【中英】陈德铭在中国发展高层论坛发表的演讲_中国发展高层论坛
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陈德铭在2010年中国发展高层论坛发表的演讲【中英】
Chen Deming in 2010 China Development Forum,delivered a speech
3月21日，商务部长陈德铭出席在钓鱼台国宾馆举行的“2010年中国发展高层论坛”并发表演讲。演讲主要内容如下：
一、开放的贸易是促进全球经济复苏的重要力量
过去一年，受国际金融危机冲击，世界经济经受了上世纪大萧条以来最为严峻的挑战。在各国宏观经济政策的激励下，国际经济形势出现一些积极变化。全球贸易额在2009年经历约22%的降幅之后，近期也逐步呈现回升势头。例如，2009年四季度德国出口额环比强劲上涨3%，贸易净值为GDP贡献了两个百分点。2010年1月，日本出口同比增加40.9%，其中对亚洲劲增68.1%，当月实现贸易顺差852亿日元。韩国1月份出口同比增长47.1%，创上世纪90年代以来最大单月增幅。这一轮全球贸易复苏的一个重要特点，是包括中国在内的新兴市场内需大幅增加，拉动了相关经济体的投资品和中间品出口率先回升。今年前两个月，中国进口同比增长64%，其中来自美国、欧盟和日本的进口分别增长37%、35%和48%，来自俄罗斯、马来西亚等国的进口还翻了一番，对促进相关国家的经济增长发挥出积极效应。这些事实说明，经济全球化的今天，各国经济相互依存、相互影响，开放的贸易对于促进全球经济复苏具有重要作用。
我们注意到，随着世界经济逐步走出危机底部，各国对国际贸易表示出更大关注。不仅发展中国家重视，发达国家也展现很高的雄心水平。与80年前的大萧条相比，目前全球贸易、投资和金融相互关联的程度之深、影响之大，远远超过上一次，没有一个国家能够脱离全球经济单靠自身实现复苏。如果我们坚持奉行公平、自由、开放的贸易理念，既积极鼓励国内产业发展、做大全球市场“蛋糕”，又最大限度地参与国际分工，保持国际贸易渠道的便捷和畅通，公平合理地分配“蛋糕”，将有助于促进全球经济的复苏进程，推动世界经济走上全面、持续、平衡发展的轨道。反之，如果一国坚持零和博弈的观点，忽视全球化条件下的相互依存，就会出现一损俱损的局面。如果借此大搞形形色色的贸易保护，搞不好会重蹈上世纪30年代保护主义泛滥的覆辙，使全球经济面临“二次触底”的危险。
二、理性看待危机和全球经济失衡的关系
此次金融危机的影响如此广泛和深刻，促使我们每个人都必须认真思考：是什么原因造成了这次危机？我认为可以从三个层面去认识。首先，这是世界经济运行周期性调整的结果。根据康德拉季耶夫、熊彼特等学者的经济长周期理论，由产业革命和技术创新引发的经济长周期波动，大致是40－50年时间。到本世纪初，随着全球化制度红利和信息技术革命效应不断递减，世界经济已经到了下行阶段。其次，全球治理结构不完善加剧了经济波动的幅度。上世纪90年代以来，在信息网络技术革命推动下，国际分工快速发展，商品交换半径越趋扩大，逐渐形成了全球范围的生产和交换网络。在全球治理缺少有效机制的情况下，生产和消费不均衡的矛盾加剧了经济周期的波动幅度。第三，金融监管缺失成为诱发金融危机的直接原因。近年来，在金融创新和投机因素的双重推动下，虚拟经济过度发展，这虽在一定程度上有利于加快资金流动，促进资源有效配置，但更因高杠杆化率而孕育着极大的风险。随着市场内部风险不断累积，爆发系统性危机也就成为必然的事件。
国际上，有舆论将此次危机归结为以贸易收支不平衡为主的全球失衡问题。这是一个相对片面、十分狭义的理解。在经济全球化的今天，失衡不仅表现为部分国家储蓄消费失衡、贸易收支失衡，更表现为世界财富分配失衡、资源拥有和消耗失衡、国际货币体系失衡等一系列深层次、结构性的问题。导致失衡的原因是复杂的、多方面的，其根源是南北发展的严重不平衡。即使从单一的国际收支角度来分析，按照现代市场经济中企业以销定产、消费在一定意义上决定生产的理论，如果主要消费国政府不能有效保持货币的持续稳定，任由泡沫无节制发展，最终也会导致经济失衡和危机的发生。
这段时间，个别国家总是把眼光盯着中国的贸易，并寄希望于人民币汇率大幅升值来实现“全球经济再平衡”。这个论调忽略了两个基本事实：第一，无论是理论还是实践都表明，一国本币升值对调节贸易收支的作用有限。2005年至2008年，人民币汇率升值约20%，中国贸易顺差不降反升；2009年以来人民币汇率基本稳定，中国贸易顺差反而大幅下降了34.2%；今年1－2月，中国贸易顺差下降了50%，我个人预计今年3月份中国的贸易甚至可能会出现逆差。在这方面，我们还可以看看历史上德国马克和日元升值后的情况。第二，中国的经济发展一直是与各国分工协作、利益共享的过程。在以中国为节点的国际分工链条上，中国通过初级原材料进口带动相关国家的产业发展；通过大量的中间品进口为周边国家和地区创造了贸易顺差；通过资本品、奢侈品和服务贸易进口为发达国家创造了大量的就业机会。中国还在加工贸易、跨国投资等各个层面，与各国分享着发展与合作的空间。2009年，全球贸易额下降22%、中国出口下降16%、进口下降11.2%。但是，从有关经济体海关数据来看，澳大利亚、南非、巴西、土耳其等国对华出口仍保持了两位数以上的正增长；欧盟、美国对华出口也仅分别下降1.53%和0.22%。当前，全球经济不确定因素仍然较多，中国经济回升基础仍不牢固，强压一国货币升值对彼此都没有好处，是非理性的选择。
三、全球经济协调发展需要国际社会的共同努力
回首世界经济的发展史，历次危机都是进行理论反思、政策调整和实施变革的良机。当前，各国纷纷着眼于解决制约经济发展的体制性、结构性矛盾，加快推进新产业革命的步伐，努力寻求技术创新和经济结构升级的有效突破口，更加注重扩大内需，增强发展的内生动力。
作为一个拥有13亿人口的发展中大国，中国也在加快推进经济结构调整。2009年，中国实现社会消费品零售总额12.53万亿元人民币，扣除价格因素实际增长16.9%，创1986年以来的最高实际增速，对GDP贡献率达到52.5%。预计今年国内市场规模将达到2万亿美元，远远高于中国的出口总额。今后，中国将进一步扩大开放的广度和深度，提高利用外资的质量和水平，不断扩大先进技术设备、关键零部件和国内紧缺物资的进口，积极促进国际收支平衡；通过扩大服务领域的进一步开放、推动企业“走出去”等途径，与各国加强互利合作。随着中国工业化、城镇化进程的加快推进，将为经济增长释放出一个长期而庞大的内需市场。在华投资的跨国企业是中国的企业法人，它们的产品是“中国制造”产品，将与其他企业共同分享这一巨大的市场机遇。
实现全球经济更加平衡、协调的发展，需要国际社会的共同努力。借此机会，我想提出三点建议：
第一，秉持自由、开放的发展理念。“开放”，既是指一个国家对国际交往和经济合作采取积极推进的态度，也是指政府放宽管制，注重发挥市场对资源配置的基础性作用。过去半个多世纪尤其是近二十年的全球化浪潮，使各国的受益总体大于损失。今后一个时期，各国更应坚定开放信念，积极推动贸易投资自由化、便利化进程，坚决反对任何形式的保护主义，共同巩固全球经济复苏的良好势头。
第二，加快推动多哈回合谈判。多哈谈判早日取得公正、平衡的结果，既是建立合理的国际经济秩序的客观要求，也是促进全球经济平衡发展的根本路径。无论是发达经济体还是发展中经济体，均应着眼长远，拿出更大的诚意和决心，推动实现商品、资本在国际间有规则的自由流动，不断提高全球协调与治理水平，从根本上提高各国国际竞争力及全球经济的抗风险能力。
第三，各国共享转变发展方式的机遇。当前，各国正在加快推进新产业革命，开发清洁能源和低碳技术，实施互联网、物联网融合和“云计算”战略，全球正处于新一轮技术革命的前夜。国际社会应共享合作发展机遇，同时警惕形形色色变相的保护主义。中国愿与各国产业界、企业界和专家学者开展交流、共享机遇，共同为推动世界经济的健康发展做出努力。
演讲结束后，陈德铭还就多哈回合谈判、人民币汇率等问题回答了摩根士丹利亚洲区主席史蒂芬·罗奇等与会人士的提问。
March 21, Minister of Commerce Chen Deming attended the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse at the “2010 China Development Forum,” and make a speech.Speech following major elements:
1, open trade is an important force for global economic recovery
Over the past year by the international financial crisis, the world economy has withstood the last century since the Great Depreion of the most serious challenges.Macroeconomic policy incentives in various countries, the international economic situation, some positive changes.Of world trade experienced in 2009, after about 22% of the decline, the recent upward trend gradually presented.For example, the fourth quarter of 2009, German exports rose 3% in a strong chain, the net trade contribution to GDP by two percentage points.In January 2010, Japan's exports increased 40.9% year on year, which surged 68.1% to Asia, the month trade surplus of ¥ 85,200,000,000.South Korea's exports in January increased by 47.1%, the highest since the 90s last century, the biggest one-month increase.This round of global trade, an important feature of the recovery is in emerging markets including China, a substantial increase in domestic demand, boosting the economy's investment-related goods and intermediate goods, export-led recovery.The first two months of this year, China's imports grew 64%, including from the United States, the European Union and Japan, imports were up 37%, 35% and 48%, from Ruia, Malaysia and other countries, the import has also doubled, to to promote economic growth in the countries concerned to play a positive effect.These facts suggest that the economic globalization today, the level of economic interdependence, mutual influence, and open trade for the promotion of global economic recovery has an important role.We note that, with the bottom of the world economy has been gradually emerging from the crisis, countries expreed greater attention to international trade.Not only attach importance to developing countries, developed countries also show a high level of ambition.With the Great Depreion 80 years ago compared to the current global trade, investment and finance aociated with the extent of deep mutual influence of the large, far more than the last time, no one country can rely on the global economy out of its own to achieve recovery.If we adhere to fair, free and open trade philosophy, not only to encourage the development of domestic industries, bigger global market, “cake”, but also to maximize participation in the international division of labor, to keep channels of international trade convenience and smooth, fair and equitable distribution “ cake ”, will help to promote global economic recovery proce, the promotion of world economy into a comprehensive, sustained and balanced development track.Conversely, if a country adhere to a zero-sum game perspective, ignoring the interdependence of the conditions of globalization, there will be a lo for both sides of the situation.If vigorously to all kinds of trade protection, they might will repeat the last century, 30 years of the disastrous spread of protectionism, so that the global economy is facing a “second bottom,” risk.Second, rational view of the crisis and global economic imbalances in the relationship between the
The impact of financial crisis is so broad and deep, prompting each of us must seriously consider: What is causing this crisis? I think we can get to know from the three levels.First, it is the world's economic operations cyclical adjustment results.According to Kondratieff, Schumpeter and other scholars of the economic long-cycle theory, by the industrial revolution and technological innovation induced by the long-period fluctuations, is roughly 40-50 years.To the beginning of this century, with the dividends of globalization and information technology revolution in the system effects of diminishing, the world economy has reached a stage downstream.Secondly, the imperfect structure of global governance exacerbated the economic volatility.Since the 90s of last century, in the information network technology revolution driven by the rapid development of international division of labor, commodity exchange radius increasingly expanded the scope of the gradual formation of a global network of production and exchange.In the absence of effective mechanisms for global governance situation, production and consumption is not balanced contradiction has intensified the volatility of the economic cycle.Third, the financial supervision and lack of a direct cause-induced financial crisis.In recent years, financial innovation and speculative factors, the double promotion, virtual economy over-development, which although a certain extent, help accelerate financial flows and promoting effective allocation of resources, but more because of the high rate of leveraged risk pregnant with great.Internal risk as the market continue to accumulate, the outbreak of a systemic crisis has become an inevitable event.Internationally, there are public opinion is attributed to the crisis in order to trade imbalances-based global imbalances.This is a relatively one-sided, very narrow understanding.In the economic globalization today, the imbalance between national savings not only as a part of the imbalance between consumption, trade imbalances, but also the performance of the world's imbalance in the distribution of wealth, resources, ownership and consumption imbalances, the international monetary system and imbalance in a series of deep-seated, structural problems.Leading causes of imbalance are complex, multifaceted, and its root cause is a serious imbalance in the North-South development.Even if the international balance of payments from a single perspective, according to the modern market economy enterprises to sell production quotas, consumption decisions in a certain sense, the theory of production, if the major consumer of government can not effectively maintain the currency steady and let the bubble excees development, and will eventually lead to economic imbalances and crises.During this time, individual countries always looks at China's trade, and to rely on a substantial appreciation of the RMB exchange rate to achieve the “global economic rebalancing.” This argument ignores two basic facts: first, whether it is theory and practice have shown that a country's currency appreciation of the role of regulating the trade balance is limited.From 2005 to 2008, the RMB exchange rate appreciated by about 20%, China's trade surplus rise, not fall;in 2009 has been the basic stability of RMB exchange rate, China's trade surplus fell by 34.2% but significantly;from January to February of this year, China's trade surplus fell by 50%, I expect China's trade in March this year, and may even run deficits.In this context, we can also take a look at the history of the German mark and the yen after the situation.Second, China's economic development has been the division of labor in collaboration with countries, benefit-sharing proce.With China as the node in the international division of labor chain, China's imports of raw materials driven by the primary industries related to national development;through a large number of intermediate goods imports for the neighboring countries and regions to create a trade surplus;through capital goods, luxury goods and trade in services imports developed countries, created a large number of job opportunities.China is still proceing trade, cro-border investment, at all levels, with countries to share the development and cooperation in space.In 2009, world trade declined 22%, China's exports fell 16%, imports fell 11.2%.However, from the economies of customs data, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, Turkey and other countries exports to China are still maintained two-digit positive growth;the European Union, the United States exports to China have also decreased by only 1.53% and 0.22%.At present, the global economic uncertainties are still large, the basis of China's economic rebound is still strong, extreme preure a currency appreciation of each other no good, non-rational choice.Third, the global economy the coordinated development of the joint efforts of the international community
Looking back at the history of the world economy, the succeive crises are theoretical reflection, policy adjustment and implementation of change in opportunities.At present, countries have to addre the constraints to focus on economic development, institutional, structural contradictions, and accelerating the pace of the new industrial revolution, and strive for technical innovation and upgrading the economic structure and effective breakthrough, more emphasis on expanding domestic demand, boost the development of endogenous motivation.As a big developing country with 1.3 billion people, China is also speeding up economic restructuring.In 2009, China's total retail sales of social consumer goods, 12.53 trillion yuan, a real growth after deducting price factors, 16.9%, the highest since 1986, the highest real growth rate, the contribution rate of GDP reached 52.5%.The size of the domestic market this year is expected to reach 2 trillion U.S.dollars, far higher than China's total exports.In the future, China will further expand the breadth and depth of opening up, improve the quality and level of utilizing foreign investment and expanded advanced technology and equipment, key parts and components imported and domestic goods in short supply, and actively promote international balance of payments;by expanding the service sector to further open to promote enterprises to “go” and other ways to strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation with other countries.As China's industrialization and urbanization proce, speeding up, will release a long-term economic growth and huge domestic market.Multinationals investing in China is China's enterprise legal person, their products are “Made in China” products, will work with other companies to share in this huge market opportunity.To achieve a more balanced global economy, and coordinated development requires the joint efforts of the international community.Like to take this opportunity, I would like to make three suggestions:
First, uphold the free and open development concept.“Openne” not only refers to a state of international exchanges and economic cooperation, adopt a positive attitude to promote, but also refers to the Government to relax controls, to pay attention to the market's basic role in resource allocation.Over the past half-century especially in the last two decades of globalization, so that all countries benefit from the whole greater than the loes.The future, all countries should open a firm conviction, and actively promote trade and investment liberalization and facilitation, firmly opposed to any form of protectionism, to fortify the good momentum of global economic recovery.Second, speed up the Doha Round negotiations.The Doha negotiations as soon as poible to achieve a fair and balanced results, both to establish a rational international economic order and the objective requirements, but also to promote the balanced development of global economy, the fundamental path.Whether developed or developing economies, economies, should be long-term perspective, demonstrate greater sincerity and determination to promote the realization of goods, capital, and there are rules in the international free flow of, and continuously improve the level of global coordination and governance, from the fundamental enhance the international competitivene of countries and the global economy, ability to resist risks.Third, the countries to share changes in mode of development opportunities.At present, countries are speeding up a new industrial revolution, the development of clean energy and low-carbon technologies, the implementation of the Internet, material integration and networking “cloud computing” strategy, the world is at the eve of a new round of technological revolution.The international community should share the co-development opportunities, while cautioning against all kinds of disguised protectionism.China ready to work with countries in industry, busine and experts and scholars to conduct exchanges, share opportunities and work together to promote the healthy development of the world economy to make efforts.After his speech, Chen Deming also on the Doha Round negotiations, the RMB exchange rate and other iues of Morgan Stanley Asia Chairman Stephen Roach and other participants questions.
