讲话的艺术(麻省理工学院一门著名的课程)_麻省理工学院开放课程
讲话的艺术(麻省理工学院一门著名的课程)由刀豆文库小编整理,希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便,猜你可能喜欢“麻省理工学院开放课程”。
讲话是一门艺术,面对众人讲话(演讲)更是一门艺术,下面是美国麻省理工学院(MIT)一位教授每年必讲的一门在MIT非常著名的课程(后面附有视频链接)。
Leo Brown(注:国外一位非常 有名的演讲大师,曾获“World’s Top Five Speakers”的提名,同时也是一个成功的企业家,两本畅销书的作者)最近在美国丹佛举办的MDRT(Million Dollar Round Table)会议中进行演讲。不愧是一位充满感染力的演技大师,他简直棒极了。除了富有感染力,他的演讲还充满了幽默感。
那我们可以从一位这样成功的演讲大师身上学习到什么呢?当然是非常多。仔细专研Les Brown的演讲录像你就会学到不少——这里,我列出一些学习点及其非常好的一些语句摘录:
充满精神:说话的声调,举止动作,流汗。你在演讲的时候会流汗吗——试一试。
引用名句:Leo Brown有着上百万的名句在他脑海中。(至上看起来他知道非常非常多的名句,且都应用得当)
有根据性:Leo的演讲有节奏感,他的语速和声音的韵律都非常好。他的演讲就像是和我们在讨论而非一味的他在演讲。而且他还总是自信满满的。
讲述故事:他有很多的故事,围绕在他身边发生的故事。而且这些故事都与他要传到的信息也都相辅相成。
熟能生巧:虽然Leo有着前面列出来的很多优点,但是只有熟能生巧才能保证演讲的质量。
一些好的语句摘录:
“我已经从事演讲20年了,事实上是34年。但是问题是前14年我认为我不能做好演讲。”
“提供更多服务,不要仅限于被支付的范围。”(Provide more service than you get paid for.)
“人只和他喜欢或者值得信任的人做生意。” “工欲善其事,必先利其器。”
“„通过更新你的思想来获得改变„”
讲话的艺术
每年一月,在美国麻省理工大学的自选课外活动期间,计算机科学专业的Patrick Henry Winston 教授都会开一门著名的课,叫做:如何讲话。在这个一直广受欢迎的课堂上,Winston 教授向观众们讲授关于掌握讲话艺术的那些经过不断发展和打磨,而逐渐成熟的注意事项及策略。今年我第一次去听了他的讲课,果然收获颇丰。
当时的教室里座无虚席,甚至台阶上和讲台旁侧的空地上都站满了人。挤在过道处的人群,很费劲的侧耳聆听。由于到教室很早,我得以拥有一张课桌,因此能够记录下一些笔记。在本文中,我就这些笔记做了总结,向你一一展示 Patrick Winston 背后的秘密方法。
公式:I = f(K,P,T)你的影响力(Influence)是一个关于你的演讲常识(Knowledge about speaking)、练习情况(Practice)以及天赋(Talent)的函数。这三者的重要性在这里是按逐渐减弱排序的。Winston的建议主要关注于演讲常识。这也是最显著提高你的影响力而又最简单的方法。如何开始 下面是一些关于开始演讲的建议:
1.2.3.不要用笑话做开头。听众尚未习惯于你和你的讲话风格。因而,幽默感在此刻也许不那么容易取得好的效果。
以一个菜单开始演讲。准确告诉听众,你将要讲些什么,以怎样的顺序陈述。
尊重并承诺听众的自由与权益。能够吸引并留住听众远比调动他们来听更重要。
四条重要提示 下面是四条提高讲话能力的启示。
1.2.反复重述。
首先,简洁的提出你的思想,然后详细的阐述,最后再进行总结。用人工智能的术语讲,即:让你的听众载入图解表,继而将细节填充进去,最后让他们知晓,什么是有价值的信息,而应当被编入大脑中的索引,为未来所用。
准确措辞。
这一方法可以使得那些不慎走神的听众很容易重新回到讲话中。比如这样:“上面我们谈了第一条启示,即:反复重述。下面我将要讲第二条启示,它会使你的讲话更有趣„„” 3.4.不要忽略其他说明。
解释一种观点的时候,也应当引述一些其他与之不同但非常相关或相近的观点。这可以帮助听者更准确的理解你的观点中的关键部分。
提出反问。
不要问得太简单,也不要太难。等待答案的时间大概用6秒钟。
工具 关系演讲成败的三个工具。
1.2.3.时间和地点。
如果你能够掌控时间和地点,上午的中段是最好的演讲时间。会场的大小应该是刚好能做满你预计的听众人数。确保灯光的亮度合适。不要让他们把灯关上。(“与其为听众制造昏暗的环境,让他们在昏昏欲睡中透过眼皮想象幻灯片上的内容,倒不如让他们在明亮的环境下看幻灯片。”)
写字板。
黑板可以让你在上面顺手画出示意图,帮助你强调重点。它也能为你把握节奏。因为书写的速度跟人们处理信息的速度几乎同步。使用一个能够传达你的主旨的符号,以便于随时可以引用。(“我有一次见到,一位斯隆学院的教授的讲课,围绕一个三角形花了一整个小时,相当厉害!”)这也可以提供一个有形的标物,让你可以在需要的时候指着黑板上的文字或符号讲话。在演讲中,手所能发挥的最好作用亦在于此。
幻灯片。
不要使用小于24的字号。倘若你无法在幻灯片上用这么大的字号显示下全部信息,那说明,你要显示的信太多了。幻灯片一般遵从以下四个原则:
1.2.3.4.不要照读幻灯片!
不要站的离屏幕过远。这会使你的听众分散注意力。
不要使用指示棒。激光或其他类型的指示棒会分散观众的注意力。你会不自觉的用它晃来晃去,这非常不好。更好的办法是,站在屏幕旁,用手去指示屏幕上的信息,或者使用鼠标指示。
道具。如果可能,使用道具来举例说明你的意思。
特殊的场合 三种具体的讲话情景。注意,前两种主要针对学术性的演讲,但是相应给出的建议同样适用于其他场合。口语考试。一些策略:
1.2.3.在开始时展示自己。在五分钟内,阐明你做了什么,以及它们的重要性。
从时间、空间及领域几方面陈述介绍内容。即:以时间顺序展示你着重研究的轨迹,还有在什么其他地方人们在研究同一问题,以及在这一领域内你的研究结果。
练习。让你的朋友们试听你的演讲。请他们尽量提出一些难以应付的问题。
职场演讲。下面是人们希望在候选者身上看到的: 1.2.3.拥有愿景。
对于这一愿景,你有所行为。
不要以一张总结性的幻灯片收场。而是在最后展示出你所做出过的贡献,清晰的表明你都做了什么。
变得著名。如果你想要成为世界级的演讲者,那么实践一下“Winston’s Star”,这是一个能够使你的演讲分外难忘的清单,包括以下五点:
1.2.3.4.5.符号。某个图标,可以使你的想法更易于被记住。
标语。对你的想法做一个简单的语言上的处理。
出乎意料。让人们之后谈论到的时候,会说:“你去听过这么一个演讲么?„„”
出众之处。要有真正闪亮的观点。
故事。讲一些真正吸引观众的故事。
如何结束 讲话结尾时,要记住以下几点:
1.2.3.4.5.重申你在演讲开头提出的许诺。重新向观众阐述你的许诺是什么,并总结一下你如何实践了它。
讲个笑话。现在听众已经了解你了。这样,如果他们带着愉快的心情离开会场,他们会对整个演讲留下愉快的印象。
提出问题。
不要感谢观众。那样看起来好像是感谢观众好心听完了你无聊的唠叨。
以致敬来结束演讲。表示敬意,但不必感谢。(例如,“今天在场的都是非常棒的观众,我希望你们在此学到了使自己演讲更精彩的方法。”)
Patrick Winston教授的演讲视频 http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/html/icb.topic58703/winston1.html
英文原文:http://calnewport.com/blog/?p=266
The Art of Speaking: “There is a special circle in hell for those who use laser pointers,” this and other advice from a master speaker.Features: Interviews Study Hacks February 6th.2008, 4:45pm
How to Speak
Every January, during MIT’s Independent Activities Period, Computer Science Profeor Patrick Henry Winston gives a famed lecture titled: How to Speak.During this perennially popular event, Profeor Winston walks his audience through a series of tips and strategies, developed and honed over decades, for mastering the art of speaking.I attended his lecture for the first time this year, and was not disappointed.The crowd was literally at capacity.Every seat filled.Every step filled.The ground surrounding the podium filled.And a crowd spilling out into the hallway straining to hear.Having arrived early, I was able to snag a desk an thus take copious notes.In this post, I draw from these notes to present to you, in detail, the secrets behind the Patrick Winston Method.The Formula I = f(K,P,T)
Your Impact is a function of your Knowledge about speaking, Practice, and Talent — in decreasing order of importance.Winston’s advice focuses on your knowledge about speaking.This is the easiest way to gain the biggest increases in your impact.How to Start
Some advice for starting your talk.1.Don’t start with a joke.The audience is not accustomed to you or your speaking style yet.Humor will be difficult at this point.2.Do start with a menu.Tell them exactly what you’ll be speaking about and in what order.3.Do provide an empowerment promise.Explain why your audience will come away from the talk better than when they entered.The Big Four
A collection of four heuristics that make a talk work.1.Cycling.Deliver ideas first in brief, then in detail, then in summary.To use the lingo of artificial intelligence: let your audience load the schema, then fill in the details, then let them know what’s worth indexing for future reference.2.Verbal Punctuation.Provide a mechanism to help people who “fogged out” to easily rejoin the talk.For example: “We have just finished talking about the first heuristic, cycling, I am now going to talk about the second heuristic for helping to make your talks more interesting…”
3.Near Mi.When explaining an idea, also describe other ideas that are close but not quite the same.This will help people understand what the important points are that define your idea.4.Ask Rhetorical Questions.Don’t make them too easy.Don’t make them too hard.Wait 6 seconds for an answer.The Tools
Four tools that can make or break your presentation.1.Time and Place.If it’s in your control: mid-morning is the best time.Choose a location that will look full with your expected audience size.Make sure it is well-lit.Don’t let them turn down the lights.(“It’s easier to see slides in a light room then to seem them through closed eyelids.”)2.The Board.A blackboard lets you draw natural graphics that highlight your points.It also paces you.The speed of writing matches the speed with which people proce information.Use a logo that captures the main point and that you can return to.(“I once saw a Sloan profeor lecture for a whole hour about a triangle;it was amazing!”)It also provides a target.The best thing to do with your hands? Point at things on the board.3.Slides.Don’t use anything le than 24-point type.If you can’t fit the information at this font size then you have too much.Follow these four rules:
1.Don’t read the slides!“A special circle in hell for those who…”
2.Don’t stand far away from the screen.This requires divided attention from your audience.3.Have one meaningful picture per slide.If it’s found in Microsoft’s clip art gallery, it’s not meaningful.4.No pointers.Laser or otherwise.These are distractions.You’ll play with them.They’re annoying.Stand by the screen and point with your hand or refer to visual anchors on the slide.4.Props.When poible, use a prop to illustrate an idea.Special Cases
Three specific types of talks.(Notice, the first two are specific to academia, but the advice is none-the-le generalizable to other arenas).1.Oral Exams.Some strategies:
1.Show your hand early on.Within five minutes have explained what you did and why it’s important.2.Situate your results in time, space, and field.That is, explain the trajectory over time of your area of concentration, where else people are working on the same problem, and the consequence of your result for the field.3.Practice.Ask your friends to listen to your talk.Tell them to try to make you cry.2.Job Talk.Here is what they want to see in a candidate:
1.Has a vision.2.Has done something about that vision.3.Don’t finish with a conclusion slide.Instead have a contributions slides.Something that spells out clearly what you did.3.Getting Famous.If you want to become a world cla speaker, try to deploy Winston’s Star.A five-point checklist of things to make your talk extra memorable:
1.Symbol.Some icon that makes your ideas easy to hold on to.2.Slogan.A simple linguistic handle for your ideas.3.Surprise.Make people say: “did you see that talk…” 4.Salient.Have an idea that really sticks out.5.Story.Tell stories that engage the audience.How to Stop
Some things to keep in mind about concluding a talk: 1.Deliver on your promise made at the beginning.Remind them what it was and summarize how you satisfied it.2.Tell a joke.They know you now.And if they leave happy they will aume the entire talk made them happy.3.Call for questions.4.Don’t thank the audience.It makes it seem like they did you a favor by listening to your boring babble.5.End with a salute.Compliment without thanking.(i.e., “You’ve been a great audience, I hope you learned a lot about how to give a great talk.”)