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四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）

1.视盘 3.螺旋器 5.视杆 2.黄斑 4.壶腹嵴 6.视锥

（三）问答题:

1、角膜的组织结构有何特点？损伤后会产生哪些后果？

2、试述视网膜的组织结构及其三组神经元的相互关系？

3、比较视杆细胞和视锥细胞的异同？

（四）作业

下图为视网膜在高倍镜下的结构草图，请您在图上注明下列结构：色素上皮 层、视杆视锥层、外界膜、外核层、外网层、内核层、内网层、节细胞层、神经纤 维层、内界膜

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四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）

Chapter 12 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Objectives In this chapter, the following are examined: 1.The general structural characteristics of endocrine glands.2.Histological structure and function of thyroid gland.3.The division of adrenal gland.The structural characteristic and function of each zone of adrenal cortex.4.The structural characteristic and function of each cell type of pars distalis.5.The relationship between hypothalamus and adenohypophysis– the hypophyseal portal system.The structural characteristic of neurohypophysis, and the relationship with the hypothalamus.Section I Outline on Lecture

I.General characteristics 1.Glandular cells are arranged in cords, clusters, follicles, or reticula.2.Have no duct, rich in capillary 3.Hormones: The secretions of endocrine glands are called hormones.Type of hormone: •Nitrogenous hormonereceptors: •Nitrogenous hormones — receptors are in the cell membrane.•Steroid hormones — receptors are in the cytoplasm.•remote endocrine, paracrine and autocrine ――

四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）

II.Thyroid 1.Capsule: LCT, septa, rich in capillary network 2.Parenchyma is composed of follicles and parafollicular cells.(1)Follicles •Consist of a simple epithelial sphere(range from squamous to low columnar)whose lumen contains acidophilic colloid(glycoprotein).•The function of follicular cells is to produce thyroid hormones.•The synthesizing proce: Synthesis of thyroglobulin: ―by follicular cell

synthesize

―in RER

―in cell plasma in Golgi complex

release

―lumen of follicle Take in amino acids proceed from vesicles Iodization(In Lumen of follicle): ―through I-peroxidase I2O ―thyroglobulin iodination

Reabsorption & decomposion: ―Follicular cells take up colloid by

pinocytosis(stimulated by thyrotropin);the pinocytotic vesicles fuse with lysosome.And then the iodinated thyroglobulin are broken by proteases in lysosome into T4(tetraiodothyronine, thyroxine)T3(triiodothyronine)Releasing: T4 & T3 are discharged into blood—

stimulate the rate of metabolism & development of bone and central nerve system.――

四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）

Thyroid disorders: Hypothyroidism — Cretin(child)Myxedema(adult)Hyperthyroidism —

decrease body weight, asthenia, nervousne, eye protrusion, and accelerated heart rate.(2)Parafollicular cells •Location: They are found as part of the follicular epithelium or as isolated clusters between follicles.•Structure: Large, pale stain, silver stain(argyrophilic granules)•Secretion: Calcitonin(polypeptide)Stimulate osteoblast to produce new bone

Blood calcium level↓

2+ Inhibit absorption of Ca

III.Parathyroid gland 1.CT Capsule 2.Glandular cells •Chief cells(principal cells)are small polygonal cells with round nucleus and pale-staining cytoplasm.Secretion — parathyroid hormone(polypeptide)Stimulate osteocytes & osteoclasts to broken up bone matrix

blood Ca↑

Stimulate absorption of Ca from intestine and renal tubules 2+

2+ • Oxyphil cells are larger polygonal cells, their cytoplasm contains many mitochondria(acidophilic stain).Their function is not clear.Ⅳ.Adrenal gland DCT capsule Adrenal medulla(center)Adrenal cortex(periphery)Two concentric layers 1.Cortex 80%-90%

Three layers

zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zona reticularis ――

四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）

(1)Zona glomerulosa Immediately beneath the capsule — small cells are arranged in rounded or arched clusters surrounded by capillaries.Secretion: mineralocorticoids(aldosterone)— maintain electrolyte(Na , K)

+ + + and water balance(absorption of Na in distal tubules and collecting tubules + and excrete K).(2)Zona fasciculata Thick most layer —

straight cords with rich capillaries.Polygonal cells with a great number of lipid droplets(appear vacuous).Secretion: glucocorticoids(cortisol, corticosterone)—

Stimulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids;Suppre the immune response(by destroying circulating lymphocytes).(3)Zona reticularis Innermost layer — irregular cords form an anastomosing network with rich capillaries.Smaller cells with lipofuscin pigment granules and lipid droplets.Secretion: androgen *All cells in cortex are steroid hormone-secreting cells(SER, mitochondria with tubular cristae, lipid droplets).2.Medulla Cells are in cords or clumps with sinusoidal capillaries.Large cells contain chromaffin granules(chromaffin cells).Two cells types: •Adrenaline-secreting cells –

adrenaline – heart rate increase, blood veels dilatation •Noradrenaline-secreting cells –

noradrenaline –heart rate increase, blood veels contract – blood preure increase Ⅴ.Hypophysis(pituitary gland)It is in a cavity of the sphenoid bone(sella turcica).――

四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）

Pars distalis Adenohypophysis

Pars tuberalis Pars intermedia Neurohypophysis

Pars nervosa

(Anterior lobe)

(Posterior lobe)

median eminence

Fundibulum

stem CT capsule(1)Pars distalis Glandular cells are in clusters and cords and rich in blood sinuses.HE: Chromophobes

Acidophils Chromophils

Basophils ①

Acidophils Contain acidophilic granules(two types)Somatotrophic cell: Produce growth hormone, GH — stimulate the growth of long bone Disorder: Young children—

hypofunction→

midget hyperfunction→

gigantism Adult — megalakria Mammotrophic cell: Secret mammotrophin→

stimulate development of breast and milk secretion ②

Basophils Contain basophilic granules(three types)•Thyrotrophic cell, TSH cell: Produce thyrotrophin(thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH)→

stimulate thyroid hormone synthesis, storage & release.•Gonadotrophic cell: ――

四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）

—

Follicle stimulating hormone, FSH Female: promote development of ovarian follicles Male: stimulate Sertoli cells to synthesize androgen binding protein, ABP —

Luteinizing hormone, LH Female: stimulate ovulation & formation of corpus luteum Male: stimulate interstitial cell in testis to secret androgen •Corticotrophic cell, ACTH cell: Secret adrenocorticotrophin, ACTH —

promote zona fasciculata to secret glucocorticoids *Chromophobe cell: Many(50%);smaller, pale staining(2)Pars intermedia Degenerative part in human —

chromophobes, basophils(melanotroph)and follicles — secret melanocyte stimulating hormone, MSH —

promote formation of melanin in fish and amphibian(3)Pars tuberalis The cells are arranged in longitudinal cords separated by sinusoids.In normal condition, the cells of the pars tuberalis show no evidence of active secretion.(4)Blood supply — hypophyseal portal system The blood supply of adenohypophysis is come from *superior hypophyseal arteries that form a *primary capillary plexus in fundibulum.They then rejoin to form several *portal veins in pars tuberalis, which develop a *secondary capillary plexus in pars distalis.The two sets of capillary plexus and portal veins constitute hypophyseal portal system.This structure is of importance in regulating hypophyseal function.(5)Relationship of hypothalamus and adenohypophysis Releasing hormones(RH)Release inhibiting hormones(RIH)(hypothalamus)Primary capillary plexus Portal veins

hypophyseal portal system Secondary capillary plexus

release Venous sinus

into →

Pars distalis

secretion(Regulate

activity of glandular cells)

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四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）

2.Neurohypophysis(1)Structures • Unmyelinated nerve fibers from secretory neurons of supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei(SON and PVN)of hypothalamus.•Neuroglial cell(pituicyte)•Numerous blood sinuses •Herring bodies: Unmyelinated nerve fibers carry secretory granules into pars nervosa.There they form accumulations, known as Herring bodies.(2)Blood supply Inferior hypophyseal artery Sinusoidal capillaries(pars nervosa)Venous sinus(3)Relationship of hypothalamus and neurohypophysis Secretions(oxytocin and ADH)from SON and PVN:→

release into blood by unmyelinated nerve fibers to regulate remote targets.ADH(antidiuretic hormone)—

promotes distal & collecting tubules to absorb water→ —

stimulates contraction of the smooth muscles of uterine wall and

volume of urine decrease.Oxytocin promotes secretion of breast.Review Questions: 1.What are the general features of endocrine glands? 2.List the three histological cell types and five functional cell types of the adenohypophysis? 3.Structurally and functionally, how does the neurohypophysis differ from the adenohypophysis? 4.How does the hypothalamus regulate the activity of adenohypophysis? 5.What is hypophyseal portal system? 6.What hormones are secreted by the thyroid and how are they stored? 7.List the two major parenchymal cell types of the parathyroid gland.Which type secretes PTH? 8.Name the layers of the adrenal cortex and the hormones produced by each.9.What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla? 10.Describe the structures of steroid secreting cells.――

四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）

主要英文单词：

hormone『』 target cell『』 follicle『』 pituicyte『（）』 parafollicular cell『』 zona glomerulosa『』 zona fasciculata『』 zona reticularis『』 chromaffin cell『』 chromophobe cell『』

激素

靶细胞 滤泡

垂体细胞 滤泡旁细胞 球状带 束状带 网状带 嗜铬细胞 嫌色细胞

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