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African Americans also referred to as Black Americans, are citizens or residents of the United States who have total or significant partial ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.Slavery era
In 1565, the colony of Saint Augustine in Florida, founded by Pedro Menendez de Aviles, became the first permanent European settlement in North America.It included an unknown number of free and enslaved Africans that were part of this colonial expedition.The first recorded Africans in British North America were “20 and odd negroes” who came to Jamestown, Virginia via Cape Comfort in August 1619 as indentured servants.As English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers.The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery.Servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away.Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom.They raised families, marrying other Africans and sometimes intermarrying with Native Americans or English settlers.The popular conception of a race-based slave system did not fully develop until the 18th century.The Dutch West India Company introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven black slaves into New Amsterdam.All the colony's slaves, however, were freed upon its surrender to the British.Maachusetts was the first British colony to legally recognize slavery in 1641.In 1670 the colonial aembly paed a law prohibiting free and baptized Negroes from purchasing Christians but allowing them to buy persons “of their own nation.”
The first black congregations and churches were organized before 1800 in both northern and southern cities following the Great Awakening.By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the American colonies, which made them the second largest ethnic group after the English.During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious English colonists secure American Independence by defeating the British in the American Revolution..American Civil War
April 12, 1861 – May 9, 1865(by declaration)[1]
Date(4 years, 3 weeks and 6 days)
(last shot fired June 22, 1865)
Southern United States, Northeastern United States, Western United Location States, Atlantic Ocean
Union victory
Territorial integrity preserved Result Reconstruction
Slavery abolished
Reconstruction and Jim Crow
African Americans quickly set up congregations for themselves, as well as schools, community and civic aociations, to have space away from white control or oversight.While the post-war reconstruction era was initially a time of progre for African Americans, in the late 1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce racial segregation and disenfranchisement.In the last decade of the 19th century, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to mushroom in the United States.These discriminatory acts included racial segregation which was legally mandated by southern states and nationwide at the local level of government, voter suppreion or disenfranchisement in the southern states, denial of economic opportunity or
resources nationwide, and private acts of violence and ma racial violence aimed at African Americans unhindered or encouraged by government authorities.Great Migration and Civil Rights Movement
The desperate conditions of African Americans in the South that sparked the Great Migration of the early 20th century, combined with a growing African American community in the Northern United States, led to a movement to fight violence and discrimination against African Americans.The Civil Rights Movement from 1954 to 1968 was directed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Americans, particularly in the Southern United States.The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the conditions which brought it into being are credited with putting preure on President John F.Kennedy and Lyndon B.Johnson.By 1966, the emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from white authority.Post-Civil Rights era
Politically and economically, blacks have made substantial strides during the post-civil rights era.In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African-American elected governor in U.S.history.In 1992 Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became the first black woman elected to the U.S.Senate.There were 8,936 black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970.In 2001 there were 484 black mayors.On November 4, 2008, Democratic Senator Barack Obama defeated Republican Senator John McCain to become the first African American to be elected President.At least 95 percent of African-American voters voted for Obama.He also received overwhelming support from young and educated whites, a majority of Asians, Hispanics, and Native Americans picking up a number of new states in the
Democratic electoral column.Obama lost the overall white vote, although he won a larger proportion of white votes than any previous no incumbent Democratic
presidential candidate since Jimmy Carter.The following year Michael S.Steele was elected the first African-American chairman of the national Republican Party.
