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Unit7 Things: The Throw-away Society一次性社会

“Barbie,” a twelve-inch plastic teen-ager, is the best known and best-selling doll in history.Since its introduction in 1959, the Barbie doll population of the world has grown to 12,000,000— more than the human population of Los Angeles or London or Paris.Little girls adore Barbie because she is highly realistic and eminently dre-upable.Mattel, Inc., maker of Barbie, also sells a complete wardrobe for her, including clothes for ordinary daytime wear, clothes for formal party wear, clothes for swimming and skiing.十二英寸高的塑料小人“芭比”曾是历史上最著名最畅销的洋娃娃，自从1959年问世以来，全世界的芭比娃娃的数量增长到1200,0000人—比洛杉矶，伦敦和巴黎任何一个城市的人口还要多。小女孩热衷芭比娃娃是因为他很像真的而且可以任意更换衣服，作为芭比娃娃的生产厂家，Mattel公司还出售芭比的整体衣柜，包括日常便装，正式晚装，泳装和滑雪衫。

Recently Mattel announced a new improved Barbie doll.The new version has a slimmer figure, “real” eyelashes and a twist-and turn waist that makes her more humanoid than ever.Moreover, Mattel announced that, for the first time, any young lady wishing to purchase a new Barbie would receive a trade-in allowance for her old one.旧货换新折让

最近Mattel公司推出一款更高级的芭比娃娃，这个新产品身材更苗条，有仿真睫毛，又可以扭转弯曲的腰肢，所有这些特点使其更加人性化。此外，M公司还首次宣布，任何一个购买芭比娃娃的女士都可以获得旧芭比娃娃的折价优惠。

What Mattel did not announce was that by trading in her old doll for a technologically improved modes, the little girl of today, citizen of tomorrow’s super-industrial world, would learn a fundamental leon about the new society: that man’s relationships with things are increasingly temporary.M公司所没有宣布的是，通过折旧芭比娃娃来销售新款芭比娃娃，今天的小女孩，明天工业化社会的公民就会得出这样一个对社会的基本认识：人类和物品的关系越来越短暂。

The ocean of man-made physical objects that surrounds us is set within a larger ocean of natural objects.But increasingly, it is the technologically produced environment that matters for the individual.The texture of plastic or concrete, the iridescent glisten of an automobile under a streetlight, the staggering vision of a cityscape seen from the window of a jet— these are the intimate realities of his existence.Man-made things enter into and color his consciousne.Their number is expandingwith explosive force, both absolutely and relative to the natural environment.This will be even more true in super-industrial society than it is today.我们周围人造物品的海洋外围还有更广阔的自然物品的海洋。但是这个技术制造的环境逐渐影响着人类。塑料或混凝土结构，街灯下霓虹闪烁的汽车，从飞机窗口俯瞰到的缓慢移动的城市—这些人类的亲密伙伴。人造物品进入并影响了人类意识，其数量急剧增长，无论是就绝对而言还是相对而言。这种现象在将来的后工业化社会会更加突出。

Anti-materialists tend to deride the importance of “things.” Yet things are highly significant, not merely because of their functional utility, but also because of their psychological impact.We develop relationships with things.Things affect our sense of foreshortening of our relationships with things accelerates the pace of life.唯心主义者试图否认物品的重要性，但是物品是非常重要的，不仅因为它有实用功能，还因为其对精神的影响，我们发展和物品的关系，物品影响我们对关联和断联的意识。他们在情景结构中的作用，我们和物品关系的缩短加快了生活的节奏。

Moreover, our attitudes toward things reflect basic value judgments.Nothing could be more dramatic than the difference between the new breed of little girls who cheerfully turn in their Barbies for the new improved model and those who, like their mothers and grandmothers before them, clutch lingeringly and lovingly to the same doll until it disintegrates from sheer age.In this difference lies the contrast between past and future, between societies based on permanence, and the new, fast-forming society based on transience.此外，我们对物品的态度反映了基本的价值评判。有的小女孩兴高采烈的把她们的芭比娃娃换成新款高级的娃娃，有的小女孩象她们的母亲和祖母年少时一样，终日抱着同一个娃娃，形影不离，爱不释手，直到长大后娃娃从生活中消失，没有什么比这更具有戏剧性的对比了。这种不同在于过去和未来的对比，对于永久的社会和新的变幻无常的社会的对比。

That man-thing relationships are growing more and more temporary may be illustrated by examining the culture surrounding the little girl who trades in her doll.This child soon learns that Barbie dolls are by no means the only physical objects that pa into and out of her young life at a rapid clip.Diapers, bibs, paper napkins, Kleenex, towels, non-returnable soda bottles—all are used up quickly in her home and ruthlely eliminated.Corn muffins come in baking tins that are thrown away after one use.Spinach is encased in plastic sacks that can be dropped into a pan of boiling water for heating, and then thrown away.TV dinners are cooked and often served on throw-away trays.Her home is a large proceing machine through which objects flow, entering and leaving, at a faster and faster rate of speed.From birth on, she is inextricably embedded in a throw-away culture.观察一下旧芭比换新芭比的小女孩身后的文化就可以看出人类和物品间的关系越来越短暂，这些孩子很快会知道有很多物品以极快的速度进入并离开他们的生活，不只是芭比娃娃。纸尿裤，围裙，纸巾，手绢，非循环使用的苏打汽水瓶—所有这些在她家被迅速使用，有的被无情的丢弃。玉米松饼放进一次性的烤罐，菠菜放进塑料袋中，这种塑料袋可以一起放进沸水锅中加热然后丢弃。电视上的烹饪节目也经常使用一次性的碟子。她的家就是一个大型处理机器，通过这个机器，物品以越来越快的速度不断流动，进入又离开，从出生开始，她就被包围在一次性的文化中。

The idea of using a product once or for a brief period and then replacing it, runs counter to the grain of societies or individuals steeped in a heritage of poverty.Not long ago Uriel Rone, a market researcher for the French advertising agency Publicis, told me: “The French housewife is not used to disposable products.She likes to keep things, even old things, rather than throw-away curtain.We did a marketing study for them and found the resistance too strong.” This resistance, however, is dying all over the developed world.对一次性物品的使用让人想到了粮食问题和祖祖辈辈生活在贫困中的人，不久前，法国广告代理公司P的一位市场调查员U R 告诉我“法国的家庭主妇并不习惯于使用一次性的产品，:她们喜欢把东西留着，即使是旧物品也不会丢。我们代表公司宣传一种一次性的塑料窗帘。我们队她们作市场调查，却发现她们的抵制情绪很强。”这种抵制在其他发达国家越来越少了。

Thus a writer, Edward Maze, has pointed out that many Americans visiting Sweden in the early 1950’s were astounded by its cleanline.“We were almost awed by the fact that there were no beer and soft drink bottles by the road sides, as, much to our shame, there were in America.But by the 1960’s lo and behold, bottles were suddenly blooming along Swedish highways„ What happened? Sweden had become a buy, use and throw-away society, following the American pattern.” In Japan today throw-away tiues are so universal that cloth handkerchiefs are regarded as old fashioned, not to say unsanitary.In England for sixpence one may buy a “Dentamatic throw-away toothbrush” which comes already coated with toothpaste for its one-time use.And even in France, disposable cigarette lighters are commonplace.Form cardboard milk containers to the rockets that power space vehicles, products created for short-term or one-time use are becoming more numerous and crucial to our way of life.因此，作家E M 指出在十二世纪五十年代初期，很多区瑞典观光的美国人都被瑞典的干净所震惊“让我们敬佩的是路边没有一个啤酒瓶和软饮料瓶，而自惭形秽的是，美国到处都是。但是到二十世纪六十年代，看看吧，各种瓶瓶罐罐凸现在瑞典的高速公路上„„怎么了？跟美国一样，瑞典已经变成一个购买，使用一次性物品的国家了。在当今的日本，一次性的纸巾非常普遍，手绢已经老土了，而且也不卫生。在英国，花七便士就可以买到已经挤好牙膏，一次性使用的牙刷。即使在法国，一次性的打火机也很普遍，从牛奶纸盒到为太空提供动力的火箭，它们对我们的生活起着越来越重要的作用。

The recent introduction of paper and quasi-paper clothing carried the trend toward disposability a step further.Fashionable boutiques and working-cla clothing stores have sprouted whole departments devoted to gaily colored and imaginatively designed paper apparel.Fashion magazines display breathtakingly sumptuous gowns, coats, pajamas, even wedding drees made of paper.The bride pictured in one of these wears a long white train of lace-like paper that, the caption writer notes, will make “great kitchen curtains” after the ceremony.刚上市的纸衣服或者类似纸的衣服将一次性文化更推进了一步。时尚饰品店和工薪阶层服装店已经陆续出现一个全新的部门，这个部门专门负责那些色彩艳丽设计特别的纸衣服。时尚杂志展示了价格惊人的纸长袍，纸外套，纸睡袍，甚至纸婚纱和礼服。图中的新娘穿着仿蕾丝纸做成的白色长袍裙，标题写道：这条裙子在婚礼结束后可以做成“不错的厨房窗帘”。

Paper clothes are particularly suitably for children, Writes one fashion expert: “Little girls will soon be able to spill ice cream, draw pictures and make cutouts on their clothes while their mothers smile benignly at their creativity.” And for adults who want to expre their own creativity, there is even a “paint-yourself-dre” complete with brushes.Price: $2.00.纸衣服是最适合孩子的。一位时尚专家写道：“小孩子会乱溅冰激凌，而且他可以在纸衣服上画画，或者贴剪纸画，而母亲在一旁微笑的赞许其创造力。”对于想展示创造力的成年人，可以买一种配有刷子的“自助衣服”，价格两美元。

Price, of course, is a critical factor behind the paper explosion.Thus a department store features simple A-line drees made of what it calls “devil-may-care cellulose fiber and nylon.” At $1.29 each, it is almost cheaper for the consumer to buy and discard a new one than to send an ordinary dre to the cleaners.Soon it will be.But more than economics is involved, for the extension of the throw-away culture has important psychological consequences.当然，价格是纸用品猛增的重要原因。因此有一家百货商店很有特色，店内全是清一色的衣服，这些衣服都是用被称作“魔鬼也会留意的纤维和尼龙”做成的。每件事1.29美元，对于消费者来说，一次性要比普通衣服送进洗衣店要便宜的多。但不仅仅是经济问题，一次性文化的蔓延还带来了不容忽视的精神影响。

***We develop a throw-away mentality to match our throw-away products.This mentality produces, among other things, a set of radically altered values with respect to property.But the spread of disposability through the society also implies decreased durations in man-thing relationships.Instead of being linked with a single object over a relatively long span of time, we are linked for brief periods with the succeion of objects that supplant it.我们已经形成了一种一次性的心态，来适应一次性的产品。这种心态使得我们对于物品的价值观产生了巨大的改变。然而社会中的一次性文化的蔓延也预示着人类和物品的关系持续的时间越来越短。我们只是和一系列马上将被代替的物品保持短期的联系，而不是和某一物品保持长期的联系。

Unit8Cultivating a Hobby 培养一种业余爱好

A gifted American psychologist has said, “Worry is a spasm of the emotion;the mind catches hold of something and will not let it go.” It is usele to argue with the mind in this condition.The stronger the will is, the more futile the task is.One can only gently insinuate something else into its rightly chosen, if it is really attended by the illumination of another field of interest, gradually, and often quite swiftly, the old undue grip relaxes and the proce of recuperation and repair, begins.美国一位天才心理学家曾经说过：“忧虑是一阵情感的冲动，意识一旦陷入某种状态，这种状态将很难被改变。”在这种情况下，与意识去抗争是徒劳的。意志力越强，这种抗争就越显得徒劳无益。这时，唯一的解决办法只能是悄悄的渗入某种新的东西，来分散注意力。如果这种新的东西选择恰当，而且确实能激起你对另一领域的兴趣，渐渐地、而且经常是非常迅速地，你过分紧张的情绪就会缓解，你又开始恢复到原来的状态。

The cultivation of a hobby and the forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.But this is not a busine that can be untaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will.The growth of alternative mental interests is a long proce.The seeds must be carefully chosen;they must fall on good ground;they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at band when needed.因此，对一个公众人物来说，培养一种业余爱好、一种新的兴趣显得尤为重要。但这不是一件一朝一日或凭一时的意气就能一蹴而就的事情。这种替代忧虑的心理兴趣培养是一个长期的过程。它的种子必须要精挑细选，然后播撒到肥沃的土壤中，要想得到籽粒饱满、需要时随手可摘的果实，还必须对他们精心呵护。

To be really happy really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real.It is no use starting late in life to say: “I will take an interest in this or that.” Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort.A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief.It is no use doing what you like;you have got to like what you do.Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three claes;those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week’s sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon.It is no use inviting the politician or the profeional or busineman, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the week-end.要想真正的快乐，而且每次都能真正奏效，一个人必须有两种或三种业余爱好，而且必须是真正的业余爱好。一个人到了晚年才说：“我要培养这种或那种兴趣。”那已经没有任何意义了。这种尝试只能更加增加大脑的压力。一个人可能具有与他日常工作无关的大量的知识，但这些知识并无助于他减轻心理压力。随心所欲的做你喜欢的工作不会帮你减轻心理压力，而是你必须设法喜欢你目前所做的工作。大致来说，人可分为三类：第一类人是累死；第二类人是愁死；第三类人是烦死。体力劳动者经过一周的辛勤劳动已经筋疲力尽，再让他们在周六下午踢足球或打棒球无助于消除他们的疲劳。让那些为一些大事已经连续工作或烦恼了六天的政治家、专业人员或工商界人士来说，在周末的时候让他们为一些鸡毛蒜皮的小事烦恼费神，也不会使他们身心轻松。

As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire — for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to escape from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion.For them discipline in one form or another is the most hopeful path.对于那些不幸的人：那些可以随意发号施令；那些随心所欲，无所不能的人，新的乐趣、新的喜悦对他们来说是无所谓的事情。他们狂乱地从一个地方跑到另一个地方、想通过不断换地方的这种方式来摆脱烦恼，这是徒劳的。对他们来说，条理、规矩是他们最有希望摆脱烦恼的办法。

It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are dividing into two claes: first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure;and secondly, those whose work and pleasure are one.Of these the former is majority.They have their compensations.The long hours in the office or the factory bring with them as their reward, not only the means of sustenance（生计）, but a keen appetite for leisure even in its simplest and most modest forms.在办公室或工厂里长时间的工作，不仅带给他们维持生计的金钱，还带给他们一种渴求娱乐的强烈欲望，哪怕这种娱乐消遣是以最简单、最朴实的方式进行的。But Fortune’s favored children belong to the second cla.Their life is a natural harmony.For them the working hours are never long enough.Each day is a holiday, and ordinary holidays when they come are grudged as enforced interruptions in an absorbing vocation.Yet to both claes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is eential.Indeed, it may well be that those whose work is their pleasure are those who most need the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds.也可以说，理智、勤奋、有才能的人可以分为两类：第一类是工作与娱乐泾渭分明；第二类人是工作与娱乐合二为一。大多数人属于前者。他们有他们的报酬。长时间在办公室或工厂的辛勤劳作不仅使他们得到了维持生命的薪水，而且培养了他们追求快乐的强烈愿望，即使仅仅是那些最简单、最朴实的形式。然而命运女神所偏爱的却是第二类人。他们的生活自然、和谐。对他们来说，工作的时间永远都不够长。每一天都是假期，法定假期到来时，他们不愿休假，埋怨（认为）这是强行中断干扰了他们精彩的假期。然而，这两类人都必须改变一下他们的观点，调整一下气氛、转移一下奋斗的方向。事实上或许那些以工作为乐的人正是那些最需要通过一种兴趣或爱好使自己适时忘记自己工作的人。