英语演讲选修课chapter11 persuasive_英语演讲选修课

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chapter11 persuasive

I.Persuasive speeches on questions of fact

 Questions of fact---A question about the truth or falsity of an aertion. We do not know enough information to know what it is

Will the economy be better or worse next year?

Will another earthquake strike California before the year 2010?

 The facts are murky or inclusive

What will happen next in the Middle East?

Is sexual orientation genetically determined?

Speeches On questions of fact are usually organized topically

II.Persuasive speeches on questions of value

 Questions of value?---A question about the worth, rightne, morality, and so forth of an

idea or action. What is the best movie of all time? Is the cloning of human beings morally justifiable?

What are the ethical responsibilities of journalists?

 Matter of fact, value judgments



Speeches on questions of value are mostly organized topically

 Your first main point is to establish the standards for your value judgment.树立价值判

断的标准

 Your second main point is to apply those standards to the subject.III.Persuasive speeches on questions of policy

Questions of policy---A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.是否采取行动

What to do during spring vocation?

Which strategy to use in selling a product?

How to maintain economic growth and protect the enviroment ?

 They areto decide whether something should or should not be done.2.Organizing speeches on Questions of policy

Problem-solution order

Problem-cause-solution order

Comparative Advantage order

D.Monroe’s motivated sequence

D.Monroe’s motivated sequence

门罗促动顺序

 A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are:

1.attention

2.need

3.satisfaction

4.visualization

（形象化）

5.action

Part 2: Methods of persuasion

Listeners will be persuaded by a speaker from one or more of four reasons:

I.credibility.II.evidence.III.reasoning.IV.emotions

I.Building credibility

 Factors of credibility:

A.Competence---how an audience regards a speaker’s intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject.B.Character---how an audience regards a speaker’s sincerity, trustworthine, and concern for the well-being of the audience.2.Establishing common ground with your audience

 Creating common ground---a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself

with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.3.Deliver your speeches fluently, expreively, and with conviction

II.Using evidence

Tips for using evidence

1.Use specific evidence.2.Use novel evidence.3.Use evidence from credible sources

4.Make clear the point of your evidence.III.Reasoning

 Reasoning---the proce of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence. Four types of reasoning:

1.Reasoning from specific instances

2.Reasoning from principle

3.Causal reasoning

4.Analogical reasoning

Guidelines for reasoning from specific instances

A.Avoid generalizing too hastily, make sure your sample of specific instances is large enough to justify your conclusion.B.Be careful with your wording.If your evidence does not justify a conclusion, qualify your argument.C.Reinforce your argument with statistics and testimony

2.Reasoning from principle

---Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.For instance:  All people are mortal. Socrates is a person. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.3.Causal reasoning

---Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects. There is a patch of ice on the sidewalk.You slip, fall, and break your arm.You reason as

follows: “Because that patch of ice was there, I fell and broke my arm.” or

 “If the patch of ice hadn’t been there, I wouldn’t have fallen and broken my arm.”



4.Analogical reasoning

（类比推理）

---Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. If you are good at racquetball, you’ll be great at Ping-Pang. In Great Britain the general election campaign fro Prime Minister lasts le than three

weeks.Surely we can do the same with the U.S presidential election.IV.Appealing to emotions

 Emotional appeals are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, afraid, happy,proud, sympathetic, reverent, or the like.These are often appropriate reactions when the question is one of value or policy.

Guidelines for generating emotional appeal

 1.Use emotional language

2.Develop vivid example

3.Speak with sincerity and conviction