettres

Belles letters(from the French for literature, literally ”fine letters“)refers to literature that is appreciated for the beauty, artistry, and originality of its style and tone rather than for its ideas and informational content.Earlier the term was synonymous with literature, referring particularly to fiction, poetry, drama, criticism, and eays.However, belletristic literature has come to mean light, artificial writing and eays extolling the beauties of literature.Language Points

1.On the whole, books are le limited than ourselves.Often they sit on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust---and it is precisely the appetite for this posthumous dimension that sets one‟s pen in motion.On the whole, books have longer lives than the writers who write them.Long after the writer has died, his or her books may remain on bookshelves absorbing dust.It is due to the desire to be remembered after death that motivates the author to write continuously.2.So as we to and turn these rectangular objects in our hands we won‟t be terribly ami if we surmise that we fondle, as it were, the urns with our returning ashes.Therefore, when we take a book in our hands, it is not totally wrong for us to think that we are, actually, handling the urn containing our own ashes.ami adj.: not functioning properly;e.g.A few words of introduction may not come ami.Is there anything ami?

surmise v: infer from incomplete evidence;

e.g.We surmised that he must have had an accident.There‘s so little to go on, we can only surmise what happened.n.: a meage expreing an opinion based on incomplete evidence e.g.His surmise proved correct.Your first surmise was right.3.Whoever said that to philosophize is an exercise in dying was right in more ways than one, for by writing a book nobody gets younger.Some people say that to think philosophically is to experience the proce of death.That is right in many aspects, as in the proce of writing a book, the author only gets older and older.philosophize v.: conduct philosophical thinking;reason philosophically e.g., They spend their time philosophizing about the mysteries of life.a tendency to philosophize about racial harmony

4.The paradox, however, lies in the fact that in literature “good” is defined by its distinction from “bad”.But, what seems contradictory is that in literature good works are identified by its distinction from bad works, i.e., a piece of work is good because it is not bad.5.That‟s what may constitute bad literature‟s best defense at the Last Judgment.That may be the reason why there exist so many pieces of bad literature.6.Of course, there is no denying the pleasure of holding up with a fat, slow-moving, mediocre novel;but in the end, we read not for reading‟s sake but to learn.Of course, there is pleasure of some kind in reading a thick, lengthy and ordinary novel;but in the end, we do not read just for the sake of reading but read for learning something.there is no denying: it cannot be denied;one cannot deny the fact that e.g.There is no denying the enjoyment of a vacation after long period of hard work..There is no denying the fact that he is a faithful husband.7.Hence the need for the works that bring the human predicament into its sharpest poible focus.Hence, too, the need for some compa in the ocean of available printed matter.Therefore, we need to read works that reflect the puzzle of human beings.We also need some guidance in search of good works among all the books ever printed.bring … into focus: make something sharply visible;make something clear and understandable e.g.I adjusted the binoculars until I brought the bird sharply into focus.Please try to bring your major point into focus earlier in the eay.8.…he can have strong predilections for a certain kind of writing or simply be on the take with the publishing industry …he may have his own preference for a certain kind of writing or he may gain some profit from the publishing houses(by recommending books published by those publishing houses).on the take: taking or seeking to take bribes or illegal income;e.g.There were policemen on the take.The mayor is reported to have been on the take with the real estate enterprise.9.The alternative, therefore, would be to develop your own taste, to build your own compa, to familiarize yourself, as it were, with particular stars and constellations---dim or bright but always remote.Therefore, what you can do is develop your own judgment, establish your own criteria for guidance, familiarize yourself with particular authors or writers who may serve as guiders.These artists may be well or little known, but regardle they are always set apart.10.This, however, takes a hell of a lot of time and you may easily find yourself old and grey, heading for the exit with a lousy volume under your arm.However, this will take you a lot of time, so much so that when you are old and coming to the end of your life, you still cannot find the guidance for selecting good books and end up reading the ordinary ones.heading for the exit: coming to the end of one‘s life

lousy adj.: very bad;mean;contemptible;e.g.The food was lousy and there was not enough of it.He wrote only lousy poems.11.The source of the suggestion to come belongs to the category of people for whom literature has always been a matter of some hundred names;to the people who feel awkward at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find metaphysical excuses for adultery, and are finicky about discuing politics;the people who dislike themselves far more than their detractors do;who still prefer alcohol and tobacco to heroin or marijuana.The source of the following suggestion belongs to those people for whom literature has always been just a list of some hundred authors;to those people who feel ill at ease at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find philosophical excuses for adultery, and are fuy about discuing politics;to those people who dislike themselves even more than those who belittle them do;to those people who still prefer alcohol and tobacco to drugs.12.“one will not find on the barricades and who never shoot themselves or their lover”.―those who won‘t be found to participate in street demonstrations and who never kill themselves or their lovers‖.13.If such people occasionally find themselves swimming in their blood on the floor of prison cells or speaking from a platform, it is because they object not to some particular injustice but the order of the whole world as a whole.If those people are found to be killed in a prison or are making a public speech on a platform, that‘s not because they object to any specific injustice but because they are against the general order of the whole world.14.They have no illusions about the objectivity of their views;on the contrary, they insist on their unpardonable subjectivity.They are very clear that their views are not objective, and they stick to their subjective views even though it is inexcusable to do so.15.… they consider vulnerability the primary trait of living matter.… they think that susceptibility to injury or attack is the attribute of all living things.16.This has le to do with masochistic tendencies than with their instinctive knowledge that extreme subjectivity, prejudice, and indeed idiosyncrasy are what help art to avoid cliché.This is not because they have the tendency to derive pleasure from being abused, but because they instinctively believe that extreme subjectivity, prejudice and idiosyncrasy are the best ways for art to avoid being ordinary.17.I am no union man.I do not belong to any literary aociation.18.The point is that being the supreme form of human locution, poetry is not only the most concise way of conveying the human experience;it also offers the highest poible standards for any linguistic operation---especially one on paper.The point is that, as the most advanced form of human language, poetry is not only the most concise way of expreing the human experience, but it also sets up the highest standards for all other language forms, especially for the written language.19.A child of epitaph and epigram, poetry is a great disciplinarian to prose.Derived from epitaph and epigram, poetry sets the standards for prose.20.It teaches the latter not only the value of each word but also the mercurial mental patterns of the species, alternatives to linear composition, the knack of omitting the self-evident, emphasis on detail, the technique of anticlimax.It teaches prose not only the value of each word but also thinking patterns outside the linear composition, techniques of omitting self-evident parts, of emphasizing the details, and of the use of anticlimax.mercurial adj.: changeable;varying e.g.a mercurial nature

She has a mercurial turn of conversation.In Roman mythology, Mercury was a meenger, and a god of trade, profit and commerce.Mercury has influenced the name of a number of things in a variety of scientific fields, such as the planet Mercury, and the element mercury.The word mercurial is commonly used to refer to something or someone erratic, volatile or unstable, derived from Mercury's swift flights from place to place.knack n.: a special skill, talent, or ability;e.g.a knack for making clothes

He‘s got the knack of getting people to listen.anticlimax n: a disappointing decline after a previous rise e.g.It was sad that his international career should end so anticlimactically.21.Above all, poetry develops in prose that appetite for metaphysics which distinguishes a work of art from mere belles letters.Most important of all, poetry directs prose toward the metaphysical forms, and it is in this pursuit that good literature becomes distinguished from bad literature.22.All I am trying to do is to be practical and spare your eyesight and brain cells a lot of usele printed matter.All I am trying to do is to be of some practical use to you and help you avoid those usele books.spare v.: refrain from harming;save or relieve from an experience or action e.g.I can't spare him today we need everybody here.The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was as enjoyable as poible.It was a horrible accident---I'll spare you the details.23.All you have to do is to arm yourselves with the works of poets in your mother tongue, preferably from the first half of this century, and you will be in great shape.All you have to do is to read the works of poets in your mother tongue, especially the poets from the first half of this century, and you will gain the most from reading.be in shape: be in good health;strong and healthy;fit.e.g.Bob exercises frequently, so he's in good condition.If I were in shape, I could run faster and farther.I'm really overweight.I have to try to get into shape.24.If, after going through the works of any of these, you drop a book of prose picked from the shelf, it won‟t be your fault.After you have read the works of any of these poets, if you cannot keep on reading a book of prose taken randomly from the bookshelf, it won‘t be your fault.(Here, the author implies that

the prose does not measure up to the standards of the works of those poets.)

25.If you continue to read it, that will be to the author‟s credit: that will mean that this author has something to add to the truth about our existence.If you can go on with the reading, the author, then, is worth reading, and it also means that this author has provided us with some truth about our lives.to sb.‟s credit: worthy of praise;in one‘s name

e.g.It is greatly to your credit that you gave back the money you found;your honesty does you credit.It is to my credit to help those in want.Key to Exercises I.Comprehension 1.Often books sit on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust./ Books remain on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has died.2.Because, according to the author, good literature is defined by its distinction from bad literature.That is to say, good literature is good because it is not bad, and bad literature is bad because it is not good.This is rather paradoxical.3.Since we are all moribund, and since reading books is time-consuming, we need a compa in the ocean of books.If we do not have such a compa, it is difficult for us to find the right books to read.4.a.he can be a hack, as ignorant as ourselves;

b.he can have strong preference for a certain kind of writing or simply take bribery from the publishing house;

c.he might turn his review writing into an independent art form.5.If he had been a publisher, he would be putting on the books‘ covers not only their authors‘ names but also the exact age at which they composed this or that work.By so doing, he would enable readers to decide whether they care to consider the views of a book written by a person so much younger or so much older than themselves.6.This group of people are special because literature has always been a matter of some hundred names to them, because they feel awkward at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find metaphysical excuses for adultery, and are finicky about discuing politics;because they dislike themselves far more than their detractors do;because they still prefer alcohol and tobacco to drugs.These people won‘t participate in demonstrations, and they won‘t shoot themselves or their lovers.7.These people are unpardonably subjective in their views.8.The author suggests that the best way to develop good taste in literature is to read poetry.In the authors point of view, poetry is a great disciplinarian to prose and teaches the latter not only the value of each word but also the mercurial mental patterns of the species, alternatives to linear composition, the knack of omitting the self-evident, emphasis on detail, and the technique of anticlimax.9.If you believe in what the author says, all you have to do is to read the works of poets in your mother tongue, preferably from the first half of this century.10.It means that the book, which has added something to the truth about our existence, is worth reading.It would also mean, at the same time, that you have developed an incurable addiction to reading which is good for your life.II.Vocabulary 1.dimension 2.idiosyncratic 3.reckon 4.stance 5.lousy 6.paradox 7.debunk 8.disciplinary 9.semblance 10.vulnerable

III.Phrases 1.on the take 2.headed for 3.to his credit 4.putting…on;putting on 5.might as well 6.armed with 7.in more ways than one 8.act in IV.Error detection and correction 1.the greatest problems 2.in which 改成 which 3.credited 改成 credited with 4.Greatly high 改成 High 5.stood改成 standing 6.any other student 7.as much 改成as many 8.Though remembered 9.considering 改成 to consider 10.that they got 改成did they get

V.Cloze 1.shaped 2.desperate 3.objectivity 4.hierarchies 5.expected 6.chiefly 7.driven 8.unimpeachable 9.evaluate 10.perspective 11.industrial 12.affiliation 13.sponsors 14.support 15.acknowledgement

Text A 的参考译文

论读书

（赵亚莉 译）

总的来说，书本的寿命要比我们自己长。常常是写书的人早已化为了一堆黄土而其著作却依旧立在书架上积聚尘土，但恰恰是死后占有这一席之地的欲望促使人们笔耕不坠。

所以，当我们手中摆弄和翻动这些方块形物体的时候，设想我们手里抚弄的不是具体的书本，而是盛着我们自己回归大地的骨灰的瓮，那也没什么不对。毕竟，写一本书投入进去的，说到底是一个人只有一次的生命。有人说过进行哲学思考就是一步步趋向死亡。不管是谁说的，这种说法从几种意义来说都是有道理的，因为一个人绝不会因为写一本书而变年轻。

同样读一本书也不会使人更年轻。既然如此，我们自然倾向于读好书。然而，困难在于文学中的―好‖是通过区别―坏‖来鉴定的。此外，要写出一本好书，一个作家必须阅读大量平庸读物，否则他是没法找到必要的写作标准的。这可能就会为坏文学作品在最后审判日为自己辩护的最佳理由。

既然我们精力不济，既然读书很耗费时间，我们就必须找出一个能让我们至少表面上省时省力的方法来。当然不可否认长时间读一本厚厚的、情节发展缓慢的平庸小说所带来的乐趣，但我们最终目的毕竟不是为读书而读书，而是为了学到点什么。因此，我们需要一些最大限度地浓缩人生矛盾困境的作品，需要一些在浩如烟海的书籍中类似指南针一样的作品。

当然，这个指南针的职责是由文学评论及评论家们来担当的。不幸的是，指南针的针摆动得太没谱了。对某些人来说它指北，而对另一些人来说却是指南。评论家的问题有三：第一，他可能是个作品低劣的平庸文人，而且就和我们自己一样无知；第二，他可能对某一类作品特别偏爱或者干脆从出版社得到好处；第三，如果他是一个有才华的作家的话，他会将他的评论写成一篇独立于原作的文学作品，在这一点上乔治·路易斯·博尔赫斯就是一个典型例子。结果，你可能会只读他的评论而不去管他评论的那本书了。

无论何种情况，你都会发现自己漂流在海洋中，紧紧抓住一只你不知道它能漂浮多久的木筏。因此，你如另谋他途就只好培养你自己的品味，制造自己的指南针，亲自去熟悉那些特殊的星星及星座，无论它们是暗淡的还是明亮的，但总是那么遥远的。不过，这样做要耗费大量的时间，以至于你很快就发现自己老了，头发白了，胳肢窝里夹着一本一无是处的书，正在走向人生的终点。

那么这样漂浮究竟在哪儿着陆呢，哪怕仅仅只是一个荒无人烟的小岛也好？我们的那个好人―星期五‖又在哪儿呢？在我提出我的建议之前，我想先就这一解决方法的提出者也就是鄙人说几句，这不是出自我的个人虚荣，而是因为我相信一种意见的价值是与它提出的背景密切相关的。确实，如果我是个出版商的话，我必将在每本书的封面上不仅印上作者名字，还要把他们创作这部或那部作品的确切年龄都印上，让读者自己决定是否愿意考虑这个比他们年轻得多或者老得多的作者作品里的观点。

这个即将提出的建议出自这样一类人，在他们看来，文学只不过是几百个人的名字而已；他们在大型聚会上感到别扭，在晚会上不跳舞，喜欢为通奸找玄学上的借口，谈论政治小题大作吹毛求疵；这类人比诽谤者更不喜欢他们自己；喜爱喝酒抽雪茄胜于吸海洛因或大麻――用ＷＨ奥登的话说，就是那种―你在街垒旁看不到，也绝不会朝自己或情人开枪的人。‖如果这样的人偶尔发现自己满身是血倒在监牢地板上，或是在讲坛上发表演讲的话，这是因为他们反对的不是某种特殊的非正义行为而是反对整个世界秩序。

他们对于自己观点的客观性不抱任何幻想；相反，他们坚持认为自己有不可宽恕的主观性。然而，他们这么做并非是为了掩护自己免受可能的攻击。他们采取与达尔文相反的态度，认为脆弱是一切生物的主要特征。这与其说是对自己不利处境感到满足，不如说他们本能地认识到极端的主观性、偏见，而且还有个人古怪行为可以帮助艺术避免成为陈腐的东西。而对陈腐的抵制恰好是使艺术有别于生活的地方。

现在你们知道了我要说的话的背景，我还是直说了好：培养良好文学情趣的方法就是读诗。如果你认为我这么说是因为我自己干的这一行而有偏爱，你就错了。因为我不属于任何一个行业组织。我想说的是，诗是人类语言的最高形式，不仅用最简洁的方式表述人类经验，而且还为任何语言活动尤其是书面语言提供最高的标准。

一个人诗读得越多，就越不能容忍任何形式得赘述和罗嗦。诗是从墓志铭及格言警句脱胎而出的，它对散文起很大的规范作用。它不仅教会后者每个词的价值而且教给它此种文体各种变换的思维模式，线性写作之外的多种选择，省略不言自明的东西的诀窍，强调细节以及运用突降法的技巧。最重要的是，诗在散文中培养起那种对形而上学的追求――那种把一部艺术作品与只具文学形式的作品区别开来的追求。

请不要误解我：我并不是要贬低散文。真实情况是文学开始于诗歌，游牧民族的歌要早于定居者写下来的东西。我要做的就是务实，避免使你的视力及脑细胞浪费在毫无用处的文字材料上。可以说，诗歌就是为这个目的而发明出来的。

你须做的是：读用你母语写的诗，以此来武装自己，最好是从本世纪前半叶的诗读起，那么你的状况会非常好。

如果你的母语是英语，我可以推荐你读下列诗人的作品：罗伯特弗罗斯特，托马斯哈代，叶芝，艾略特，奥登，玛丽安莫尔以及伊丽莎白毕晓普。

如果在读完了上面提到的任何一个诗人的作品后，你把从书架上拿的一本散文书弃之一旁，这不能怪你，要是你能继续往下读这本散文，这个作者就值得称赞；它意味着这个作者为我们生活的真理增添了某种有价值的东西。如果不是这样，那可能意味着阅读让你上了瘾，欲罢不能无法可想，单就这种隐而言，它并不是最坏的。

Text B Critical Reading toward Critical Writing

Key to Exercise 1.In order to write your own analysis of the subject, you will need to do careful critical reading of sources and to use them critically to make your own argument.2.Critical reading is one in which you make judgments about how a text is argued.It is a highly reflective skill requiring you to ―stand back‖ and gain some distance from the text you are reading.3.You need to avoid extracting and compiling lists of evidence, lists of facts and examples.4.The five techniques the author mentions are: a.First determine the central claims of purpose of the text(its thesis);b.Begin to make some judgments about context;c.Distinguish the kinds of reasoning the text employs;d.Examine the evidence(the supporting facts, examples, etc.)the text employs;e.Critical reading may involve evaluation.5.When you highlight argument, you need to pay attention to those areas in a text where an author explains her analytical moves, the concepts she uses, how she uses them, how she arrives at conclusions.6.It means that you should not substitute the quotation for your own articulation of a point.参考译文

批评性阅读与批评性写作 德保拉-诺特

多伦多大学

（李峤

译）

批评性写作必须以批评性阅读为基础。我们写的大多数文章都涉及对已有文章的研究与反思，因为这些文章对你的研究课题已经做出种种思考与探索。要对自己的研究课题进行深入的分析，必须对已有材料进行批评性研读与甄别，并在此基础上提出严谨的论点。你对已读材料的评判与解读是迈向明确阐述自己研究方法的第一步。

批评性阅读究竟是指什么呢？它是指对一篇文章的立论做出评价和判断。这是一个需要思考的高难度的技能。你必须―退一步‖，从远距离看这篇文章。（也许在深入细致地批评性研读之前你得浏览全文。）

关键是：不要只为或主要为获取信息而阅读。阅读时留心寻找研究本课题的思考方式。阅读或做重点标识以及做笔记时，避免对文中的例证事实做摘录或编排。阅读时不要问：―我能从文章中获取什么样的信息？‖而要问：―本文的论述如何？它又是如何展开论述的？其中的证据（事实，例子等）是如何安排和解释的？最终的结论又是如何得出的？‖ 怎样在阅读中寻找研究的思考方式呢？ 1．首先要找准文章的主旨（即主题）。批评性阅读就是要辩析并评论文中的主要论点是如何一步步被推导论证的。

2．对文章的写作背景做出评判。如文章的目标读者是谁？它在与谁进行对话式讨论？（比如对方很可能是持相反观点的学者或作者。）文章是什么样的历史背景下完成的？所有这些背景因素都会对评判全文有很大帮助。

3．对文章运用的推理方式进行判别。文章给哪些概念下了定义，又使用了哪些概念？本文是否支持一种或几种理论？是否展示了某种特定的方法论？如果本文显示了对某一特定概念，理论或方法的偏爱，那么这种概念，理论或方法又是如何被用来归纳解释数据的呢？你也可以考察一下文章的布局结构。作者如何分析（或驳斥）这些材料的？注意不同学科（如历史学，社会学，哲学，生物学）会运用不同的论证方法。

4．对文中运用的证据（如支持论点的事实，例子等）进行检验。支持性的论据对论点是至关重要的。经过前三个步骤，你现在的任务就是要抓住这些论据是如何被运用来推动支持论点以及其它主要观点理念的。前三个步骤是让你在上下文大背景下看这些论据。接下来请仔细考虑本文运用了哪些类型的论据。在此论点中本论据的重要性是什么？该论据是数据性的，文学性的，还是历史性的？诸如此类的问题。还有论据源于何处？这些出处是原始一手的还是间接二手的？

5．批评性阅读涉及评价与判断。如果你在阅读一篇文章时对其立论做出阐释或一系列评判，你的阅读就是批评性的阅读。然而有的文章可能需要你对论点的优缺点分别做出评价。如果文章立论有力，是什么原因？如果以其它方法来论证，是否效果更好？文中立论是否有遗漏或不一致之处？分析方法是否值得推敲？文中列出的论据还有其它解释么？这些论据能确保必然得出这些结论吗？其对立的论点又可能是什么呢？ 一些实用性建议：

1．批评性阅读常发生在阅读的预备阶段。开始阅读时要快速略读全文。尤其是引言和结论部分，以便找准需要细读的重要部分。

2．在标出文中内容或摘录笔记时，要学会突出文章的论点：诸如作者在何处解释阐明她的分析步骤，她所运用的概念，以及如何运用这些概念。最后她又是如何得出结论的？不管文中的事实多么有趣，千万不要过分突出或孤立看待它们。首先要找到那些赋予实例目的，使命和意义的大框架。而每段的开头句很可能对此有所帮助。

3．在你开始考虑如何把文中部分论点用在自己的论文中时，要充分了解此部分在原文论点中是如何与其上下文和谐统一的。充分注意上下文是至关重要的判断的步骤。

4．如果你的引用直接摘自原文，要谨慎运用此引言。也就是说你不能直接把引用部分当自己的话说出来。相反，在介绍引言时要说明你对它的评价以及选用它的原因。引言之后常付有进一步的分析说明。

5．批评性阅读技巧也是批评性地听取的技巧。在课堂上不仅要听取具体信息，也要注意其思考方式。老师往往对与某一学科相宜的思考方式予以详细的讲解和例示。

Key to translation exercises:

1.为什么有些人强词夺理，专横跋扈，而另一些人却羞羞答答，优柔寡断？……为什么有些人贪婪自私，玩世不恭，而另一些人却平易近人？

2.从发展中国家的观点来看，下一个十年应有一个大力加速科学技术合作的纲领，旨在广泛传播技术以满足人们诸如营养、住宅、交通、卫生保健之类的基本需要。

3.尽管律师的见解和反应可能会提升新闻报道的质量，但记者最好凭借自己对该新闻意义的理解做出自己的判断。

4.达尔文在自传中谦虚地指出，他经常很难清晰而简洁地表达自己的思想，但他认为可能正因为有了这个困难，他才不得不对自己要说的每一句话进行长时间的认真思考，从而发现自己在推理和观察中的错误，结果这反而成了他的优点。

5.Presently, an educational reform is under way that centers on curriculums and teaching materials.As our main goal, we will try to reform the educational system so that it focuses on the enhancement of the students‘ abilities instead of training them merely to pa exams.We used to have only one set of textbooks in line with a single syllabus for each course.With the reform deepening, we are beginning to have more than one series of textbooks under the same syllabus or, in some cases, even more than one syllabus for the same course.In order to enhance students‘ abilities and strengthen educational administration for the variety of syllabuses and teaching materials available, it is neceary for us to formulate teaching targets suited to China‘s situation and particular subjects.Formulation of such targets is a difficult scientific project that must be organized and coordinated by the appropriate state education authorities.Unit Two Text A Receion-proofing your career

By Barbara Moses

I.Introduction 1.Warm-up activities:

a.Are you employable? Why? b.Discu the positives and negatives of earning a doctorate degree for your career‟s development.(Reference)A questionnaire about your potential employability: 1.How does the subject you choose to study relate to your interests, attibutes and abilities? 2.If you are working while you are studying, what skills and knowledge does this give you an opportunity to develop? 3.What extra-curricular activities are you participating in? How do these reflect your interests and abilities? 4.What are your achievements in life so far? What does they say about your strengths and weaknees? 5.If you are living independently, how has this challenged you? What have you learned from the experience? 6.Describe your personality.Analyze what strengths it provides and what challenges it creates? 7.What five things do you want to achieve from your university career? 8.What are your life/career goals at this stage and explain how they are linked with what you know about yourself? 9.How should I present myself in an interview? What evidence should I give to back up my claims?

2.Introductory remarks

In the text, Dr.Barbara Moses describes a new career development paradigm for today‘s employees, that is, guaranteed jobs have already become history and it‘s high time to engage in a lifelong, self-monitored proce which can help to promote and prepare oneself for a change, esp.during periods of receion.She then suggests some skills which are indispensable when responding to new work trends.She recommends discovering both your overt and covert talents, making sure a wide range of positions are available to you, and never committing to any ―hot job‖ which exceeds either your interest or talent.Moreover, being skilled or qualified is not the only criteria.You must be able to ―market‖ yourself, to convince the employer that you are the most suitable candidate for the job, for which purpose you have to establish a social network that can help you make your career decisions ―both inside and outside of your profeions.‖ Always follow work trends.Finally, psychological elements are also important, so never let yourself down and find a balance between the ambitious Type A and more relaxed Type B.In a word, don't be under the misconception that your job is always secure and if you work hard you‘ll surely get a good job.You must be fully responsible for the future prospects of your chosen career.II.Additional Information for the Teachers‟ Reference

1.Dr.Barbara Moses:

Fast Company magazine called her a ―career guru.‖ Dr.Barbara Moses, president of BBM Human Resource Consultants, is an internationally best-selling author, a popular columnist, and a sought-after speaker.Through her career management tools, workshops, and speeches Barbara has counseled people in over 2000 organizations from all walks of life and of all ages throughout her career.She understands what people require for happine and engagement, as well as the challenges they sometimes struggle with.Barbara is consistently praised for her practical insights into modern work and personal realities, her stimulating and compelling delivery, and her tell-it-like-it-is style.Barbara holds degrees in psychology from McGill University, The London School of Economics and the University of Toronto.2.Basics of career management

Career management is defined by Ball, B.in Career management competences – the individual perspective(1997)as:1.making career choices and decisions;2.managing the organizational career – concerns the career management tasks of individuals within the workplace;3.managing 'boundaryle' careers;4.taking control of one's personal development.Careers were traditionally viewed as upward, linear progreions between one or two firms or as stable employment within a profeion.Now someone‘s career is more likely to be driven by the individual(not by the organization)and reinvented from time to time, as both the person and the environment changes.Yesterday, employees exchanged loyalty for job security, but today they exchange their labor for the training and learning and development that will allow them to be marketable.Some companies are well aware of the change and accordingly adjust their policies towards their employees.For example, in traditional HR training and development, companies only tended to provide opportunities for learning skills, information and attitudes related to a specific job, but now they also provide career path information, individual growth orientation and so on.3.busine cycle: A predictable long-term pattern of alternating periods of economic growth(recovery)and decline(receion), characterized by changing employment, industrial productivity, and interest rates.It is also called economic cycle.It consists of four stages:

Stage One – Start-up/Creation: is the nascent phase of the busine during which busine plans and strategies are finally executed and the busine organization comes into existence.Stage Two – Growth: In Stage two, or the growth phase, of the busine cycle the busine establishes its niche in the market.The growth phase is thus marked by increased sales, rise in profit margins and an establishment of the brand name in the market.Stage Three – Maturity: The brand identity and brand image of the busine are well established at this stage.This is the stage where the profit margins are fairly stable.Stage Four – Receion/Decline: Every busine at some point in time, undergoes a period where it experiences a decline in its‘ sales and an overall unfavorable atmosphere in the market, termed a receion.This is the phase where the company struggles to maintain its existence in the market and tries its best to equip itself for a quick recovery.4.Type A and Type B personality:

Type A individuals can be described as impatient, exceively time-conscious, insecure about their status, highly competitive, hostile and aggreive, and incapable of relaxation.They are often high achieving workaholics who multi-task, drive themselves with deadlines, and are unhappy about the smallest of delays.Because of these characteristics, Type A individuals are often described as ”stre junkies.“ Type B individuals, in contrast, are described as patient, relaxed, and easy-going.There is also a Type AB mixed profile for people who cannot be clearly categorized.III.Language Points 1.Is your career receion-proof? Is your career planned well enough so that you are insured against receion?

-proof(-proofs-proofing-proofed): that can resist sth.or protect against sth.specified

a.combines with nouns and verbs to form adjectives

e.g.In a large microwave-proof dish, melt butter for 20 seconds.b.combines with nouns to form verbs e.g.inflation-proofed pensions.c.See also bullet-proof, childproof, fireproof, fireproof, ovenproof, soundproof, waterproof.2.A future downturn in the busine cycle will only accelerate the pace of change---and make careful career management more crucial.Years of prosperity will yield a future economic downturn, which will speed up changes, so it‘s high time to carefully plan our careers now.3.In this fast-shifting world, there can be no guarantee attached to any particular job The world is changing so fast that no jobs are secure.attach

v.a.join or fasten to something e.g.For further information, please contact us on the attached form.b.join and stay with sb, sometimes without being invited to do so e.g.I attached myself to a group of tourists entering the museum.c.connect sth with sth;attribute sth to sth e.g.The authorities attached much significance to his visit.There will be considerable prestige attached to his new position.d.bind by personal ties(as of affection or sympathy)

e.g.We've grown very attached to this house and would hate to move.4.To survive this scenario you must be able to evaluate the currency of your skills---not just by the standards set by your current employer, but by wider industry and profeional standards.In case you lose your job in the future, you must be able to estimate how widely your current skills can be applied---not just to your current job, but to jobs in other, or wider, industries and profeional fields.5.Begin to actively pursue learning and development opportunities, including ones that will stretch you.---Begin to actively pursue learning and development opportunities, including ones that will make you work hard and use all your energy and skills.6.Don‟t let yourself be held back by a lack of skill portability, or fear of change.Don‘t shrink because your current skills cannot be transferred and applied to other jobs, or by fear of change.hold back

a.hesitate before you do something because you are not sure whether it is the right thing to do.e.g.Melancholy and mistrust of men hold her back.b.prevent someone from doing something, or to prevent something from progreing e.g.Stagnation in home sales is holding back economic recovery c.not disclose information or make it public e.g.The government held back the findings of the report for fear of alienating voters d.keep sth.in reserve to use later.18 e.g.Farmers apparently hold back produce in the hope that prices will rise..e.not show emotions

e.g.I felt my lower lip quiver from the effort of trying to hold back the tears I felt threatening the inside corner of my right eye.7.I often meet people who have been good performers in their own organization but who have discovered that they are stuck.---I often meet people who have been performing well in their own organization but who have discovered that they are unable to change the present job or get away from it.8.Because they have become so closely identified with a particular company or industry, their skills are not perceived as being readily transferable to other settings.Because they have been so closely aociated with a particular company and industry, they tend to think that their current skills cannot be easily transferred to other work environments.identify with:

a.regard oneself as sharing the characteristics or fortunes of sb;take sb as a model e.g.I know more that I am, and can identify with, all that is good, true, and beautiful.b.be closely aociated or involved in some way;give support to sb./sth.e.g.The politician refuse to identify himself with the administration 's foreign policy.He tends to identify justice with legality.9.Don‟t put all your eggs in one basket.Don‘t stake everything on a single cast of the dice;Don‘t put everything at risk.10.In other words, redefine the way in which you work, and your relationship to potential purchasers of your skills and knowledge to ensure your employability.---In other words, consider from a new perspective the way you work, and your relationship to the people who may be so interested in your skills and knowledge as to employ you, in which case you will have better chances of being employed in the future.11.They think it means they are without substance, with no enduring value, programmed to self-destruct every few years.They think it means that they are without importance or enduring value and their previous skills will become so unimportant that they will have to start over every few years.12.They fear they will be required to reinvent themselves constantly.---They fear that they will be required to change the way they behave or the things that they are doing from time to time.13.Actually, most people will not be embarking on entirely new careers so much as reconfiguring existing skills and experience in new ways.Actually, most people will not start completely new careers, but rather readjust existing skills and experience in new ways.embark on:(embarks, embarking, embarked)a.start(esp.sth.new or difficult)e.g.He's embarking on a new career as a writer.Never embark on what comes after without having mastered what goes before.b.go on board before the start of a journey.e.g.As millions of air travelers embark on holiday flights this week, some of them will be flying on jetliners fresh off the aembly line.not so much…as: not one thing but rather sth.else

e.g.She's not so much poor as carele with money.The tragedy of life is not so much what men suffer as what they mi.14.Like a child‟s Lego pieces, these are the building blocks that you can continually reaemble, though in slightly new configurations, as you move through your career.---Like a child‘s Lego pieces, your core skills are the building blocks that you can bring together again and again, but as you change your jobs from time to time, the skills may be integrated in slightly different ways.15.Develop a work identity independent of your job, defining yourself by what you do rather than simply by your job title.---Don‘t limit your work identity within your present job, defining yourself by what you do rather than what your job is.16.In the new workplace, people must perform at an exceedingly high level now, while at the same time always marketing for the future---keeping one eye on the next work aignment and positioning themselves for it.In the new workplace, people must perform very well now, while at the same time continually advertising themselves to prepare for future job opportunities---paying attention to the next work aignment and readying themselves for getting the position.keep one eye on: watch carefully e.g.Jack is another of those greedy-guts who keep one eye on the bowl and the other on the pan

17.In today‟s hyperkinetic busine environments, being able to give busy potential clients hard information that they can use may be much more desirable than just “schmoozing” them.---Today‘s busine environments are overly streed, so it is more desirable to offer busy potential clients substantial information that they can use than talk with them over nothing.18.Succeful people reflect, in an honest way, on things that didn‟t go well, but they don‟t beat themselves up for it, endlely revisiting the event.Succeful people reflect honestly on the negative things, but when they recall the event from time to time, they don‘t always blame themselves for it.beat up: a.hit or kick the person many times e.g.The government supporters are beating up anyone they suspect of favouring the demonstrators.b.worry about sth.a lot or blame yourself for sth.(Informal)e.g.Tell them you don't want to do it any more.Don't beat yourself up about it.19.Given the complex economic, cultural and demographic global environment in which we operate, it is critical to stay tuned to larger cultural trends that affect the landscape and context of work.Given the complex economic, cultural and demographic global environment around us, it is neceary to keep up with larger cultural trends that affect the environment and background of work.20.While that certainly happens, I find that some of these individuals are not on top of key trends.While that certainly happens, I find that some of these individuals are not well informed about key trends.Key to Exercises I.Reading Comprehension 1.The busine world today is a Tempworld where everything shifts rapidly and we are all temporary workers.2.Being an career activist means stepping back from the frenzy of daily busine to reflect on what you are doing, why you are doing it, and whether it meets your short-and long-term needs.It means taking the long view of your career.3.―Employability‖ is a measure of your attractivene, as a worker, to potential employers;―skill portability‖ refers to the transferability of a worker's skills when the worker changes jobs

4.Developing a work identity means being independent of your job, defining yourself by what you do rather than simply by your job title.5.No.Don‘t enter a field just because you think that‘s where the hot jobs are, because it may not end up matching well with particular skills and abilities.6.To establish knowledge networks is to cultivate long-term relationships with people who know how to get things done.7.Type A is the achievement-oriented behavior style;Type B is able to feel good about oneself both when one is producing or not.Type A can sustain the preures of intense productivity preures better than Type B, but thinking a Type B can help one face setbacks.8.Being in tune with pop culture can help you establish personal relationships and manage your career more effectively.II.vocabulary 1.conventional 2.intoxicated 3.imperative 4.frenzy 5.scenario 6.temporary

III.Phrases 1.in tune with 2.identified with 3.not so much/ as 4.attach to 5.hold back

IV.Error detection and correction 1.The new tenant in the apartment was obviously both suspicious of and interested in his neighbors.2.The changes that have taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impoible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.3.A break in their employment，or a decision to work part time，will slow their raises and promotions．

4.The distinguished biographer John Forster tried to afford his readers a view into Dickens‘s tormented soul by recounting the novelist‘s marital problems.5.Around 40 percent of the 4,000 people questioned admitted that they had lied about reading certain books just so they could join in conversation.6.Human society has demonstrated a persistent/insistent/consistent need to record and 7.enroll

8.vulnerable 9.rigorous 10.embarked interpret the lives of real people: to celebrate their achievements, and also to explore their personalities 7.Dad never tried to be funny.He made you laugh because he tried so hard not to.8.Life here is not so much different from in the United States as it is slower-paced, lived with more style and more grace.9.Provence cannot be bottled or shipped home.It has to be lived, one day at a time, doing so little and enjoying it so much.10.Some years after marriage, a couple would rather maintain a minimum distance of three feet between themselves than occasionally hold hands as they did in their youth.V.Cloze

1.worshipping 2.friends 3.deferential 4.privilege 5.tolerance 6.narciistic 7.personal 8.feet 9.on 10.demand

11.implications

12.than 13.closer 14.communicate 15.debt

参考译文：

如何使你的职业免受经济衰退的冲击

你的职业经受得住经济衰退的冲击吗？

事实上，我谈论的并不是你目前职业的稳定性，因为现在没有牢靠的职业。即使在经济繁荣的时候，企业为了提高效率和竞争力也经常重组和裁员。而经济循环的衰退前景只会加快变化的速度---因此，必须更加谨慎地规划自己的职业业。

如今，不管我们在职场从事的是什么工作，我们都只是临时工。不管我们是传统的专职工、还是零散工、合同工、或自由职业者，我们都生活和工作在一个―临时世界‖ 之内。在这个世界里，一切都转变的很快，没有永久不变的东西。无论是你的工作地点，你从事的工作还是你的技能以及你的工作伙伴，一切都在变化当中。

在这样飞速变化的世界里，任何工作都没有安全保障。但是你可以学习一些

（方芳 译）

技能来更有效地规划自己的事业，使自己免受变化和经济震荡的影响。也就是说，你需要成为一名职业积极行动者。

这意味着你要从纷繁的日常事务中抽身出来，认真反思你正在从事的工作，你做这件事的原因，以及它是否符合你的和长短期目标。也就是对你的事业作一个长远规划。

面对充满变数的临时世界，你需要对新的职业趋势采取针对性的应对策略，来保卫你的事业免受经济危机的影响。以下几条建议可以帮助职业积极行动者更好地应对未来的经济前景：

1.确保你适应雇佣的标准

如果某一天你失去了主要收入来源，那你能找到替代的收入渠道吗？要做到这一点，你必须估算一下你的技能的通用性（不仅要依据你当前雇主的标准，也要参照更广泛的产业和专业标准。）

首先描述一下你在过去六个月中所学到的某个重要技能，再预测一下未来六个月里你打算学习的技能。积极地学习，追寻发展机遇，包括那些你倾注全力才能得到的机会。你学的越多，你的选择就越多。

要保障自己当前和未来的事业，最重要的是确保自己有多种选择。不要因为缺乏某种技能（我在这家公司已经工作这么长时间了，我不可能会做别的工作），或是因害怕变化而退缩。

我经常遇到有些人在本公司工作的挺不错，但却缺乏应对变化的能力。因为他们已经认同了本公司或行业的经营方式，认为他们的技能很难适用于其它商业环境。要权衡你自己与社会标准和企业内部标准的差距。企业联合会和网络都会对你有所帮助。

2.给自己留一条退路

人力资源部经理卡罗尔·K为一家大型公共事业公司工作。预料到自己的工作会受到管理制度变化的影响，因此目前正在攻读另类纠纷调解方面的文凭。―我知道我的工作很不稳定，‖ 她说，―这么一来，就算情况再糟，我也能挂牌营业，当一名纠纷调解员。‖

别把蛋放在一个篮子里。如果你将自己的发展限制在某一特定领域或部门，那你也限制了自己的机会。当今社会重要的是要拥有多重选择、多重途径、多重角色。比如说，如果你只把自己看成是个员工，而不明白你的技能对于不同部门、不同行业的不同类型的雇佣关系有何作用，那你的职业选择就相当局限了。

给自己留一条退路意味着即使你宁愿当个专职雇员，你也不妨把自己当成个出售技能的合同工、自由职业咨询顾问，或者是个小业主。换句话说，重新定义你工作的方式，以及你与有可能购买你技能和知识的买主的关系，从而确保将来能达到被雇佣的标准。这意味着发展一种新的思维模式。

3.了解你的主要技能

我们都听说过，未来我们会同时从事五到七种职业。当我在工厂提到这个时，很多人觉得震惊。他们认为这意味着他们无足轻重，没有长远价值了，而且每隔几年就注定要自我淘汰一次。他们害怕会被不时要求重塑自我。

确实，与其说大部分人能从事完全不同的工作（建筑师变成农艺师），不如说，他们是以全新的方式重新规划现有的技能和经验（建筑师/园艺爱好者开始设计和建造温室，并投入商业用途）。

了解你的潜在或核心技能。这些技能就像孩子的积木一样，你在职业生涯中可以对之不断重新组合，其构成效果可能稍有不同。确定你的专长和主要技能需要严格的自我评估。问问自己有什么看家本领。

你的工作定位不应依托于你的工作，要看看你能做什么，而不仅仅根据你的职位定义你的工作性质。把自己看成是独家技能和能力的主人，而这些技能可以被应用于各种工作和项目。

4.为自己能胜任的领域作准备

在全球市场上，工作的转变就像股市变幻一样迅速。当前最热门的工作将来可能就过时。有些人听人鼓吹说目前严重缺乏信息技术人员，担心自己不合雇佣条件，也去报名参加信息技术课程。如果你热爱计算机，那这项工作选的不错，但不要仅仅因为你认为那是热门职业就去从事那份工作，即使你能得到相关工作，它也不一定适合你技能的发挥。先评估一下你自己的专长和爱好，然后再到就业市场上寻找最适合自己的位置。

不要为具体的工作作准备，而要确定你想从事的工作领域，像软件设计或市场分析类的技术部门还是像团队建设、领导脑力工作者或公关建设类的非技术领域。

5.推销！推销！推销！

在新的工作岗位上，人们必须展示极高的技能水平，同时还要能推销自己，以备将来---密切注意下一个工作任务，并为此做好准备。

推销自己并不是没完没了地向全世界展示自己一连串的证书和成就，而是让 25 其他的关键人物了解你的主要技能及其价值。你应该让潜在客户了解你的主要成就以及你如何运用这些成就满足他们的要求。你应该在自己的行业内外建立和维持一个活跃的人际网络。

你要深思熟虑，不断构建你的网络，也就是要建立一个―信息网络，‖而不仅仅是在商业或社交会议上交换名片或电邮地址。好的人际网络是―联网的‖。它们的涵盖面广，远远超出自己的行业边界。会构建这些网络的人与会办事的人培养感情关系。他们知道找谁了解情况，找谁推荐，或找谁能得到美差。

如果不习惯面对面的网络交际，你可以用点别的办法。你可以给一些商业杂志写文章，在专业会议上发言，建立自己的网页，或主持一个专业会议，从而让人们知道你是某一领域的专家。当今的商业环境过度紧张，能给繁忙的潜在客户提供确实的信息，要比仅仅向他们―夸夸其谈‖好得多。

要和人们建立长期的关系。我们会在不同的雇主之间奔波，你们很可能发现自己转而又在为以前的雇主工作，所以要把每个共事者（无论是老板、同事、顾客，还是供应商）都当成潜在的客户。

6.像A型人那样行动，像B型人那样思考

A型人追求成就的行为模式，曾经是我们社会上成功的典范。在当今的经济环境中，人们仍然极其渴望像A型人一样具备高度的目标感、责任感、毅力和强烈的上进心。

无论工作有没有成效，无论成绩有没有得到认可，B型人总是自我感觉良好。也就是说，我们要培养一种不受制于成就和成绩的自我感觉。

沉迷于工作的A型人要比更为放松的B型人更能承受强烈的工作压力。所以，我们应像A型人那样行动。

但同时，我们的工作环境比以前的更加辛苦。我们得不到以前那样的回报、表扬和积极的反馈，因为每个人都很忙。另外，有的时候，我们可能会失业，这样就失去了自我表现的机会。这对A型人来说非常糟糕，因为他们的自我评价完全取决于他们的表现和成就。

所以，我们还得像B型人那样思考。7.培养情感上的调适能力

在―临时世界‖里，你必须经得住失望的折磨，尽力应付紧张的局面，沉着地应对压力。你要自我调节，既能面对成功，也能应对失败。不要因为失败而崩溃，你必须从挫折中学习经验以利将来。成功者诚实地看待失败，不断反思，但他们 26 从不沮丧。

8.跟上文化潮流

我常常感到吃惊的是，很多资深商务和专业人士在文化上却是目光短浅。面对复杂的经济、文化和人口的全球环境，关键是要跟得上那些影响我们工作环境和背景的文化大潮。

应该阅读专业范围以外的东西。这意味着，无论是书评、国际商务杂志，还是与社会总趋势有关的纪实文学，都要广泛阅读。要钻研兼收并蓄的期刊和报纸或参加网上讨论小组。关注流行文化，了解不同经济部门和人口群体的观点。世界大事和文化事件都会直接影响你的工作。

要尽力从上述渠道中搜集那些能够影响你的工作的重要动向、可能的技术应用新趋势、竞争对手以及大众的习惯走向。公众观点从来没有像现在这样在日常的政治和商务决策中起到如此重要的作用。

有时候，老年人告诉我们他们因为年龄受到歧视。这种情况确实存在，但我发现他们有些人确实跟不上时代潮流。与时代思潮保持一致有助于你建立人际关系和更有效地开展业务。

Text B The Roots of My Ambition

Key to Exercises Reading Comprehension 1.Be ambitious and never give up.2.Ruell‘s mother quoted the example of Edwin to show how far a man could go without much talent.She said this to encourage her son.3.He was most interested in reading newspapers.4.When I was employed by the Baltimore Sun and complained about the wages, mum encouraged me by saying ―If you work hard at this job, maybe you can make something of it.Then they‘ll have to give you a raise.‖;When I was sent to cover the White House and puffed up, mum said, ―Well, Ru, if you work hard at this White House job, you might be able to make something of yourself.‖ She always tried to keep me motivated.5.The new age exalted love, self-gratification and paive Asian philosophies that aimed at helping people resign themselves to the status quo.Much of this seemed preposterous to me.6.She might have put too much emphasis on money and position.7.He didn‘t think much of their lifestyle but he gradually accepted it as a different path to succe.8.(open)

参考译文

我的自强之源

我的母亲现已离开人世，但仍不时浮现在我心中。她有时天还未亮就把我叫醒，―如果有什么东西我不能容忍，那就是畏难而退的人。‖

我一生中不断听到她说这句话。现在，躺在床上，在黑暗中慢慢醒来，想重回梦乡而不愿面对崭新的一天，我感觉到了她正在怒气冲冲的与我体内那个没出息的懒汉作斗争。

我默默地抗议：我不再是个孩子了。我已经混出了点名堂，我完全可以睡会儿懒觉。

―罗素，你一点上进心都没有，简直像个呆头呆脑的傻瓜。‖自从我还是个穿短裤的孩子时，她就用这些话激励着我前进。―你要干出点名堂！‖ ―不要畏难而退！‖ ―要有点志气，孩子。‖

我心里的那个―文明人‖嘲笑实利主义和那些追求成功的人。―他‖读过哲学家和社会评论家的书，认为把一生花在追求金钱、权利和名声上是庸俗的、无价值的，就在这时母亲的话似乎又在耳边响起---―有时你的表现简直让人觉得连拿子弹把你枪毙掉都嫌浪费。‖

外祖父死后除了债务外什么也没留下，所以母亲的日子一直很艰难。家里的房子没有了，兄弟姐妹各奔东西，而外祖母又染上了致命的肺病，情绪沮丧，一心想要自杀，最后被送到了疯人院。母亲那时候刚上大学，却不得不辍学找工作。

结婚五年，生了三个小孩之后，丈夫于1930年死去，留下她一贫如洗，不得不把襁褓中的奥得丽送给别人收养。她做过的最勇敢的事可能就是把只有十个月大的奥得丽送给汤姆叔叔和戈尔迪婶婶。汤姆叔叔是我父亲的兄弟，在铁路上有份好工作，能使奥得丽过上舒适的日子。

母亲带着我和另一个妹妹到新泽西州投奔艾伦舅舅，成了靠别人救济的穷亲戚。最终，她在一家洗衣店找到了工作---补辍杂货店的工作服，一个星期十美元。

如果我长大之后成为总统或是富商，母亲可能会更喜欢。但是，虽然她很爱我，她也不会骗自己。我还在上小学的时候，她就看出我缺乏赚大钱和赢得众人拥戴的天赋。于是，她开始促使我对文字产生兴趣。

文字天赋在她家世代相传。从她的外祖父起，似乎就有一个文字基因代代传承。他是个中学教师，女儿露莉会写诗，儿子查理成为《巴尔的摩先驱报》驻纽约记者。那是正值新旧世纪之交，内战后的美国南方仍然贫困，文字工作倒是条出路。

最明显的例子就是母亲的大表兄埃德温，他是《纽约时报》的总编，并且曾去过欧洲各地，这足以证明文字的魅力。它可以将你从弗吉尼亚州的穷县僻壤送到那样遥远光辉的地方，让你的亲戚又惊又羡，目瞪口呆。因此，我母亲常以埃德温为例，说明一个人即使天分不高也可以前程远大。

―埃德温·詹姆士并不比别人聪明，可是你看看他如今的地位，‖母亲一而再，再而三的说。结果我长大之后，竟把埃德温看成个交了好运的呆子。或许，她真的是那么看的，但她的话其实另有深意。她是在告诉我：达到埃德温的地位，不必特别聪明，要想攀上顶峰，秘诀就是：努力，努力，努力！

当母亲看出我可能有文字天赋时，便开始着意栽培。尽管穷的要命，她仍给我订了一套《世界文学名著》，每本39美分，每月一本。

我尊敬那些伟大的作家，但更喜欢读报纸。我贪婪地读着报上每一个字---恐怖的犯罪行为、可怕的事故以及发生在遥远战场的野蛮屠杀。我对有关杀人犯死在电椅上的描述很感兴趣，甚至还十分留意死囚们点的快餐。

1947年，我从约翰·霍普金斯大学毕业，得知《巴尔的摩太阳报》需要一名采访警方新闻的记者。我有两三个大学同班同学也在申请这份工作，而为什么选中了我至今仍是个迷。这工作提供的薪水是每周30美元，我抱怨说这对大学毕业生来说简直是个侮辱，但我母亲丝毫不同情我。

―要是你努力做事，‖ 她说，―也许你能会干出点名堂，那时他们就会给你加薪。‖

七年后，《太阳报》派我报道白宫新闻。对于大多数记者而言，担当白宫记者不亚于一步登天。我才29岁，不由得沾沾自喜。我去跟母亲讲了这个事情，想看到她高兴的样子。其实，我早该明白我不该抱这样的期望。

―好啊，罗斯，‖她说，―要是你把报道白宫的事干好，或许你能弄出些名堂。‖

不断前进、不断向上就是她设定的道路。不应该凭借小小的成绩骄傲自满。停步不前、自我陶醉的人好景不常。即使攀上顶峰，你也最好不要松懈。―爬的越高，跌的越重‖是她最喜欢的格言之一。

刚投身报界的头几年，我怀有一个充满孩子气的荒诞想法，想给表叔埃德温来个―回敬‖。要是我成为个著名记者，连《纽约时报》都来聘请我，却不知道我和伟大的埃德温是亲戚，岂不乐哉？要是埃德温本人把我请进他的大办公室，说，―小伙子，谈谈你的个人情况，‖岂不妙哉？当我回答，―我就是你的穷表妹露西·伊丽莎白·罗宾逊的独生子，‖岂不快哉？

一天，事情的发展竟然完全超出我那孩子气的最荒唐的幻想。《纽约时报》 真的来叩门了，但当我去应聘时，表叔埃德温已经离开了报社。最后，报社请我在上面开辟一个专栏，这在美国新闻界乃是最引人注目的目标之一。

它不是一个传播新闻的专栏，而是作家用不同的文学形式（随笔、讽刺、打油诗，有时甚至是小说）评论时事的专栏。这证明了母亲早年对我文学天赋的判断和引导是十分正确的。

这个专栏获得了各种应得的奖励，包括1979年的普利策奖。但母亲永远都不会知道了，因为前一年，她的脑循环系统出了问题，住进了疗养院，从此和社会生活断了联系。

我只能猜测母亲得知我获得普利策奖的反应。她一定会说，―干的不错，孩子。说明你只要认真做事，努力加油，总有一天你会混出点名堂的。‖

终于，母亲一再灌输而我毕生身体力行的价值观受到了攻击。二十世纪

六、七十年代，国内意见分化严重。那些承认想有所作为的人被看成是―功利主义者，‖ 因为他们把生命浪费在无休无止的疯狂竞争当中。―进取‖一词从语言中消失了。

一开始，我试图顺应新时代的潮流，决定不像母亲当年那样，用陈腐的要求来激励我的孩子们，要他们有所作为。

新时代强调爱、自足和消极的亚洲哲学。这种哲学致力于劝导人们听天由命、安于现状。可是其中大部分观点对我来说都是十分荒谬的，但我也承认母亲有可能会把我培养成一个粗俗的功利主义者（她的生活准则中，一个不足之处是强调金钱和地位），因此我就把这些非正统的疑问藏在心底。

可是后来，认识到我根本没有激起孩子的进取心，我终于爆发了。有一天吃晚饭的时候，我听见自己大声嚷嚷，―难道你们不想有所作为吗？‖

孩子们看上去莫名其妙。有所作为？多奇怪的话。我看的出来他们在想：爸爸不是真的生气，都是他饭前喝的那几杯马蒂尼酒在作怪。

我这样嚷嚷并不是因为酒，而是因为母亲。酒不过给了我勇气向他们宣布。是的，上帝作证，我一直相信成功，一直相信没有苦干和自律，一个人休想有何作为，因为他不配！

事态随后的发展表明：孩子们糟糕的成绩单并不预示着他们是失败者。他们只是不愿按照常人的做法亦步亦趋，我本应为此而高兴。现在，他们已经长大成人，有了自己的孩子，我们相亲相爱，相聚时非常愉快。

家庭都是这样：我们继承老一辈的传统，留给子女传之将来。这使得先人在去世之后人仍长久地活在我们心中。

―如果有什么东西我不能容忍，那就是畏难而退的人。‖ 上帝啊，我仍听见她在说话。

Key to translation exercise:

1.The ceasele emergence and ceasele resolution of contradictions constitute the dialectical law of the development of things.2.1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占领的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权的基础上来解决中东冲突。

3.侵略有多种方式：单方面废除条约与国际义务，干涉别国内政，威胁弱小邻国，强迫实行不平等，公然入侵别国领土瓜分别国，征服殖民地民族，否认自决权以及基本人权。

4.海鸥善于飞行。它们可以连续飞很远。能从一个国家的一端飞到另一端，此间只需偶尔短暂休息一下。海鸥也善于滑翔。它们仿佛在高空中沿着无形的滑道轻松滑翔。海鸥还善于游泳。海鸥长着脚蹼一—脚爪间相连的小块皮肤一—游泳时就是小小的浆。海鸥还善于浮水，它们可以像木块那样浮在水上。这对海鸥非常有用，因为在漫长的越洋飞行中，它们可以落到水面上小憩一下。

5.For many people in small towns and villages, the death of someone known to them or the installation of traffic lights at a busy street corner nearby can sometimes attract their attention more than a disaster far away in another country.That‘s why British local newspapers almost have as large a circulation as its national counterparts.The local newspapers often make no comment on problems of national importance and editors rarely hold with sides on political affairs.But they can often be of service to the community in expreing the public‘s feeling on local iues.32

Unit Three Text A Lies

Introductory Remarks People usually have very negative views regarding lies.Liars are frequently criticized, even cursed.Yet this paage exemplifies a different perspective, one which cruelly reveals the fact that everyone tells lies and that lies are indispensable for happine, perhaps even our very survival.According to the author, lies are consoling elements that can soothe dying patients and help consolidate the requirements of a society.Lies make us feel superior to other species and disguise our mortal doom.Religions abound with myths and tales, which are basically lies that provide human beings with a sense of safety.People need big lies, though they are occasionally taken advantage of, because lying disguises our mortality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneline in the midst of the crowd.Text-related Information 1.Pablo Picao:(October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973)an Andalusian-Spanish painter, draughtsman, and sculptor.As one of the most recognized figures in twentieth-century art, he is best known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work.Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon(1907)and his depiction of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War, Guernica(1937).2.Crucifixion: an ancient method of execution, whereby the condemned person is tied or nailed to a large wooden cro(of various shapes)and left to hang until death.3.Immaculate conception: according to Roman Catholic dogma, the conception of Mary, the mother of Jesus without any stain of original sin.The dogma thus says that, from the first moment of her existence, she was preserved by God from the lack of sanctifying grace that afflicts mankind, and that she was instead filled with

divine grace.It is further believed that she lived a life completely free from sin 4.the Flood: also known as the Deluge.The cause of this judgment was the corruption and violence that filled the earth in the ninth generation from Adam.God in righteous indignation determined to purge the earth of the ungodly.5.Resurrection: Christianity uses the term to refer to God's resurrection of Jesus.The resurrection of Jesus is the central doctrine in Christianity.The entire Christian faith hinges upon the centrality of the resurrection of Jesus on the third day, and the hope for a life after our own death.Christians annually celebrate the resurrection of Jesus at Easter time as well as weekly by holding services on Sunday(the day of the week of Jesus' resurrection)or Lord's Day.6.Reincarnation: literally ”to be made flesh again“, is a doctrine or metaphysical belief that some eential part of a living being(in some variations only human beings)survives death to be reborn in a new body.7.Andrew Greeley:(born February 5, 1928 in Oak Park, Illinois, to Andrew and Grace Greeley)is an Irish-American Roman Catholic priest, sociologist, journalist and best selling author.He has given numerous interviews on both radio and television.Greeley is also Profeor of Sociology at the University of Arizona and is a Research Aociate with the National Opinion Research Center(NORC)at the University of Chicago.He also writes a weekly column for the Chicago Sun-Times and contributes regularly to The New York Times, the National Catholic Reporter, America, and Commonweal.8.Adolf Hitler:(20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945)was an Austrian-born German politician who led the National Socialist German Workers Party, more commonly known as the Nazi Party.He was Chancellor of Germany(1933–1945)and Führer und Reichskanzler of Germany(1934–1945).Hitler was a decorated veteran of World War I who achieved leadership of the Nazi Party in Weimar Germany.Following his imprisonment after a failed coup, he gained support by promoting nationalism, antisemitism and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and

propaganda.The Nazis executed or aainated many of their opponents, restructured the state economy, rearmed the armed forces and established a totalitarian and fascist dictatorship.Hitler pursued a foreign policy with the declared goal of seizing Lebensraum(”living space“).The German invasion of Poland in 1939 caused the British and French Empires to declare war on Germany, leading to the outbreak of World War II in Europe.The Axis Powers occupied most of continental Europe and parts of Asia and Africa.Eventually the Allies defeated the Wehrmacht and Schutzstaffel(SS).By 1945, Germany was in ruins.Hitler's bid for territorial conquest and racial subjugation caused the deaths of 43 million people, including the systematic genocide of an estimated six million Jews, not including various additional ”undesirable“ populations, in what is known as the Holocaust.During the final days of the war in 1945, as Berlin was being invaded by the Red Army, Hitler married Eva Braun.Le than 24 hours later, the two committed suicide in the Führerbunker.9.Jews: A Jew is a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.The Jewish people and the religion of Judaism are strongly interrelated, and converts to Judaism have been absorbed into the Jewish community throughout the millennia.10.Gypsies: members of a wandering race(by themselves called Romany), of Hindu origin, which first appeared in England about the beginning of the 16th century and was then believed to have come from Egypt.11.Alchemy: a part of the Occult Tradition, is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim, involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of several substances described as poeing unusual properties.The practical aspect of alchemy generated the basics of inorganic chemistry, namely concerning procedures, equipment and the identification and use of many current substances.35

Language Points 1.You may not want to tell your very ill parent or relative or young child that he or she is terminally ill and will die a painful death.You will feel reluctant to tell someone, maybe your parent or relative or young child, the truth that they are suffering from a mortal disease and will die painfully.terminally: adv.A terminal illne or disease causes death, often slowly, and cannot be cured.e.g.He was eventually diagnosed as suffering from terminal cancer.2.Governments lie quite frequently to stay in power by persuading people that their needs and desires are being attended to and that they are safe.Governments often tell lies about how people‘s needs and requirements are fulfilled and how their lives are free from danger in order to maintain their dominance over the public.3.“Art is a lie that tells the truth”

A famous quote from Spanish painter Picao, which implies that art itself is not real, but it discloses some truth about the world.4.Historians select the information that they can fit into their scheme of history.They never have the whole story so they construct one.Historians do not know every detail of historical events, so they make up some historical facts according to their own understanding and preferences.5.Do you want to know that there is no life after death? That this brief, often perplexing journey on earth is all there is? Do you want to know that death is the end of one‘s life? And that death will put an end to your short and often troublesome life once and for all(i.e.no Resurrection)?

perplex: v.If something perplexes you, it confuses and worries you because you do not understand it or because it causes you difficulty.e.g.It perplexed him because he was tackling it the wrong way.6.…that there are no biological differences that point to the superiority(or inferiority)of any group of people anywhere and that we share 99% of the DNA of chimpanzees? No one group of people is superior or inferior to any other group biologically and human beings are similar to chimpanzees in terms of DNA.superiority: n.If one thing or person is superior to another, the first is better than the second.e.g.The technical superiority of laser discs over tape is well established.inferiority: n.Something that is inferior is not as good as something else.e.g.I found it difficult to shake off a sense of social inferiority.7.We know which lies and which “truths” to transmit in order to maintain the kind of society the people in power(and many of its citizens)want and need.We share only the kinds of lies and truths that socially beneficial, that is, neceary and desired by the ruling cla and its citizens.transmit: v.convey.If you transmit an idea or feeling to someone else, you make them understand and share the idea or feeling.e.g.He transmitted his keen enjoyment of singing to the audience.8.Because we need our lies to mask our fear and anxiety about life and death… Because we deliberately use lies to conceal our fear and anxiety about life and death…

mask: v.If you mask your feelings, you deliberately do not show them in your behavior, so that people cannot know what you really feel.Conceal, hide.37 e.g.Dena lit a cigarette, trying to mask her agitation.9.We play the part(s)required by our institutions in order to maintain order, stability and predictability;we participate actively in our own deception!We act in accordance with the requirements of our society so as to keep it orderly, stable and under control.We are conscious of our lies when we use them for such purpose.predictability: noun form of predictable.If you say that an event is predictable, you mean that it is obvious in advance of its occurrence.e.g.This was a predictable reaction, given the bitter hostility between the two countries.10.Security is the result of a social order that has clearly defined rules and rituals and a corpus of neceary lies transmitted from generation to generation that maintain that society.Social safety is derived from the detailed principles, conventions and a collection of lies that are embraced by every generation.corpus: n.A corpus is a large collection of written or spoken texts, usually used for language research.pl.corpora or corpuses

11.It is the price we pay for our sanity and safety.We live in a world of lies in exchange for a sensible and safe life.sanity: n.If there is sanity in a situation or activity, there is a purpose and a regular pattern, rather than confusion, worry and chaos.e.g.Rafsanjani has been considering various ways of introducing some sanity into the currency market.12.Religion offers security in the form of a god or gods who created the world

and who guides and protects man if he does what he is told to do, if not, he will be punished by famine, flood, pestilence, failure in life, or an eternity in some kind of Hell.Religion employs a god or gods and aigns them the role of initiating the world.Further, these [deities] direct and protect obedient man.If man doesn‘t obey, he will suffer certain disasters.pestilence: n.Pestilence is any disease that spreads quickly and kills large numbers of people.eternity: n.Eternity is time without an end or a state of existence outside time, especially the state which some people believe they will pa into after they have died.e.g.I have always found the thought of eternity terrifying.13.Myths and tales abound in all religions that explain man, the world and god.Each religion contains many myths and tales that tell stories about man, the world and god.14.If you say the right prayers in the right way and at the right time and in the right place, you have a good chance of being protected by the omnipotent god or gods and of getting what it is you wish in life.If you pray appropriately, you will be protected by a powerful force and receive the very things you want.omnipotent: n.Someone or something that is omnipotent has complete power over things or people.All-powerful.e.g.Doug lived in the shadow of his seemingly omnipotent father.15.God was constructed out of mankind‟s need for hope, for purpose, for meaning: an invisible protector and conscientious father.Human beings need hope, purpose and meaning in life, so God was created to serve the role of a protector and father, who cannot be seen, yet is responsible.39

invisible: a.If you describe something as invisible, you mean that it cannot be seen, for example because it is transparent, hidden, or very small.e.g.The lines were so finely etched as to be invisible from a distance.16.But it is illusion, make believe;there are no gods, just man in nature.But it is just an illusion, a product of our imagination.The truth is that there are no gods, only human beings in the natural world.17.We cannot bear the truth that we are the progeny of thousands of generations of evolution-the result of the random distribution of genetic material that equips us to survive for a time.We will not accept the truth that we are randomly formed by the proce of evolution.Confined by our biological nature, we only live temporarily.progeny: n.You can refer to a person's children or to an animal's young as their progeny.(FORMAL)e.g.Davis was never loquacious on the subject of his progeny.18.Such facts deprive us of the illusion of being special, the chosen rulers of the world so we replace them with encouraging lies.We employ encouraging lies to cover the fact that we are not superior to other species and that we are not the chosen citizens of God.19.But the story of evolution is not as dramatic as the intriguing myths about death and resurrection or reincarnation or wonderful visits to Heaven where one meets his God and lives a wonderful life, pain-free, worry-free forever.Compared to the theories of evolution, the stories of religions are more vivid and appealing.These stories elaborate how one dies and comes to life again, goes to heaven to meet God, and thereby lives a life free from pain and worry.40 intrigue: v.If something, especially something strange, intrigues you, it interests you and you want to know more about it.Fascinate.e.g.The novelty of the situation intrigued him.20.…that Catholics like their heritage because it “has great stories.” Stories embody psychological truths and wishes that reaure us…

The religion-believers like the religious stories because they seem to expre the psychological truths and wishes that comfort us…

reaure: v.If you reaure someone, you say or do things to make them stop worrying about something.e.g.I tried to reaure her, `Don't worry about it.We won't let it happen again.'...She just reaured me that everything was fine.21.Most people want something more consoling than such facts.Mankind must have lies-the bigger the better.Most people prefer lies that soften cruel facts.This is why people need lies.The bigger the lie the larger its potential audience.console: v.If you console someone who is unhappy about something, you try to make them feel more cheerful.e.g.Often they cry, and I have to play the role of a mother, consoling them.22.Lying disguises our mortality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneline in the midst of the crowd.We use lies to conceal such truths as our inevitable death, our shortcomings, our fears, anxieties, and feelings of loneline,(though outwardly), we present a gregarious demeanor.disguise: v.To disguise something means to hide it or make it appear different so that people will not know about it or will not recognize it.e.g.He made no attempt to disguise his agitation.41 Key to exercises I.Reading Comprehension

1.All kinds of lies: little lies, big lies, neceary lies, in order to insure social and psychological peace and comfort.2.Human beings are biologically similar to chimpanzees.Therefore, we are not superior to other species.3.Lies comprise our ―reality‖.We consciously choose lies over reality in order to keep our worlds ordered.4.Religion offers human minds security in the form of god or gods, myths and tales.5.Because myths and tales are more vivid and appealing while the truth is cruel.6.Without religion, magic, and the arts man would be in constant fear and anxiety regarding the purpose of his existence and what will happen when he dies.7.Hitler and other tyrants told ―big lies‖ to create their own ―truths‖ about German Aryan supremacy over Jews, Gypsies and others.Bigger lies, sensational lies, are more difficult to doubt.8.Open.II.Vocabulary

1.mask 2.embodying 3.shield 4.agonizing 5.manipulating 6.disguise 7.perplexed 8.permeates 9.enchanted 10.consoled

III.Phrases 1.adjusting to 2.gained an advantage over 3.yearning for 4.abound in 5.deprived of 6.by chance 7.points to 8.attend to

IV.Error Correction 1.Considering the great need for improving many aspects of the global environment, one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources that are poured into space exploration.2.Problem solving is a useful in obtaining happine, but if you know that, given your inability to resolve a particular concern, you can still choose happine for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappine, then you are intelligent.3.Knowledge of several languages is eential when studying other majors because without it one can only read books in translation.

4.There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media.One might reasonably wonder what‘s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.5.People with gray hair are often given discounts without even asking for them；yet，millions of Americans above age 60 are healthy and solvent.V.Cloze:(1)funerals(2)yielded to(3)condolence(4)deceased(5)insisted on(6)abrupt(7)turn out(8)tempting to(9)survivors 43(10)makes sense(11)lie in(12)omnipotence(13)wakes up(14)attend to(15)outgrow

参考译文

谎言

你也许觉得这个标题很怪，但我希望这篇文章能使你明白这个标题其实不怪。所有的人都时而说谎――小慌，大慌，善意的慌言，为确保社会安宁和心情舒畅非说不可的慌。你也许不愿对身患重病的父母、亲戚或小孩讲真话，告诉他（她）得了不治之症，会痛苦地死去。你也许为了顾全面子或者在交际中占上风，对朋友撒谎。商人在货物的价格和质量上说瞎话蒙骗顾客。推销员为了说服人们买下兴许不需要的东西而扯谎。政府为了维护统治，要使老百姓相信他们的需求正在得到关注、生活安定，而三天两头讲假话。艺术家们同意毕加索的说法：―艺术是揭示真理的谎言。‖历史学家挑选能编进符合他们历史观的资料，如果完整的资料无法弄到，便凭空编造。

你是否想知道自己的癌症正在迅速扩散，在剧痛折磨下最多只能再活半年？你如何改变这处境？你又能够做些什么呢？你是否想知道死后生命不复存在？想知道这往往繁复而短暂的世途便是人生的一切吗？你是否想知道科学与历史的事实常因某种意图而被篡改或无视吗？你是否真想知道没有任何生理差异能够表明什么地方的什么民族优于（劣于）其他民族吗？你是否真的想知道人类的DNA有99％和黑猩猩相同吗？你是否想知道政府和企业操纵经济以维持各阶层之间的不公平？

我们都十分明白应该传播哪些谎言和哪些―事实‖，以维持执政者（以及许多市民们）所企望和需求的社会。我们在自己的才智、外貌、做或不做某事的动机等等方面说谎。既然谎话、真话或事实都不是绝对的，所以很容易将它们加工，塑造成合乎我们对现实和真实看法的东西。

我们不说谎就无法生存。谎言指导我们的日常思想和行动，构成我们的―现实‖。那么，为什么我们就不能实话实说呢？这是因为我们需要用谎言掩饰我们对生死，对许许多多我们不能理解、不能控制事物的恐惧和焦虑。我们像是社会训练成的好演员，为了维持社会的秩序、稳定和前瞻性，扮演社会机构分配给我们的各种角色；我们是在积极地参与自我欺骗！

有谁能长久生活在一个动荡不定、难以预测的家庭或社会里？社会秩序，在它明确规定维持社会所必需的法制、礼节和代代相传的那一套谎言以后，会给人以安全感。我们有必要相信，我们能够信赖他人，我们能够相当准确地预料他人对我们的言行所作的反应。因此我们遵从我们所属群体的思想见解、价值观念和行为方式，接受这个群体的谎言和事实。这是我们为自己精神健全和安全康泰而付出的代价。我们不能接受这一无可争辩的事实：我们必将死亡，永远消失，生命是偶然机遇的产物而已。

宗教则采用一神或多神的形式给人以安全感。这一神或多神创造了世界，人若遵其意旨行事，便会得到指引和庇护。反之则会受到饥荒、洪水、瘟疫、挫折或在地狱中无尽期受苦等惩罚。解释人类、世界和神灵的神话故事充斥于每一种宗教。不管这个神被称为耶稣基督、佛陀、穆罕默德，还是毗瑟挐，内容总是如出一辙：你该这样做人，你该这样敬神，这样才能确保你在这个凶险的世界上安康幸福。如果你在适当的地方以适当的方式进行适当的祈祷，你就大有希望得到全能的神或诸神的保佑，满足生平的心愿。如若不然，就会……

每一种宗教都要求形式各异的捐献和供奉，以充实其财力，保持其势力。信徒们从出生时起就受到训导，对于父母、邻居、牧师或萨满教僧或拉比或毛拉要求他们相信的事物笃信并以其教授的方式笃信。比如基督降生和上十字架这样的神话，圣母无沾成胎的神话，世界各地的神创造天地万物的神话，洪水灭世的神话等，都对生命的起源与意义作了解释。然而，这些都是谎言！人类出于对希望、意义、价值的需要而造出了神：一位冥冥之中的保护者和有良心的养育者。但这是幻觉，是虚假的。自然界中没有神灵，只有人类。我们不能接受我们是经历千万代进化的生物的后代――使我们得以存活一时的遗传物质的偶然配合的产物。人类和黑猩猩的DNA99％以上相同！一切生命互相依存，相互联系。这种种事实使我们自以为特殊、是上帝选定的世界统治者的错误观念归于幻灭，因此我们 45 以谎言替代事实，给自己打气。

我们以为自己是唯一能够思维和交流的生物，但实际上并非如此。一切生物为了生存――结成配偶，保护自身，获取食物――都会交流思想。生存的基础是自然选择――生物适应或改变环境的能力，不能适应环境变化的生物就会灭亡，被能够适应环境变化的生物取而代之。这一过程根本不需要什么神灵。但是进化论的描述不如宗教神话那样激动人心。宗教神话令人神往地描述死亡复活、轮回转世、在天堂里奇妙的游历，和上帝会面，过上幸福生活，永无痛苦忧虑。这些故事富于感人的魅力。它们给人以希望，一条摆脱这个你争我夺，一片混乱的真实世界的出路。我们迷醉在神话、环境和戏剧性事件之中。著名神父安德鲁格里利说，天主教教徒喜欢天主教的精神遗产，因为其中―有好多美妙的故事‖。这些故事具体表达了心理真实和愿望，给我们安全感。而事实真相可能是令人心悸的。

然而，有这么一种对立的说法：假如没有宗教、巫术、法道，人类就会陷入无穷无尽的恐惧和焦虑之中：他为什么在这儿？死后会发生什么事情？宗教故事使人类不至于看到真相：他之所以在这儿完全是出于偶然，是数亿个精子中的一个进入卵子的偶发事件。为什么在此刻进入这个卵子的是这粒精子？纯属偶然。但大多数人希望能有比这些事实更令人欣慰的说法。人类就是要有谎言――越大越好。越大就越不容易遭到怀疑；谁会相信竟然会有制造这样弥天大谎的人吗？希特勒那帮专制暴君深明此理。他们撒下―弥天大谎‖，编造了所谓德国雅利安人比犹太人、吉普赛人以及其他民族优越的―事实‖。它一度奏效。人类一向相信各色各样的谎言和错误观念：巫术，飞碟，鬼魂，轮回转世，天堂地狱，种族优越性，炼金术，炼丹术，等等等等。

说谎掩盖了人的必死性，缺陷，恐惧，焦虑，以及在熙熙攘攘的人群中所感到的孤独。耳熟能详的谎言会创造一个较易应付的现实。人渴望从这些谎言中得到安慰。

（方媛媛译，参考原载The World of English译文）

Text B Cheating Key to Comprehension Questions 1.Academic cheating is epidemic in the country's high schools and colleges.2.Advances in technology have made cheating easier, but a more significant factor is the change in society‘s values, an increasing ambivalence towards cheating and other dishonest behaviors.3.People try to hide academic cheating by using different forms of technology.So technology helps encourage and mask the act of cheating.4.It's fast and quick and allows you to be in total denial about what you're doing.5.(open)6.Now parents are angry at institutions for doing something that might blot their kids' records.They do not care about cheating because they are practicing it themselves.7.Some schools have banned cell phones, cameras and other gadgets during school hours.Honor codes and honor councils have been reinvigorated.And teachers are using technology to turn the tables on cheaters.A number of institutions now rely on turnitin.com.8.To monitor and prevent the act of academic cheating in schools.Text B参考译文

作

弊

堪萨斯州立大学的三年级学生打算孤注一掷了。由于受到哮喘病的困扰，大二时他就是勉勉强强过关，被允许大三试读一年。而今年，他的政治科已经两次缺考，如果再得到一次F，就会挂掉此科，不得不停学。而这就意味着他一直期待得到的大学学位随之泡汤了。他决不能让这发生。他选择了另一条路。

出生并成长于美国中西部的他热爱阅读，并曾在高中的乐团担任司号。由于曾在学校的信息技术系兼职，他可以进入到教授的在线记分册。只敲击了几个键盘，他便将他自己并未参加过的考试加上了通过的成绩。然而，他还没有聪明到

可以消除一切作弊的踪迹。很快事情败露，他被停学，从此负疚不已。

在2005年这一事件发生后，他匿名写信给学校的诚信委员会，声明―对于我的行为我没有任何借口或理由‖。他作弊的原因是―我这样做完全是一时的惊恐造成的‖。

这个学生和他的教授们都认为这是一场源于一时判断力失误的意外，然而可悲的事实却是：这并不是一次偶然事件。很多证据表明学业欺骗在高中和高校十分盛行。看看以下几个例子：9个马里兰大学商学院学生在会计课考试的时候使用他们的手机接收答案被抓了现行。一个德克萨斯州十多岁的小孩被指控向同学出售偷来的考试答案，据称答案是通过链接到老师电脑上的解码工具获得的。7位堪萨斯州德学生被指抄袭因特网上的论文。

专家们指出了更多的信息，这些信息大多来自于学生自己。这些信息揭示了作弊的泛滥。去年六月热尔省大学教授 Donald McCabe 提交给学术诚信中心的报告中指出：60所大学70％的学生承认在前一年作弊过，四分之一的学生承认有过很严重的作弊行为，如抄袭别人的答案，使用小抄，或帮助别人作弊。McCabe所调查的高中同样形式严峻：在过去四年被调查的来自全国的18000学生中，70％的来自公立学校的学生承认有过至少一次严重的学术作弊行为。十分之六的人有过某种剽窃行为。而私立学校则有差不多一半的学生承认曾经作弊过。

盖洛普民意调查证实了这些结果。2003年和2004年对13至17岁学生连续两年的调查结果发现：65％的学生认为他们所在的学校存在―相当数量‖或者说―大规模‖的作弊。一半被调查学生承认他们曾经以某种形式在考试中作弊过。同样在2004年，位于洛杉矶的非营利性组织，致力于提升个人和组织道德水平的Josephson道德研究所发布了对24763名高中学生的问卷调查结果，结果显示62％的学生承认在考试中作弊。

作弊并不是什么新鲜事。自从人类有了规矩，就不断有人试图打破它们。然而，研究所的创始人Michael Josephson指出：目前作弊行为的泛滥和嚣张令人担忧。

Josephson说：―在过去，作弊的人只占少数，他们努力地掩盖自己的行为，即使是朋友间也不能说。而今天作弊的人占到了大多数，而且对此他们直言不讳。今天如果你问孩子们对作弊的看法，你会发现他们认为作弊代表了一种骑士精 48 神，比你的统计结果还要骇人。‖

堪萨斯州教授Phil Anderson同意这种看法：―我们很多学生持有这种态度：为了成功我要不惜一切代价。这个观点十分盛行。‖

为了成功不惜代价

Josephson，Anderson以及其他正与作弊行为作斗争的人士都认为道德的败坏有两个驱动力量：一个是科技的进步，特别是因特网和移动电子设备，使得作弊原来越容易。另外一个重要的因素就是充斥现代社会的反面例子：球手们服用兴奋剂，经理们篡改数据，新闻记者们捏造新闻，甚至连老师们都会伪造考试成绩好让学校看起来更体面。这种种现实都传递了一个信号：为了让成功不受威胁，什么都可以不受限制。

《作弊的文化》作者，David Callahan说：―作弊已经被正常化了。每个人都在这么做。如果你不做，你会觉得自己像笨蛋。‖

纽约私立学校朋友学院的毕业班学生Tomas Rua认为是想要成功的压力使得一些人从很早就开始作弊。

他说：―你所做的一切无非是为了最大限度地发掘你的潜能。很多人会使用一切可能的手段去实现目标。大学里疯狂的事太多了，而从中学开始你就会有所耳闻。‖

印地安那州埃文斯镇的北高中毕业班学生Emily Borerman同样认为：―每天都可以见到作弊。太多的成功都是不择手段的。‖

加利福尼亚州Central Valley的 Turlock高中学生Daniel的态度是：―如果我想要得到更高的成绩，我就会作弊。毫无疑问的。总之呢，真实的世界里为了得到更好地工作你就得竭尽所能。‖

Daniel说他和他的大多数朋友都会从互联网上下载材料，考试的时候用短信接收答案，或是在考试的时候使用流行多年了的小抄条。

他说：―我从七年级就开始作弊，我有进取心，所以常常寻找更好的作弊方法。‖

Turlock校长Dana Trevethan声称Daniel的话记载了一些学生毫无羞耻的态度。她说：―他是个好孩子，但是很有竞争精神。他的名字中间应该加个割喉者（指非常有竞争精神者）的称号。‖

数码作弊

在当今的作弊之风中，很难理解技术扮演的角色。学生涌向在线的论文制作工场，那里可以提供任何题目的文章，而且常常是格式正确，参考书目俱全。他们使用可拍照手机发送传输试卷的图片。他们的MP3可以保存电子版的笔记。他们的图表计算器可以储存解决数学难题的所需公式。

朋友学院的英语系主任Maria Fahey指出：―作弊与因特网及即时通讯的匿名性质有关。它们是快捷的，且能容你全盘否认自己所做的事情。‖

康涅狄格大学教育心理学副教授Jason Stevens将之与现今社会的―抓一把就走‖的文化联系起来：―下载音乐或是论文，或是剪切和粘贴句子和段落都和这个文化有关。‖

对一些人来说，对和错之间界限模糊不清了。Jonathan Cro, 维吉尼亚州Fairfax县Robinson 中学毕业班学生，也同意这个看法。过去人们要是作弊，一般都是两个邻座传递纸条，或是一个人偷看另外一人的试卷，这是非常明显的，是赤裸裸的明确的作弊行为。而今人们使用不同形式的技术努力隐藏这个错误的行为。

父母干嘛去了

技术的进步或许可以解释当今作弊―如何‖盛行的问题。那么―为什么‖的问题呢？

Stevens说：―教育已经变成了一个商品，能够帮助我们得到物质财富和地位，而这两样是我们文化中值得褒奖和炫耀的东西。传递给青少年的大量信息就是：经济上的富裕要比成为一个道德高尚的人更加重要和有价值。‖

Michael Josephson声称如果这个观点占了上风，结果就太过可怕了。他说：―我们正在将下一代训练成海盗。如果你觉得安然或是Worldcom公司发生的事情已经够糟糕了，那么你就等着瞧吧。我们缺少的是正直的愤慨，道德上的义愤，以及一点真实的害怕之情。‖

教育者们认为还缺少的是父母的声音。他们太喜欢为孩子们的家庭作业提供帮助，但是却不能清楚地教导孩子们遵守规则的重要性。

圣地亚哥大学教授Larry Hinman说：―过去20年发生的一个大的变化是在过去如果学生被抓到作弊，他们会觉得羞辱。他们的父母也会责备他们。而今天，50