简明语言学第一章总结_简明语言学第二章总结

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Chapter 1

ⅠThe things that I have learnt

① Linguistics: the scientific study of language.② The scope of linguistics: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, applied linguistics ect.③ Some important distinctions in linguistics: prescriptive vs.descriptive, synchronic vs.diachronic, speech and writing, langue and parole, competence and performance.④ Traditional grammar: prescriptive;tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize the importance of the written words;forced languages into a Latin-based framework.⑤ Several different definitions of language, e.g.Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.(Sapir,1921)

⑥ Generally accepted definition: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.⑦ Design features of language(design features refer to the definition properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.): arbitrarine, productivity, duality, displacement, cultural transmiion ect.⑧ Functions of language: phatic, directive, informative, interrogative, perforrnative, expreive and evocative.⑨ Sauure: the Swi linguist in the early 20th century.⑩ Chomsky: the American linguist in the late 1950s.ⅡThe things that I am interested in.① The scope of linguistics, such as phonetics.② The differences between modern linguistics and traditional grammar.③ Design features of language.ⅢThe things that I am confused

①the Swi linguist F.de Sauure in the early 20thChomsky in the late 1950s.How to understand the red parts(the underline parts)

②How to understand the following words

Synchronic, diachronic, langue and parole

③The functions of language.I still can’t understand each function means what exactaly.