初一英语语法总结_初一英语语法完整总结

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七年级英语语法知识点汇总

一.字母和音标

1.26个英文字母:5个元音字母a, e, i, o, u(联系汉语拼音中的韵母排列顺序

快速记忆)

2.48个国际音标:20个元音组合,28个辅音组合。重点辨别相似发音的元音

组合。如:[ə] a China breakfast [e] ea head bread [ei] a name cake 二.十大词类

(一)名词

a.专有名词和普通名词。专有名词指个别的人,事物,地点等专有的名称,如China, Gina.普通名词如table, chair.b.可数名词和不可数名词:可数名词有复数形式,如an apple,two apples.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,如milk, bread, rice.[重点]可数名词的复数变形:有规则变化和不规则变化两种 规则变化:

1一般情况直接在词尾加 “-s”, 如: bag-bags, day-days, boy-boys, key-keys等。○

2以s, x, sh, ch结尾的单词,要在词尾加 “-es”, 如: bus-buses, watch-watches, ○

box-boxes等。

3以辅音字母加y结尾的单词,要变y为i再加 “-es”, 如:baby-babies, ○

country-countries, family-families等。

4部分以f(e)结尾的单词,要变f(e)为“ves”, 如:knife-knives, half-halves等。○

顺口溜:小偷(thief)的妻子(wife),为了自己(self)保命(life),站到架子上(shelf),用树叶(leaf)做的小刀(knife),将狼(wolf)劈成了两半(half)5以字母“o”结尾的单词,没有生命的加“-s”,有生命的加“-es”,如:○ zoo-zoos, photo-photos, tomato-tomatoes.口诀:黑人(Negro)英雄(hero)爱在火山(volcano)吃土豆(potato)西红柿(tomato)不规则变化:

1改变单数名词中的元音字母:○man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth等。

2单、复同形:sheep-sheep, fish-fish,cattle-cattle,deer-deer, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese等。○

3其他形式如: mouse-mice, child-children,person-people,ox-oxen等.4、一些名词虽分单数、复数,但出现次数多的总是单数词 例:abscence;clothing;film;help;furniture家具;machinery机械;news;scenery风景;sugar;traffic交通

5、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多

例:bellows风箱;clothes;police;shorts短裤;sciors剪刀;spectacles眼镜;shears大剪刀 trousers长裤;wages工资

名词所有格:表示所属关系

1.单数名词词尾直接加’s, 复数名词词尾没有s的也要加’s, 如the boy’s bag 男孩的书包 men’s room 男厕所 Children’s Day 儿童节

2.若是复数名词词尾有s,只加“ ’”, 如:Teachers’ Day 教师节 3.如果两个名词并列,并且分别有’s,则表示“分别有”;只有一个’s,则表示“共有”,如:John’s and Mary’s room(两间)John and Mary’s room(一间)

(二)冠词

1.定冠词the:特指某(些)人或某(些)物,如The blue shirt is mine.蓝衬衫是我的。

2.不定冠词a/an: 用来表示“一”这个数量, 其中an放在元音字母开头的名词

前面,如 an apple, an orange.3.零冠词: 不用冠词的情况。在专有名词,不可数名词,学科名称,三餐和球类运动名称前不用冠词,如:Tian’an Men Square天安门广场

(三)代词(人称、物主、反身代词)

物主代词:包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。前者用法相当于名词,在句中可单独使用,如:--Who’s book is this?--It is mine.后者用法相当于形容词,在句中不可单独使用,如 It is my book.反身代词:表示“自己”,“本身”。

指示代词

(四)数词

1.基数词:表示数目的多少

2.序数词:表示事物的先后顺序,往往与冠词the连用

基数词变序数词口诀:一、二、三,单独记;八去t,九除e,ve要用f替,整十基数变序数,先把ty变成tie;要是遇到两位数,十位基数个位序,th最后加上去。

口诀解析:one→first,two→second,three→third这三个词变化特殊,要单独记;eight→eighth,nine→ninth,八去t,九去e后再加-th; five→fifth,twelve→twelfth,五和十二把ve换成f再加-th;twenty→twentieth,thirty→thirtieth...整十先把词尾y改为ie再加-th。两位数时则十位数用基数词,个位数用序数词,如:twenty-first。

注:four→fourteen→forty(基数词)fourth→fourteenth→fortieth(序数词)

三.时态:

(一)一般现在时:

a.表示习惯性、经常性、反复性的动作或存在的状态b.表示事实或客观真理。结构:

1.be动词(am, is, are)的用法

记忆口诀: “我”用am, “你”用are, is用于“他、她、它”;单数全都用is,复数全部都用are.句子转换:当句子中有be动词或情态动词时,则把be动词或情态动词(can, could等等)提到主语的前面变成一般疑问句;在be动词或情态动词后面加not变成否定句

陈述句:She is a student.一般疑问: Is she a student? 否定句:She is not a student.2.实义动词do(除第三人称单数外,谓语动词用原形)句子转换:当句子中既没有be动词,也没有情态动词时,则在主语前加助动词do(I, you, we, they), does(单数she, he, it)变成一般疑问句;在主语后谓语动词前加助动词don’t(I, you, we, they), doesn’t(单数she, he, it)变成否定句,助动词后的动词要变成动词原形.陈述句:We get up at 7:00 every morning.一般疑问句:Do you get up at 7:00 every morning? 否定句:We don’t get up at 7:00 every morning.【重点】动词第三人称单数(三单)的规则变化 1.一般在词尾加-s,如: looks, puts, reads, sees等。

2.以-o,-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾的加-es,如: goes, does, watches, teaches 3.以辅音字母加y结尾的,变y为i再加-es.注:若是元音字母加y,则直接加-s。如:fly → flies, try → tries, fry → fries, copy → copies

buy → buys, enjoy → enjoys, play → plays, say → says, pay → pays 总结:三单的变化规律与可数名词复数的(前三种)变化规律相似。

(二)现在进行时:

1.表示现在(说话的瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作,强调“此时此刻”。如:He is reading.They are talking now.2.表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作。如:They are working on a farm these days.3.结构:动词be(am/is/are)+V-ing V-ing形式构成:

1.一般在动词词尾加上-ing,如go→going look→looking watch→watching

2.以不发音字母e结尾的动词,先去e,再加-ing.如write→writing take→taking

3.以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母时,要先将词尾的辅音字母双写再加ing,如run→running shop→shopping get→getting sit→sitting

(三)一般过去时:表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;或过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为(used to);

1.句子转换口诀:一般过去并不难,表示过去(动作、状态)记心间。动词要用过去式,时间状语句末站。

如果动词是Be动词(was/were),构成主系表的结构。

如果动词是实义动词或除be动词以外的其它连系动词,需要将句中的动词变为过去时

否定句很简单,didn't动词(原形)前,其它部分不要变。疑问句也好变,did放在句子前,其它部分依次站。

陈述句He(she, it)worked 疑问句Did he(she, it)work? 否定句He(she, it)did not work 2.表过去的时间状语

如:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month, 具体时间),just now, at the age of , one day, long ago, once upon a time(很久以前)3.动词变化规则: 规则变化:

a.一般情况直接加ed,如:work→worked look→looked

b.以不发音的e结尾的,加-d,如:live →lived hope →hoped c.以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i加ed, 如:study→ studied d.以重读闭音节结尾的,末尾只有一个辅音字母,要双写最后的辅音字母加-ed,如: stop→ stopped plan→planned

特别提示:

1.在清辅音后读/t / 如:helped stopped 2.在元音或辅音后读/d / 如: stayed agreed 3.在辅音/t /,/d /后读/id/ 如: wanted needed

不规则变化 :过去时和原形相同,如:cut→cut read→read

四.There be句型结构

1.结构的主谓一致。There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时表示某地或某时存在某事或某人。句子的结尾往往带有地点状语或时间状语。其中there是引导词,本身没有词意,be是谓语动 词,be后面的名词是主语。be的数与后面的名词一致,若be后是两个或多个并列的名词,be则与靠得最近的那个名词的数一致。如 There was a meeting yesterday.昨天有个会议

比较:

There is a pen, two books and many pencils on the desk.桌上有一支钢笔、两本书和好些铅笔。

There are two books, a pen and many pencils on the desk 2.there be的否定、疑问及其回答式

(1)否定式:be后面加not(any)或no。如:

There are not any boats on the river.河上没有船。(2)疑问句:把be移到there之前。如:

Were there many boats on this river? 过去这条河上有许多船吗? 回答:Yes, there were./ No, there weren’t.五.句子种类

(一)陈述句

陈述句的否定结构:

陈述句的否定式主要用两种结构来表达:

(1)句子的谓语动词为be , have 或者谓语动词有助动词、情态动词时,其否定结构为: 主语+谓语动词/助动词/情态动词 + not + 其他成分

I am not a teacher.我不是老师。

We have not(haven`t)any books on animals.我们没有任何有关动物方面的书。

The children are not(aren`t)playing in the playground.孩子们没在操场上玩。

He will not(won`t)come.他不会来。

We must not(mustn`t)forget the past.我们不能忘记过去。It could not(couldn`t)be lost.它不可能丢的。

(2)当句子的谓语动词是do(即行为动词),而且没有助动词或情态动词时,其否定结构为:主语+do(does,did)+ not + 动词原形 + 其他成分

You do not(don`t)come here every day.你没有每天都来这里。He does not(doesn`t)teach this cla.他不教这个班。

They did not(didn`t)watch TV last night.昨晚他们没看电视。注意:陈述句的语调一般用降调。但在表示疑问的语气时,用升调,在书面上要用问号来表示。

You really want to go to Hong Kong ? 你真的想去香港吗?

这句话表示的是一种疑问,只不过是通过陈述的语序和疑问的语气来表达的(二)疑问句

疑问句是用来提出疑问的句子,句末用问号―?‖。常考的疑问句有四类,即:一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句。

第一节 一般疑问句

一般疑问句通常需要用yes 或no 来回答,所以又叫做―是非疑问句。在读这种句子时 要用升调。一般疑问句主要有以下几种类型:

1、―be + 主语 + 表语‖结构

— Are you sleepy ? 你困了吗? — Yes, I am.是的,我困了。

3、―情态动词 + 主语言+ 行为动词(或be)‖结构

— May/Can I use the telephone? 我能用这部电话吗? — Yes, you can.是的,可以。

5、―助动词(do, does, did)+ 主语 + 行为动词‖结构

— Do you like swimming in summer? 你喜欢夏天游泳吗? — No, I don`t.不,我不喜欢。难点提示

回答否定性一般疑问句时,要在Yes 后面用肯定结构,表示肯定;在No 后面用否定结构,表示否定。注意在说法上正好与汉语习惯相反。诀窍是在回答的时候,只要把它当成没有加否定形式的普通一般疑问句看待就可以了。注意下面例句的回答和它的意思。

— Is he not your elder brother? 他不是你的哥哥吗?

—Yes, he is.不,他是(我的哥哥)。No, he is not.是的,他不是(我的哥哥)。— Isn`t she very clever? 她难道不是很聪明吗?

— Yes, she is.不,她很聪明。— No, she is not.是,她不聪明。第二节 特殊疑问句

一、特殊疑问句是用来提出来特定问题的疑问句,要求听到问题的人针对特定情况来做具体的回答不能用Yes或No来回答的问句,句尾读降调。(由五个W一个H来引导特殊疑问句)

二、特殊疑问句的结构: 特殊疑问词 + 一般疑问句

Who do English homework in the evening?谁晚上做英语家庭作业? What do you do in the evening?你晚上做什么?

What homework do you do in the evening?你晚上做什么家庭作业? When do you do English homework?你什么时候做英语家庭作业?

三、注意:

对人提问时who―谁‖

对所属(谁的)提问用whose―谁的‖ 对哪一个提问用which―哪一个‖

对时间提问用when―什么时候‖或what time―几点‖ 对物体提问用what―什么‖ 对地点提问用where―哪里‖ 对原因提问用why―为什么‖ 对方式提问用how―怎么样‖

对数量提问用how many―多少‖(用于可数名词复数)或how much―多少‖(用于不可数名词)

四、难点提示

1、以why开头的特殊疑问句否定形式常用于表示建议、请求等。Why don`t you have a try? 你为什么不试试呢?

2、特殊疑问句常用到一些缩略形式,在平时学习中要注意习惯这些用法。

I don`t want to go there.How about you? 我不想去那儿,你呢? But what else? 可是还有什么呢?

(三)祈使句:表命令、警告、提醒、建议、请求、叮嘱、号召等,谓语动词用原形。主语you通常省略,句末用叹号或句号。肯定式以动词原形开头,否定式在动词原形前加don’t.如: Don’t arrive late for cla.Practice the guitar every day.为了表示礼貌,常在句首或者句末加please,在句末以“,”隔开。如:come in,please.Please call me!Let’s祈使句: 包括听话者本人在内,表示建议。如:Let’s go home.我们回家吧!

(四)感叹句

感叹句是表达喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊奇、惊讶等强烈感情的句子。感叹句通常由 what 或 how 引导。“what”和“how”与所修饰的词置于句首,其它部分用陈述句语序。

打油诗一首

或what an 形后若是不可数或名复数 只用what就可以 形容词后乱糟糟 只写how就OK了

六.情态动词:是一种本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词,但不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词原形构成谓语。

can的基本用法:

1.表示能力。I can speak English.我会讲英语。

2.表示许可。You can play football on weekends.你可以在周末踢足球。

3.表示请求。Can you help me? 你能帮助我吗?

must表示“必须”。You must read a book before you watch TV.have to表示“不得不”,“必须”,如We have to be quiet in the library.二者区别:

1.must表示说话人主观的看法,have to往往强调客观需要。如:I must go.It is a little late and I have to go now.2.否定意义不同:mustn’t 表示“禁止”,而don’t have to 表示“不必”。You mustn’t talk to your mother like that.You don’t have to come if you don’t want to.3.must 没有人称和数的变化,但have to有 I/You/They must do it now.She has to finish her homework today.八.介词

介词是一种虚词,它不能单独担任句子成分,必须与名词或代词或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句构成介词短语,才能担任句子成分。

1.表示时间的介词at,in,on A.at:用于表示时刻、时间的某一点

at 6 o’clock 在6点 at lunch在午饭时 at breakfast早餐时 at noon正午时 at that time那时

B.on用于表示某天,某一天的上、下午(指具体的某一天,一律用on)

on Monday在周一 on Tuesday morning在周二早上 on June 6 在6月6日

C.in用于表示周、月、季节、年和泛指的上午、下午、晚上(指在一段时间内)in the afternoon在下午 in the week在这周 in the holiday在假期中

D.for 后面跟一段时间: for two days/hours 2.表示场所、方向的介词at,in,on A.at在某地(表示比较狭窄的场所, 小地方)at school上学 at home在家

B.on在...上面,有接触面 on the desk 在桌子上面 on the map在地图上

C.in表示一个范围(大地方)in Beijing/China in the water 3.固定搭配

By+交通工具 by bus/ train/plane/bike/subway 重点:动词和介词的连用,如:

arrive at/in 到达 ask for 请求 get off 下车 listen to 听

help sb with sth 帮助某人做某事 talk about 谈论 look at 看;注视

附: 形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法: 当两种物体之间相互比较时,我们要用形容词或副词的比较级; 当相互比较的物体是三个或三个以上时,我们就要用形容词或副词的最高级。

※形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的变化规律: 1.单音节形容词或副词后面直接加-er或-est tall—taller—tallest fast—faster—fastest 2.以-e结尾的单音节形容词或副词直接加-r或-st large—larger—largest nice—nicer—nicest 3.以-y结尾的形容词或副词,改-y为-i再加-er或-est busy—busier—busiest early—earlier—earliest 4.形容词或副词是重读闭音节时,双写最后的辅音字母,再加-er或-est hot—hotter—hottest big—bigger—biggest 5.多音节形容词或副词前面直接加more或most delicious—more delicious—most delicious beautiful—more beautiful—most beautiful 6.不规则变化

good(well)—better—best bad(badly)—worse—worst many(much)-more-most little-le-least ⑥.1、比较级+than从句表示两者比较(A … 比较级+than B)①.他比我高。He is ________(tall)than me.②.他的头发比我的短。His hair is ________(short)than _________.He has ________(short)hair than ________.③.Tom比我胖。Tom is _____(fat)than me.④.谁跑得快些,Lucy 还是Lily? Who runs _________, Lucy or Lily? ⑤.英语比语文重要。English is _______________(important)than Chinese.⑥.我来的比你晚。I come _______(late)than you.⑦.他比你小2岁。He’s 2 years _________ than you.⒉ 表示两者“相等”用,as+形容词原级+比较对象:(A … as 原级 B)①他和我一样高。He is as ________(tall)as I/me.②英语比语文重要。English is as _______________(important)as Chinese.③他的头发和我的头发一样长。His hair is ________ ________ _______ mine.④他学习和你一样努力。He works _______ hard ______ you.⒊ 表示“不如”,“不相等”时,用“not+as/so+形容词原级+as+比较对象”。

①他没我高。He is ______ ________(tall)as me.②今天没有昨天暖和。Today is ______ _______ _______(warm)_______ yesterday.=Yesterday ______ ________ than today.③他昨天来得没有我早。He _________ come ________ early as I(did)yesterday.比较级前可用much / a lot / far(… 得多),a little(稍微),still, no, even(甚至), any 等表示程度;

形容词、副词前如有:very, too, quite(非常), rather(相当)等修饰,一般用原级。比较: He is much ___________(well)today.It’s much ____________(expensive).He is very __________(well)today.It’s too ___________(expensive)△⒋“比较级 +and+ 比较级”表示“越来越…”

天气越来越冷了。It’s getting ______ and _______(cold)△⒌ “The+ 比较级…,the+ 比较级…”表示“越…,就越… 越多越好 The ________, the _______.△⒍ “用twice 等表示倍数的词+ as +原级+as…”表示甲是乙的几倍。这间房是那间房的两倍。This room is _______ as big as that one.Ⅲ.形容词最高级的用法: 表示三者或三者以上(人或物)的比较,其中有一个超过其他几个。形容词最高级前要加the,后面通常带of(in)短语来说明比较的范围(of 后的名词或代词表示与主语属同一类;in 表示时间或空间范围)。

①在我们班上他最高。He is __________(tall)_____ our cla.②玛丽是这三个学生中最小的。

Mary is __________(young)______ the three students.主谓一致

主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致 一 单项选择:

1.Eating vegetables______ good for our health.A.is B.are C.were D.was 2.More than one person _______ made the suggestion.A.was B.has C.were D.have 3.I think ______ of the materials I listened to at the beginning of the exam ______ easy.A.two thirds;is B.second three;are C.two thirds;are D.two third;are 4.Neither you nor Lin Hua _______ to the Great Wall before.A.had been B.has gone C.has been D.have been 5.The writer and teacher ______ coming now.A.is B.are C.has D.have 6.Something _____ gone wrong with my TV set.A.has B.have C.is D.are 7.Nothing but gra and trees _______ the hill.A.covers B.cover C.covering D.are covering 8.Physics ______ more interesting than Maths, I think.A.are B.is C.was D.were 9.Each student and each teacher ______ to see the film.A.go B.wish C.are D.wants 10.Either Tom or I ______ to blame.A.to be B.am C.are D.is 11.There ______ a desk, two beds and four chairs in the room.A.is B.are C.has D.have 12.Lucy, together with her two brothers, often _______ to the park on Sundays.A.go B.goes C.are going D.is going 13.There ______ a pair of shoes on the floor.The shoes______ mine.A.are;is B.is;is C.is;are D.are;are 14.None of that money on the table ______ mine.A.is B.are C.been D.have 15.— Could you get me a piano, Mum? —There ______ enough room for one in our home.A.is B.are C.isn’t D.aren’t

16.The family I am staying with _______ very friendly.A.is B.are C.was D.were 17.Our team ______ the World Cup!A.has won B.have won C.are won D.is won 18.Our country _______ great changes in the last 30 years.A.experience B.experiences C.has experienced D.experiencing 19.The police _______ having a meeting in their office at ten yesterday.A.is B.are C.was D.were 20.The number of people invited _____ 50, but a number of them _____absent for different reasons.A.were;was B.was;was C.was;were D.were;were 21.A library with 5000 books _____ to the nation as a gift.A.is offered B.has offered C.are offered D.have offered 22.I told him what I was surprised ______ his attitude towards his study.A.is B.was C.at is D.at was 23.On the wall ______ two large portraits(肖像).A.hangs B.hang C.hanged D.are hung 24.All that can be done ________.A.has been done B.has done C.have done D.were done 25.The singer and the dancer ______ come to the meeting.A.has B.have C.are D.is 26.I have finished a large part of the book;the rest ______ more difficult.A.is B.are C.was D.were 27.The wounded(伤员)_______ by the hospital.A.has taken in B.has been taken in C.have taken in D.have been taken in 28.The following _______ some other examples.A.are B.is C.was D.were 29.The whole cla _______ the teacher attentively(认真地).A.are listening B.is listening to C.are listening to D.is listening 30.―All _______ present and all _______ going on well,‖ our manager said.A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are 31.The rich ________ not always happy.A.are B.is C.has D.have 32.He is the very thief that the police ________.A.is after B.is looking C.are after D.are looking 33.The third and last chapter(章节)_______ by Profeor Chen.A.are written B.are writing C.is written D.is writing 34.One third of the students in our school _______ girl students.A.is B.are C.was D.were 35.Many a writer of newspaper articles ________ to writing novels.A.has turned B.have turned C.being turned D.are going to turn 36.None of your projects ________.A.working out B.work out C.is worked out D.worked out 37.Going to bed early and getting up early _______ a good habit.A.is B.are C.were D.was 38.I don’t think one hundered dollars _______ a big sum of monny to him.A.will be B.would be C.is D.are 39.Neither of your suggestions ________ sense.(make sense:有意义;说得通)A.makes B.make C.is made D.are made 40.Your trousers _______ dirty;you must have ______ washed.A.is;it B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them 二 用所给词的正确形式填空: 1.______(be)everything OK? 2.Nobody _______(know)the answers to the question.3.Ten divided by two ________(be)five.4.Most of the drinking water _______(be)from the Black River.5.Not only she but also I _______(do)morning exercises every day.6.Either you or he ______(have)made a wrong decision.7.The family _______(be)spending the weekend together.8.Bread and butter ______(be)her daily breakfast.9.The police _______(be)trying to catch the thief.10.The number of the teachers in the school ______(be)120.

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