英国外交大臣上海国际问题研究院演讲时间_上海世博会演讲稿
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英国外交大臣上海国际问题研究院演讲时间:2010-03-19 19:38来源:口译网 作者:口译网 点击:365次
Openne
开放
First, openne – to trade, ideas, people and investment.At the beginning of 2009, many predicted that the financial crisis would be compounded by protectionist measures mirroring the 1930s, when the Smoot Hawley Tariff Act turned the Wall Street Crash into a decade long depreion.首先，对贸易、观点、人和投资的开放。在2009年之初，许多人预言金融危机将由于贸易保护主义措施而加剧，正如二十世纪三十年代《斯姆特－霍利关税法》使华尔街危机演变成长期的衰退那样。
According to Global Trade Alert there has been an increase in protectionist measures, but levels remain well below those of the 1930s.This in part reflects deeper shared interests in open, connected markets.International supply chains have created a strong corporate constituency in favour of low tariffs.Norms of open trade are reflected in global and regional institutions, such as the WTO.But the biggest reason why the protectionist impulse was neutered was that policymakers found alternative ways of creating jobs and growth, through fiscal and monetary measures.Demand management counteracted domestic preures for protection.根据国际贸易预警组织（Global Trade Alert）所做的调查贸易保护主义倾向有所抬头，但相比二十世纪三十年代仍不显著。这部分地反映了一个开放、相互联结的市场中存在着更多的共同利益。国际供应链已经建立了一个支持低关税的强大治理机制。开放贸易的规范体现在全球性和地区性的机构如世界贸易组织中。但是，贸易保护主义者的呼声得到控制的最重要的原因是决策者们找到了创造就业和推动增长的另一种方法，即通过财政及货币政策对国民经济加以调整。对需求的管理缓解了来自国内对贸易保护的压力。
In Britain the Government is committed both to avoiding premature withdrawal of government support, and to halving the deficit in four years.The danger is that if growth remains sluggish, states will be unable to fall back on fiscal or monetary tools to support industry and may be tempted by protectionism as an alternative.在英国，政府承诺不会在条件成熟前提前取消政府支持，并在4年时间内将赤字减半。但是，如果增长仍旧缓慢，许多国家将无法继续依赖财务或货币工具来支撑工业，其中许多将转向贸易保护主义。
It is therefore eential that those with an interest in open trade create a bulwark against protectionism.There is a clear case for partnership here between the world‟s fastest growing economy, China, and its largest single market, the European Union.因此在下一年度，在公开贸易中拥有共同利益的各方建立一个反对贸易保护主义的壁垒非常重要。在全球增长最快的经济体中国及全球最大的单一市场欧盟间的伙伴关系上，这是个明显的例子。
A world trade deal could be worth up to $170bn annually.China and the EU should work together with the US to show that completing the Doha round will provide an aggregate boost to jobs in Tenneee and Texas as much as Chongqing and Guangzhou, or Munich and Manchester.多哈谈判若成功每年贸易额将价值1700亿美元。中国和欧盟应和美国合作，表明完成多哈贸易谈判将给田纳西和德克萨斯、重庆和广州、慕尼黑和曼彻斯特都带来就业机会。
The G20 meetings in Canada in June and Korea in November will help to focus attention on the protectionist threat.But Regional Trade Agreements, such as the EU-Korea deal signed last year can also play a vital role in building momentum, provoking commercial lobbies in other major economies to lobby for better market acce.6月份在加拿大召开以及11月份在韩国召开的G20会议都将帮助大家关注贸易保护主义带来的威胁。但地区性贸易协定，如欧盟和韩国去年签署的贸易协议也可以起到关键作用，如增强动力、在其他重要经济体中产生商业效应，争取获得更好的市场准入。
Concrete steps towards a climate change deal will also be critical in heading off the threat from green protectionism, delivering the carbon price neceary to achieve more sustainable growth.So too will welfare programmes if they seek to protect workers through rights to work and re-training, rather than protecting jobs, as the UK‟s „job guarantee‟ scheme seeks to do.在签署气候变化协议方面所采取的切实步骤也在帮助人们远离绿色保护主义者的过程中发挥了关键作用，进行碳交易对获得可持续性增长非常 必要。福利项目如英国的“就业保障”措施也是如此。该项目旨在通过保护工人工作的权力及对工人进行再培训的方式帮助他们而非单纯的保护就业岗位。
The ability of governments in the West to sustain popular support for open markets depends critically on being able to demonstrate that there is a global trend towards openne from which their own companies can benefit.So it is worrying that we are seeing more reports of foreign investors in emerging economies encountering new barriers to investment.This not only increases protectionist preures in Europe and the US.It also deprives China and other emerging economies of cutting edge technologies which in turn raises their own competitivene.Everyone loses.西方国家政府惟有证明开放的市场能使本国企业受益才能赢得大众对此政策的支持。所以当我们看到来自新兴经济体的外国投资者不断遭遇壁垒的报道时不免感到忧虑。因为壁垒不仅增加了欧盟和美国贸易保护主义者的压力，同时也剥夺了中国和其他新兴经济体寻求获得尖端技术以提高竞争力的机会。其结局是所有人都是输家。
The cumulative and unintended consequence of small, industry-specific protective measures can result in an unraveling of the economic interconnectedne on which both our countries‟ prosperity is founded.If markets begin to close, the new jobs we need to create to absorb the millions of people coming into the job markets in Europe, the US, India and China, will not materialize.Our shared interest must be in creating a reverse dynamic towards greater openne.小规模、针对特定行业的措施所产生的累积的意外后果可以使我们两国繁荣所依托的经济纽带受到伤害。我们的共同利益只有在一个更开放的机制中才能够实现。我们不能允许其他人相信开放的进程已经停滞不前。
Low-carbon
低碳
Low-carbon energy offers a particular opportunity for this.It is the second principle.低碳能源带来了一种特殊的机遇。
2008 will go down as the year of the credit crunch.But, it also saw a resource crunch, through high energy and food prices that contributed to, and exacerbated the financial crisis.Spiraling commodity prices contributed to global imbalances.For instance, the fall in oil prices from their average 2008 levels, has reduced the current account surplus of oil-exporting nations by 8% of their GDP.Commodity price inflation also delayed the loosening of monetary policy, with central banks facing both falling aet prices and rising commodity prices.2008年将以信贷紧缩载入史册，但同时也首次出现了资源危机的迹象：能源和食品价格居高不下是金融危机产生并趋于恶化的原因之一。螺旋上升的大宗商品价格加剧了全球经济不平衡现象。例如，油价从2008年平均价格线上跌落后，使得石油出口国的国际收支项目顺差下降了相当于其GDP的8%。商品价格的高涨也使宽松货币政策一再延迟出台，各国央行不得不同时面对下降的资产价格和上涨的大宗商品价格两个难题。
To prevent rising commodity prices from thwarting the economic recovery, and to stop the resource crunch from pushing us back towards a destabilizing zero-sum scramble for resources, we urgently need to shift to low carbon development.But it is not just that.The dangers of resource crunch and green protectionsim are real.There is a further point.The low carbon agenda is not about constraining development space but about expanding it.It is not about limiting growth and dividing up the economic pie in a sustainable way;it is about innovation and change to create a new, more productive development path.As Europe talks of smart grids, smart meters, electric cars, and carbon capture, the size of the new markets are very large.If China does the same they are immense.Low carbon is not just an environmental neceity it is an economic opportunity.This afternoon I will see for myself one of China‟s largest solar panel factories, in the outskirts of Beijing – a multi-billion dollar busine that is exporting to other provinces and the rest of the world.为使经济复苏免于商品价格上涨的影响，以及防止资源紧缩把我们推向争夺资源的零和博弈，我们迫切需要转向低碳的发展模式。但不仅仅是这样。资源危机的恶果和绿色保护主义已都真实呈现，并还有更多的。低碳日程并不是要限制发展空间反而是要拓展它。低碳日程也并不是要限制增长并把经济分割成可持续发展的形式。低碳日程是要通过创新和改造成就一条新的更加高产的发展道路。正像欧洲所热议的智能电网，智能测量，电动汽车以及碳捕捉，这个新兴市场的规模是非常巨大的。如果中国也参与进来，那么这个市场的规模将更加庞大。低碳不是一个单纯的环境问题，它更是一个经济机会。今天下午我将亲自参观一个位于北京郊区的具有几十亿资产的太阳能面板工厂。作为中国最大的太阳能面板工厂之一，该厂的产品销往中国其他省份及世界各地。
We made some progre in Copenhagen.But there is much we need to do to build the legally binding international framework we need to keep global warming below the critical 2 degrees;I believe this is an economic opportunity not a threat.我们已经在哥本哈根取得了一些进展，但仍然需要继续努力来建立有法律效力的国际条约，我们需要严格地把全球变暖现象控制在2度增幅以下。我认为这是一个经济机会而不是威胁。
The EU and China have a clear shared interest in working together on energy and resource efficiency.We both want to reduce our dependence on imports of oil and gas.We both recognise not just the economic dangers, but also the commercial potential.欧盟和中国在能源和资源利用效率方面有明确的共同利益。我们都希望减少我们对进口石油和天然气的依赖性。我们不仅认识到这些经济危险，同时也认识到了商业机会。
Coal will be an important element of our energy security over the coming decade.But if it is not clean coal our efforts to mitigate climate change will fail.China and the EU are already working together to build one of the world‟s first full scale power plants that captures and stores the carbon it emits, so that we can use coal without driving up carbon emiions.But there is more that we can and must do to accelerate investment in the technologies of the future.在未来的十年中，煤炭将继续是能源安全中的一个重要因素。但是，如果煤炭资源不能得到更“清洁”的利用的话，我们试图缓解气候变化的努力就将付诸东流。中国与欧盟已经开始合作建设全世界第一座大规模碳捕捉及贮存的电站，这种电站可以使我们在不增加大量碳排放的情况下利用煤炭资源。除此之外，我们还可以做并必须做的事以加速对未来科技的投资。
The key to delivering energy and climate security will be to push down the costs of low carbon choices relative to high carbon ones.The best way to do this is to accelerate market growth by integrating markets.That would, for example, reduce the price of Chinese–made hybrid and electric cars for European customers, encouraging manufacturers to scale up, further pushing down costs.That‟s what the EU single market is all about.And that is how we can best use cooperation on energy and climate to keep markets open.实现能源和气候安全性的关键是降低低碳方式相对于高碳方式的成本。最好的途径是通过市场整合的方式加速市场成长。例如，降低中国制造的混合动力及电动汽车对欧洲消费者的售价，鼓励制造商大规模生产，进一步降低成本。这就是欧盟单一市场的意义，也是我们利用能源和气候方面的合作使市场开放的最佳方式。
Instead of the climate imperative being a driver of green protectionism, it could be a driver of green free trade.Building on the ground-breaking low carbon economic zones which our two countries have established over the last few years, we should explore the potential for rapid removal of tariffs and harmonisation of standards on low-carbon goods, broadly defined, acro the major economies.环境问题应该成为绿色自由贸易的动力，而不是绿色保护主义的动机。在过去几年中，我们两国已经在建设低碳经济区方面取得了开拓性的进展，我相信我们应该寻找在主要经济体间对低碳商品快速取消关税及统一标准的可能性。
Reform of International Financial Governance
国际金融管理的改革
The third priority is reform of the international financial architecture.The current arrangements were designed for a world of comparatively isolated national economies.Today, however, no-one can be insulated from instability without international cooperation.我要说的第三个话题是国际金融体制的改革。因为当前的国际金融体制是为一个各国相对孤立的世界所设置的。但是今天如果没有国际合作，任何国家都会面临不稳定的威胁。
The shift from the G8 to the G20 as the main forum for global economic governance was long overdue.The imperative now is to ensure it continues to deliver as the immediate crisis paes.The new G20 Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth agreed in Pittsburgh in September is critical here.At its core is the recognition that our policy choices are interdependent.As Premier Wen Jiabao commented yesterday, we need more macroeconomic coordination between nations.Without a mechanism to ensure a better collective mix there is a risk that spill-overs between countries will undermine financial and economic stability.According to the IMF the difference between getting this right and getting it wrong could be worth up to $6 trillion over five years.So as the British Chancellor, Alistair Darling, has said, this mutual aement proce should now be the central mechanism for international economic coordination.作为全球经济治理的主要论坛G8向G20的转变姗姗来迟。现在当务之急是确保G20在金融危机过去后继续发挥作用。去年9月份在匹兹堡确立的旨在构建坚实的、可持续的及平衡增长的新的G20框架十分重要。这一框架的核心理念是明确我们的政策选择是相互依赖的。正如温家宝总理昨天评述所言，各国需要加强宏观经济政策的协调配合。在缺少一个协调机制的情况下，国与国之间的分歧将削弱金融与经济的稳定性。根据国际货币基金组织的研究，在这一点上做对与做错的区别将关乎未来五年6万亿美元的价值。正如英国财政大臣阿里斯太尔.达林所说，这一双向评估的程序应该成为国际经济协调的核心机制。
If we are to forge new forms of global economic cooperation we need to go further and faster in reforming the key International Financial Institutions, strengthening their relevance, legitimacy and effectivene.Gordon Brown has put forward proposals on behalf of the UK.Working more closely with a stronger Financial Stability Board, we want the IMF, on the basis of more equitable representation, to improve surveillance of the global economy, to highlight vulnerabilities and avert crises.We believe that the World Bank, IMF and regional banks need a broader mandate that reflects the critical economic challenges of this century – closer economic and financial linkages between states, instability and poverty but also climate change.As the world‟s second largest economy, we want to hear China‟s views on what structures would be most fair, most equitable and most efficient.The scope for a Sino-British partnership in forging a new economic order is clear.如果我们想要建立新的全球经济合作关系，我们就需要在重要国际金融机构改革方面做出更多努力，增强它们的相关性、合法性及有效性。戈登.布朗首相已经代表英国提出了建议。我们希望国际货币基金组织能够在更加公平的基础上，加强与金融稳定委员会的合作，提高对全球经济的预警能力，提前指出经济体中的薄弱环节，从而能够避免危机。我们相信世界银行、国际货币基金组织及地区性银行能在国与国之间更密切的经济及金融联系、不稳定性、贫困以及气候变化等一系列21世纪世界重大经济问题方面发挥更多作用，例如。我们希望倾听作为世界第二大经济体的中国对于最公平、公正及高效的机制的看法。中英两国在建立经济新秩序方面的伙伴关系的范围是明确的。
Markets with values
有价值观的市场
A social market economy that treats individuals as citizens not merely as units of production is more flexible and ultimately more prosperous than naked capitalism or state bureaucracy.So my fourth and final point relates to the values which I believe our societies must, over time, respect.Over the last thirty years, China has laid the foundations of what could become the world‟s greatest economy.It is pouring the concrete and building the infrastructureoften inside the decision making proce, otherwise as a force in society and industry.The challenge of renewing the collaboration of employees to promote productive busine and strong societies remains preing today, to engage the will power and ideas of the workforce in public, private and voluntary sectors.Chinese systems of law, busine, and aociation are different.But the contribution of your people, in the workplace, in communities, and as you have been discuing in the party, will be vital to the human values that need to be aerted to make a market economy work.工人们想要更好的工作环境、可靠的社会福利条件，以及在任何自己选择居住的地方定居的权利。在欧洲社会市场经济的发展不仅仅涉及政府和私人企业，也包括民间团体特别是工会的作用。在二战后期的西欧，工会在社会和产业问题的决策过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。在新型的雇员合作关系的挑战下，怎样结合公私营及志愿性工作场所中劳动力的个人意愿以提高商业产值及推动社会稳定的问题仍待解决。中国的法律商业及社团系统不同于欧洲。但国民在工作场所和社区中的贡献，如同中国党内讨论的那样，将对市场经济体制下人的价值体现至关重要。
International markets will support this evolution.Foreign investors seek transparency and fair competition so that they can be confident in their investment.International consumers are not just concerned about the price they pay but the social impact of the goods they buy.When Greenpeace called for a boycott of Shell in 1995 because of its plans to dump an oil platform at the bottom of the Atlantic, its sales plummeted.Public concern about how the diamond trade was perpetuating civil wars in Africa in the 1990s led to a complete overhaul of the global diamond market.Globalisation is leading not just to the convergence of our economies, but to the growth of a global social conscience.Companies with global ambitions will have to adjust to that fact.国际市场将支持这一变革。外国投资者寻求透明及公平的竞争，这样他们才可以信心十足地进行投资。国际消费者所关心的不仅是他们为商品支付的费用，也关心他们购买的产品的社会效益。1995年，因为壳牌石油公司计划把一个石油钻探平台丢弃到大西洋底，绿色和平组织呼吁抵制该公司，壳牌石油公司的销售立即骤降。公众对于钻石贸易加剧九十年代非洲内战这一事件的关注也导致了全球钻石市场的重新洗牌。全球化不仅使我们的经济趋向融合，也促进了全球社会意识的增强。任何想要进行全球拓展的公司都需要认识到这个事实。
This raises hard questions about the responsibilities of states to their own citizens, and the extent to which the international system has sway.It goes to the heart of doctrine of responsible sovereignty that I set out in Beijing two years ago.Already we are sharing our own best practice experience with you on intellectual property rights and social security tribunals to resolve disputes on pension and benefit entitlements quickly and fairly.We look forward to forging many more similar partnerships in the years to come.这涉及到一些深刻的问题，就是国家对于公民的责任，以及国际系统对其的影响。这就要提到我两年在北京提到的话题：责任主权条文的核心。我们已经共享了我们在知识产权和社会安全司法方面的最好经验，帮助你们快速及公正地解决养老金及福利方面的问题。我们期待将来能有更多类似的合作。
Conclusion
结论
As we emerge from 18 months of crisis, we must acknowledge the problems we face and begin to tackle them.But we must also acknowledge the economic and demographic poibilities on the horizonnow and throughout its history – when it has been open to the outside world.It reminds us that, just as the world needs China, so China needs the world.上海是一个闪光的典范，不仅对于中国其他地方来说是这样的，而且对于世界其他地区也是如此。在1992年的经济改革之后，上海已经连续15年实现了两位数的GDP增长，超越了中其他任何一个省区。尽管上海人口只占全国的2%，却贡献了16%的GDP。这座城市现在及过去的卓越成就都是立足于中国的开放之上的。这也提醒我们，正如世界需要中国一样，中国也需要世界。
This year the Shanghai Expo has the theme of Better City, Better Life.This encapsulates the benefits that China‟s unparalleled growth has brought, and can bring, not just to the growing ranks of its middle cla, but to all its people.今年的上海世博会主题就是“更好的城市，更好的生活”。这句话浓缩了中国空前的经济增长所带来的巨大变化，受益者不仅是不断壮大的中产阶级，也包括全体人民。
I hope the Expo will be an opportunity for cultural exchange as well as commercial engagement.An estimated 70 million Chinese will visit.We hope that those who come to our pavilion or visit our website will learn not just about the economic opportunities of trade with Britain, but about our society, our values and our way of life.我希望上海世博会不仅是一次商业盛会，也成为一次文化交流的契机。据估计，约有7000万中国人将访问世博会。我们希望他们能够亲临我们英国馆或者访问我们的网站，在那里他们不仅能够获知与英国进行贸易的商机信息，也可以对我们的社会、价值观及生活方式有所了解。
Through our website, Chinese people decided that the British pavilion, which I visited earlier this morning, should be called the dandelion – pugongying.It is a highly appropriate name as it houses 60,000 groups of seeds provided by the Kunming Institute of Botany in partnership with Kew Gardens‟ important Millennium Seed Bank project.When the Expo ends, these seeds will be sent as gifts to schools all over China.A gift of co-operation, of openne, of sustainability and of shared growth.A symbol of the future that we want to sow together.我今天早上刚参观了英国馆。在我们的网站上，有中国网友建议英国馆应该叫做蒲公英。这是个非常恰当的名字，因为馆里收有60000组种子，由昆明植物园和英国皇家植物园重要的千年种子银行项目提供。世博会结束后，这些种子将作为礼物送给中国的多所学校，作为合作、开放、可持续及共享增长的见证，也是我们一起播种未来的象征。
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