寡头市场演讲稿_寡头垄断市场例子
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Definition Is a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products.只有几个卖者，他们提供类似或者相同的商品。between monopoly and perfect competition.Characteristics Number of firms There are so few firms that the actions of one firm can influence the actions of the other firms.Interdependence The distinctive feature of an oligopoly is interdependence.Oligopolies are typically composed of a few large firms.Each firm is so large that its actions affect market conditions.Therefore the competing firms will be aware of a firm's market actions and will respond appropriately.Price Best off cooperating and acting like a monopolist by producing a small quantity of output and charging a price above marginal cost 通过生产很少的产出数量以及索取超过边际成本的价格，在协同操作与行为上类似于垄断者。
GAME THEORY AND THE ECONOMICS OF COOPERATION Strategic decisions are those in which each person, in deciding what actions to take, must consider how others might respond to that action.策略性决策是指这样一些决策：即每个人在决定采取何种策略时，必须考虑其他人会对该策略做出何种反应。
Because the number of firms in an oligopolistic market is small, each firm must act strategically.因为寡头市场中的企业数量很少，每一企业必须有策略地行事。
Each firm knows that its profit depends not only on how much it produces but also on how much the other firms produce.每一企业知道它的利润不仅取决于它生产多少，而且还取决于其他企业生产多少。
The prisoners’ dilemma
The prisoners’ dilemma provides insight into the difficulty in maintaining cooperation.囚徒困境提供审视维持合作之困难的远见卓识。
Often people(firms)fail to cooperate with one another even when cooperation would make them better off.人们（企业）往往不能相互合作，即使在合作能够使得他们境况更好的情况下也是如此。
The prisoners’ dilemma is a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial.囚徒困境是两个被捕囚徒之间的一种特别博弈，描述合作是难以维持的，即使在双方都有利的情况下也是如此。The dominant strategy is the best strategy for a player to follow regardle of the strategies chosen by the other players.占优策略是博弈者追随的最优策略，无论其他人已经选择的策略是什么。
Cooperation is difficult to maintain, because cooperation is not in the best interest of the individual player.合作是难以维持的，因为合作不是单个博弈者的最优利益。Oligopolies as a Prisoners’ Dilemma
Self-interest makes it difficult for the oligopoly to maintain a cooperative outcome with low production, high prices, and monopoly profits.自身利益使得寡头难以用低产量、高价格和垄断利润来维持合作结果。
If oligopolists make decisions about production levels individually, the result is a greater quantity and a lower price than under the monopoly outcome.如果寡头独立地做出生产决策，结果是产量大于垄断产量，价格低于垄断价格。The prisoners’ dilemma shows that self-interest can prevent people from maintaining cooperation, even when cooperation is in their mutual self-interest.囚徒困境表明利己使人们即使在合作符合他们利益时也无法维持合作
The logic of the prisoners’ dilemma applies in many situations, including oligopolies.囚徒困境的逻辑适用于许多情况，包括寡头。
