美国财政部长 蒂姆西演讲致辞_集团董事长致辞发言稿
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美中经济关系的前进道路
——就美中经济关系发表的演讲 美国财政部长 蒂姆西∙盖特纳
约翰斯霍布金斯大学高级国际问题研究院 2011年1月12日
It’s a pleasure to be here at SAIS.非常高兴来到高级国际问题研究院。
SAIS is a leader in one of the most important challenges in public policy and education – that of helping Americans understand the world and the role we play in it.This is important because we cannot effectively pursue our national interests unle we understand the objectives, the intentions, and the capabilities of other nations.贵院在公共政策和教育战线中最具重要挑战性的领域之一——帮助美国人民了解世界和我们在其中所发挥的作用——堪称是佼佼者。它之所以重要是因为，如果我们不了解其他国家的目标、意图和能力，我们就不能有效地寻求我们的国家利益。
Next week, President Obama will host President Hu Jintao at the White House.下个星期，奥巴马总统将在白宫接待胡锦涛主席。
This State Visit takes place at a time of important transition for the world economy, the Chinese economy, and the U.S.economy.此次国事访问正值世界经济、中国经济和美国经济处于重要过渡时期。
The global economy is emerging from the financial crisis, but that crisis has left lasting scars that will take years to repair.And it has left a growing gap between the growth trajectories of the large developed economies and the rapidly growing emerging economies.全球经济正在摆脱金融危机，但此次危机留下的创痕需要多年时间才会平复。危机也使大型发达经济体和迅速增长的新兴经济体的发展轨迹产生日益扩大的差距。
While many of the major economies are still confronted with the challenge of rebuilding after crisis, many of the emerging economies are at the early stage of what should be a long period of very rapid economic growth, with rising incomes creating growing demand for resources and for investment capital.当很多主要经济体依然面临危机后的重建挑战时，很多新兴经济体已经进入应会是长期快速经济增长的初期阶段，随之而来的是日益增长的收入带来对资源和投资资本的更大需求。
The growth of the United States stands between these two divergent paths.We are likely to grow at about half the rate of the major emerging economies, but about twice the rate of Europe and Japan.美国的增长处于这两种不同道路之间。我们的增长速度很可能是主要新兴经济体的一半，但大约为欧洲和日本的一倍。
These dynamics will fundamentally change the balance in the world economy, forcing changes in the architecture of the trade and financial systems.这一动态将从根本上改变世界经济的平衡，使贸易和金融系统的结构发生变化。
In this new global context, China’s principal economic challenge is how it will manage the next stage in its transition from a state-dominated developing economy, dependent on external demand and technology, to a more market-oriented economy, with growth powered by domestic demand and innovation.在这一新的全球背景下，中国面临的主要经济挑战是如何处理好转型的下一阶段，即从依靠外来需求和技术的国家控制的发展中经济转向靠内需和创新带动增长、更加由市场导向的经济。
Today, I want to talk about the implications of these changes for our economic relationship with China and for U.S.economic policy.今天，我想谈一谈这些变化对美中经济关系及对美国的经济政策的含义。
China presents enormous economic opportunities for the United States and for the world, but its size, the speed of its ascent, and its policies are a growing source of concern in the United States and in many other countries.中国为美国和世界提供了巨大的经济机遇，但其规模、崛起速度和政策越来越引起美国和很多其他国家的担忧。
To put those concerns in context, I’d like to begin by stating a few fundamental propositions about our economic relationship.为给这些担忧提供一个背景，我想首先阐明一下有关两国经济关系的几个基本论点。
First, the economic relationship between the United States and China provides tremendous benefits to both our nations.Even though we compete in many areas, our economic strengths are largely complementary.首先，美中经济关系为两国都带来了巨大的利益。虽然两国在很多领域存在竞争，但两国的经济优势在很大程度上具有互补性。
Second, China faces a very complicated set of challenges as it transitions toward a more open, market oriented economy.It is very much in our interest that the Chinese manage these challenges succefully.第二，中国在向更开放、更为市场导向的经济转型时，面临一系列相当复杂的挑战。中国成功应对这些挑战非常符合我们的意愿。
Third, our priorities in our economic relationship with China – from its exchange rate to its treatment of intellectual property – reflect changes that are fundamentally in China’s interest.Ultimately, China will need to make these changes in order to promote its own long-term prosperity.第三，我们在两国经济关系中的重点关注领域——从汇率到对知识产权的处理——反映着中国需要作出的符合其根本利益的改变。为了促进其本身的长期繁荣，中国最终需要有这些改变。
Fourth, and finally, I want to emphasize that the prosperity of Americans depends overwhelmingly on the economic policies we pursue to strengthen American competitivene.Even as we work to encourage further reforms in China, we need to understand that our strength as a nation will depend, not on choices made by China’s leaders, but on the choices we make here at home.第四，也就是最后，我想强调，美国的繁荣极大地有赖于我们奉行增强美国竞争力的经济政策。虽然我们鼓励中国实行更进一步的改革，但我们要明白，我们作为一个国家的力量不是取决于中国领导人作出的选择，而是我们自己在国内所作的选择。
Now, over the last few decades, China has emerged as a major economic force.在过去几十年里，中国已成长为一个主要的经济力量。
That growth was unleashed by China’s economic reforms, a growing labor force, and one of history’s greatest economic migrations from farms to factories.这种增长的动力是中国的经济改革、劳动力增加和历史上最浩大的从农田到工厂的经济迁徙。
But China’s growth was also made poible by the acce China enjoyed to the markets, the investments, and the technology of the United States and the other major economies.但是，中国之所以能有这样的增长也是由于中国获得了美国和其他主要经济体的市场、投资和技术。
The open, multilateral system of trade and investment, with its balance of rules and responsibilities, was built with the leadership of the United States decades before China opened up to the world.这种开放与多边的体制，包括贸易和投资体制中规则与责任之间的相互平衡，是中国向世界开放之前几十年在美国的领导下建立起来的。
The opportunities created by the system were fundamental to China’s economic ascent, and they remain vital to China’s ability to continue to grow.该体制创造的机遇对中国的经济崛起极其重要，对中国能否继续增长仍然至关重要。
China needs the United States, but the United States also benefits very substantially from our rapidly expanding economic relationship with China.中国需要美国，但美国也从迅速扩大的与中国的经济关系中获益良多。
The benefits of this relationship are hard to capture in any one statistic, but remember this.这种关系的好处很难用一个统计数字来概括，但请谨记这点：
The United States is on track to export more than $100 billion of goods and services to China this year.Our exports to China are growing at twice the rate of our exports to the rest of the world.今年美国可望向中国出口1000多亿美元的服务与商品。我们到中国的出口正以高于向世界其他地方出口一倍的速度增长。
These exports are supporting hundreds of thousands of jobs acro the nation in all sectors – from high technology to soybeans, aircraft to autos, and forklifts to financial services.这些出口支持着全国各行业数十万的就业机会——从高科技到大豆、飞机到汽车、从叉车到金融服务。
We have a great deal invested in each other’s succe.我们对相互的成功投入甚多。
In our economic relationship with China we have focused on two principal objectives.在我们与中国的经济关系中，我们主要侧重于两个主要目标。
The first is to expand opportunities for U.S.companies to export and sell to the Chinese market.This requires a more level playing field for U.S.companies that compete with Chinese companies in China, in the United States, and around the world.首先是为美国公司出口和销售到中国市场扩大机会。这要求为在中国、美国和世界各地与中国公司竞争的美国公司开辟一个更公平的竞争市场。
Our second objective is to promote reforms that will reduce China’s reliance on export led growth and encourages a shift to domestic consumption and investment.As part of this, China’s exchange rate needs to strengthen in response to market forces.我们的第二个目标是促进改革，减少中国对外销型增长的依赖，并鼓励向国内消费和投资转变。作为其中一项内容，中国的汇率需要根据市场因素而加强。
I want to provide a quick review of some of our concerns and the extent of progre, as we see it, in each of these areas.我想简要地回顾一下在这些方面我们的一些担忧和取得进展的幅度。
First, on the broader competitive landscape in China and the opportunities and challenges we face competing in China:
首先，关于中国的更宽阔的竞争格局和我们在中国竞争所面临的机遇与挑战。
The commanding heights of China’s economy and its financial system are still dominated by the government.中国经济和金融体系的制高点仍然为政府所控制。
Chinese companies and workers are able to take advantage of a range of preferences and subsidies and operate behind trade barriers that give them a competitive advantage relative to U.S.and other foreign firms and workers.中国企业和工人能够利用一系列优惠和补贴的优势，借助贸易壁垒的屏蔽而经营，这使他们享有相对于美国和其他外国公司和工人的竞争优势。
They get acce to low-cost finance, land, and energy.They enjoy preferences in terms of acce to government contracts.他们可以低代价得到资金、土地和能源。在得到政府合同上享有优势。
Next, theft of intellectual property remains widespread in China, acro many industries.第二，侵犯知识产权在中国的许多行业仍然很普遍。
And the Chinese government has introduced a range of new policies to encourage innovation in China that are designed to favor Chinese technology over foreign technology, including in the enormous Chinese government procurement market.中国政府出台了一系列鼓励在中国创新的新政策，旨在有利于中国技术而不利于外国技术，包括在巨大的中国政府的采购市场中。
Where these practices violate China’s international commitments, we are actively using the remedies available under U.S.and international trade laws to protect our interests.在这些做法违反了中国的国际承诺的情况下，我们积极利用美国和国际贸易法律赋予的补救办法来保护我们的利益。
And China has been gradually moving to addre some of our concerns.而中国已经在逐步采取行动，解决我们所担心的一些问题。
The government recently launched a new enforcement effort to combat the theft of intellectual property and to force Chinese companies to pay for the intellectual property they use.政府最近推出了新的执法措施，打击知识产权侵权，迫使中国公司支付他们所使用的知识产权。
The Chinese leadership has committed to expand opportunities for U.S.firms in acce to procurement by government entities.中国领导层已承诺扩大美国企业进入政府实体采购市场的机会。
And the government has committed not to discriminate against U.S.companies that operate in China.政府已承诺不歧视在中国经营的美国公司。
We welcome these commitments.They don’t addre all our concerns, but they are something we can build on.And we will continue to pre the Chinese to translate these commitments into further progre.我们欢迎这些承诺。它们不能解决我们所有的问题，但是是我们发展的基础。我们将继续敦促中国把这些承诺转化为更多进展。
Doing so is in their interest.Government domination limits competitivene within the Chinese economy and prevents the private sector from contributing to growth at its full potential.And you can’t promote innovation if you don’t protect intellectual property.这样做符合他们的利益。政府主导束缚了中国经济内部的竞争力，妨碍私营部门对增长充分发挥作用。如果不保护知识产权，就不能推动创新。
Alongside the reforms I’ve mentioned, we want to encourage China to move definitively away from the export driven growth model of the last few decades to a growth model driven by domestic consumption.除了我上述提到的改革，我们希望鼓励中国绝对脱离过去几十年出口带动增长的模式，转向由国内消费推动的增长模式。
The Chinese leadership recognizes that China is now too large relative to the world economy for it to continue to rely on foreign demand to grow.And the government has adopted a comprehensive program of reforms to rebalance the economy and shift growth to domestic demand.中国领导人认识到，如今中国在世界经济中所占比例如此之大，它不能继续依赖国外需求来实现增长。中国政府已经采用了一个综合改革项目来重新平衡经济，转向以国内需求带动增长。
This requires reforms to increase public spending on health and education, raise and enforce minimum wages, remove barriers to investment in services, expand acce to financial products for individuals and entrepreneurs, and remove subsidies for investment in the sectors that drove the initial decades of growth.这要求增加卫生、教育等公共项目的投资，提高并落实最低工资，消除在服务业投资的障碍，扩大个人和企业获得和利用金融产品的渠道，并且取消对促成最初几十年增长的行业的投资补贴。
This transition will take time, but it is already having a major impact on the shape of Chinese growth, and providing increased opportunities for American companies.Domestic demand is contributing more to growth, and as a consequence, U.S.exports to China are growing more rapidly, and U.S.companies operating in China are seeing more opportunities.这种转型需要时间，但它已经对中国经济发展形态产生了重大影响，并在为美国公司企业创造更多的机会。国内需求正在为带动增长发挥更大的作用，其结果是，美国对中国的出口更迅速增长，在中国运作的美国公司看到了更多的机会。
Finally, and importantly, China still closely manages the level of its exchange rate and restricts the ability of capital to move in and out of the country.最后一点，也是重要的一点，中国仍然紧紧把握其汇率水平，并且限制资本进出中国的能力。
These policies have the effect of keeping the Chinese currency substantially undervalued, which gives Chinese companies a competitive advantage.上述政策造成中国货币价值一直严重过低，从而给中国公司带来竞争优势。
They also impose substantial costs on other emerging economies that run more flexible exchanges rates, and as a result have experienced a substantial lo of competitivene against China.这些政策也大大增加了其他实施更具弹性的汇率的新兴经济体的代价，使它们大大失去了与中国竞争的能力。
This is not a tenable policy for China or for the world economy.对于中国乃至世界经济而言，这都不是一种站得住脚的政策。
If China does not allow the currency to appreciate more rapidly, it will run the risk of seeing domestic inflation accelerate and face greater risk of a damaging rise in aet prices, both of which will threaten future growth.And sustaining an undervalued currency will undermine China’s own efforts to rebalance growth toward domestic consumption and higher-value-added production.中国如果不允许货币更迅速地增值，将可能出现国内通货膨胀加剧的危险，并且面临资产价格破坏性上涨的更大风险，两者都将威胁未来的经济增长。一直压低币值将损害中国自身转向国内消费和更高附加值产品生产进而重新取得发展平衡的努力。
Since June of 2010, when Chinese authorities announced they would resume moving toward a more flexible exchange rate, they have allowed the currency to appreciate only about 3 percent against the dollar.This is a pace of about 6 percent a year in nominal terms, but significantly faster in real terms because inflation in China is much higher than in the United States.自2010年6月中国当局宣布将重新朝着更灵活的汇率移动以来，他们只让人民币对美元的升值幅度达到大约3%。这在表面上相当于大约每年6%的速度，但实际上要快得多，因为中国的通货膨胀远高于美国。
We believe it is in China’s interest to allow the currency to appreciate more rapidly in response to market forces.And we believe China will do so because the alternative will be too costly – for China and for China’s relations with the rest of the world.我们认为，允许人民币根据市场因素更快升值符合中国的利益。我们相信中国会这么做，因为否则将会给中国以及中国与世界其他国家的关系带来过高代价。
These are our main priorities.China’s objectives are focused on the following areas:
以上是我国的主要重点。中国的目标集中在以下方面：
• China wants more acce to U.S.high technology products.• China to take greater advantage of investment opportunities in the United States.• China would like to be accorded the same terms of acce that market economies enjoy.--中国希望扩大获得美国高科技产品的渠道。--中国希望更大利用美国的投资机会。
--中国希望获得与市场经济体同等的准入条件。
We are willing to make progre on these iues, but our ability to move on these iues will depend of course on how much progre we see from China.我们愿意在这些方面取得进展，但是我们向前推进的能力自然将取决于我们看到中国有多大进展。
As China reduces the role of the state in the economy, reforms policies that discriminate against U.S.companies, removes subsidies and preferences for domestic firms and technology, and allows its exchange rate to reflect market forces, then we will be able to make progre on China’s objectives.随着中国减少国家在经济中的作用，修改歧视美国公司的政策，取消给予本国公司和本地技术的补贴和优惠，并允许其汇率根据市场浮动，我们将能够就中国的目标取得进展。
In any discuion of China, I think it is important for Americans to understand the solutions to our challenges in the United States rest first and foremost in the policies of Washington, not of Beijing.我认为，在任何关于中国的讨论中，美国人都必须了解，解决我们所面临的挑战要首先取决于华盛顿，而不是北京。
Fundamentally, how many jobs and how much wealth we create will be the result of the choices we make in the United States – not the choices of others.归根结底，我们能创造多少就业机会及多少财富，将取决于我们在美国所作的选择，而不是他人所作的选择。
In our efforts to rebuild and put Americans back to work, we have to make sure we are making the investments and reform that will be eential to our capacity to grow in the future.我们在努力重建并使美国人重返工作岗位的过程中，必须确保我们进行对我们未来增长能力至关重要的投资和改革。
As countries like China, India, Brazil and other emerging economies grow and expand, we want the American economy, American workers, and American companies to play a major role in – and gain substantial benefits from – that growth.在中国、印度、巴西和其他新兴经济体增长扩展之际，我们希望美国经济、美国工人和美国公司能在其中起到重要作用，并从那些增长中获得可观的益处。
We want to see a substantial part of that growing demand outside of the United States met by goods and services that are created and produced in the United States, and fueled by investment in the United States.我们希望，对于美国以外不断增长的需求，有很大一部分将通过美国创造和制造的产品和服务来满足，并由在美国的投资所带动。
If we are succeful in doing that, we will be stronger as a nation.But to be succeful in meeting that challenge, there are things we must do.We must invest more in research and development.We must invest more in educational reforms.We must invest more in public infrastructure.We must create stronger incentives for investment in the United States, by both American and foreign companies.We must be more forceful and effective in promoting American exports.如果我们能够成功做到这点，我们国家就会更强盛。但是，要成功迎接那种挑战，我们必须作出多项努力。我们必须对研究开发给予更多投资。我们必须对教育改革给予更多投资。我们必须对公共基础设施给予更多投资。我们必须创造更大吸引力让美国和外国公司在美国投资。我们必须更加高效有力地推动美国出口。
And we must restore fiscal responsibility.This will require the government to spend le and spend more wisely, so that we can afford to make the investments that are critical to future growth.And in the long term, it will require tax reform that produces a system that is more simple and more fair, that encourages growth and investment, and that will help restore fiscal sustainability.我们也必须恢复财政责任。这将要求政府减少开支和增加开支的理性，从而让我们能够进行对未来成长至关重要的投资。长期而言，这需要进行税务改革，建立一种更简明、更公平的体制，鼓励增长和投资，并且有助于恢复财政的可持续性。
These are our challenges.And they are not just an economic imperative, they are national security imperative.Our strength as a nation depends on the ability of our political system to move quickly enough to put in place solutions to our long-term problems.这些都是我们的挑战。它们不只是经济要务，也是国家安全的要务。美国的实力有赖于我们的政治体制能够迅速确定解决我们长期问题的方案。
Our great strengths as a country have been in our openne to ideas and talent, our capacity to innovate, our excellence in higher education, a willingne to invest public resources strategically in scientific research and discovery, and the political will to confront challenges with wisdom and force.我国的坚强实力一向在于对思想和人才开放，能够创新，拥有优质的高等教育，愿意将公共资源战略性地投入科学研究与发现，并且具有靠智慧和力量战胜挑战的政治意愿。
If we preserve and build on these strengths, and if China succefully continues on its path to a more open, market economy, then both our countries and the world economy will be in a much stronger position.如果我们保持并进一步发展这些实力，并且中国若能继续成功迈向一个更开放的市场经济，那么，我们两国以及世界经济都将更趋兴盛。
The President recently said, “We should feel confident about our ability to compete, but we are going to have to step up our game.”
总统最近曾说：“我们对于自己的竞争能力应有自信，但是我们必须更加努力。”
China’s rise offers us the opportunity of dramatic growth in demand for things Americans create and produce.But it also will force us to raise our game.中国的崛起给我们带来一个对美国创造和制作的产品的需求大幅度增长的机会。但是它也要求我们更加一把劲。
We should welcome both the opportunity and the challenge.我们对于这个契机和挑战应该同表欢迎。
Thank you.谢谢各位。
