英语语法教案 (Lecture 16 Subjunctive Mood)_英语语法点讲解教案
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Lecture 16 Subjunctive Mood
Teaching Aims(1)To understand the definition of mood and claification of mood(2)To grasp the use of subjunctive mood Teaching Proce
(1)Definition and claification of mood(2)Use of subjunctive mood
a.subjunctive mood used in if conditionals
b.subjunctive mood used in that clause
c.subjunctive mood used in special patterns
1.Definition of mood
Different speaker may expre different purpose.When he exprees different purposes, he may use different moods of expreions.2.Claification of moods 2.1 Indicative mood: expreing statements or facts.e.g.We are all students.China is in Asia.2.2 Imperative mood: putting forward demands or orders.e.g.Please be careful.Don‟t smoke here.2.3 Subjunctive mood:
Definition: expreing subjective wishes or hypothetical and non-factual meaning 3.Claification of subjunctive mood 3.1 Be-subjunctive mood 1)be is used in “that clause” containing the meaning of order, decision, suggestion.a)used in “that clause” after the verbs: decide, decree, demand, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, recommend, request, require, suggest, vote…
b)used in “that clause” after the adjectives: advisable, appropriate, desirable, eential, fitting, imperative, important, impoible, neceary, obligatory, proper…
c)used in “that clause” after the nouns: decision, decree, demand, instruction, order, requirement, resolution… 2)be is used in “that clause” introduced by “if, though”
be-subjunctive mood can be used in that clause introduced by “if, though, whatever, lest, so long as…”, such sentences have the meaning of “speculation, conceion, or precaution…”
3)be is used in some formula sentence patterns to expre “wish, curse, or prohibition”
e.g.Long live the People‟s Republic of China!
God ble you!
God damn you！
Heaven forbid!
Devil take him!1
So be it!
Suffice it to say that…
Far be it from me to spoil the fun.He will remain here if need be.Home is home, be it ever so homely.3.2 were-Subjunctive mood 1)used in some adverbial clause used in conditional or conceive adverbial clause introduced by “if, if only, as though, though…” 2)used in some noun clause used in the clause introduced by “wish, would rather, suppose, imagine…
4.The use of subjunctive mood 4.1 subjunctive mood used in if-conditional A conditional sentence(or “conditional” for short)is commonly composed part: conditional clause + main clause.Despite the many poible sequences of verb forms in conditionals, the following four types represent perhaps the commonest and the most useful ones: If you heat ice, it melts.If we catch the 10 o‟clock train, we will get there by lunch-time.If we caught the 10 o‟clock train, we would get there by lunch time.If we had caught the 10 o‟clock train, we would have got there by lunch-time.1)Real conditional
A.The first one called “whenever-type” in that “if” here is used in the sense of “whenever”.It can be used to denote the following meanings:
a.Universal truth or general validity
Statements of this type commonly appear in factual discuions and scientific or technical material.The sequence of verb forms is as follows:
If simple present + main simple present
E.g.If you pour oil on water, it floats.b.present habitual action
To denote present habitual action, it takes the same pattern.If simple present + main simple present
E.g.If it rains, I go to work by car.c.past habitual action
To denote past habitual action, the simple past is used in both the conditional and the main clause.If simple past + main simple past.E.g.If I made a promise, I kept it.B.The second falls into three forms: basic form, variant form, and alternative form.Basic forms:
a)(if)simple present +(mian)will, etc + infinitive
If it is fine tomorrow, we can have a picnic somewhere.(if)simple present +(main)imperative If you wake up before me, give me a call.Variant forms:
a)(if)should + infinitive +(main)will, would, etc + infinitive
If he should come tomorrow, I would tell him everything.b)(if)will + infinitive +(main)will, would, etc + infinitive
If you would read more carefully, you would understand what the author means.Alternative forms
a)imperative + and-clause
Set your alarm clock, and you won‟t oversleep.b)imperative + or-clause.Set your alarm clock, or(else)you „ll oversleep.What we have enumerate above only represent the commonest types of real conditionals, which are actually too variegated to be exhausted in a few patterns.As a matter of fact, there are far more poible sequences of verb forms for real conditionals.So long as they do not make unreal conditionals, almost all sequences of verb forms are poible.Thus, in addition to the above-mentioned types, we can also say, for example:
If he has finished his work, we shall be able to take him with us.If you‟ve been traveling all night, you probably need a rest.Lecture 17 & 18 Auxiliary verb
Auxiliary verb can be divided into 3 types: basic auxiliary verb, mood auxiliary verb, semi-auxiliary verb.17.1 the means to expre mood meanings 1)to expre “Ability” and “poibility”: can, could, be able to 2)to expre “ Permiion”: can/could, may/might 3)to expre “Obligation” or “Neceity”: should, ought to, must 4)to expre “Prediction” or “Predictability”
5)to expre “ Willingne”, “intention” or “Determination”: will/would, shall 6)other mood meanings: to expre “pity, worry, happine, surprise…”
17.2 Epistemic usage or non-epistemic usage of mood auxiliary verb 1)the mood auxiliary verbs serving as epistemic usage a)
auxiliary mood verb
non-epistemic usage
epistemic usage can/could
to expre “Ability” “Permiion”
to expre “ Poibility”
may/might
to expre “Permiion”
to expre “Poibility”
will/would
to expre “Willingne”
to expre “Predictability”
should/ought to
to expre “Obligation”
to expre “Neceity”
must
to expre “Obligation”
to expre “Neceity” b)degree of poibility Uncertain
might
That might be George.↓
may
↓
could
can
should
ought to
would
will
Certain
must
That must be George.2)syntax characters of mood auxiliary verb with epistemic meaning a)tense b)there –be c)static verb d)noun phrase of lifele things 3)mood auxiliary verb with epistemic meaning and the referred time 18.1 semi-auxiliary verbs 1)the types of semi-auxiliary verb: focused on “be”;focused on “have”;focused on “seem”
can be transformed into “it…that”
cannot transformed
be about to
be certain to
be able to
be(un)likely to
be apt to
appear to
be bound to
chance to
be due to
happen to
be going to
seem to
be liable to
turn out to…
be obliged to
be supposed to
be sure to
be to
be willing to had better/best have to have got to come to fail to get to tend to…
2)semi-auxiliary and “it…that” structure Lecture 19 & 20 Infinitive Teaching Aims(1)To understand non-finite verbs(2)To grasp the form of infinitive verbs(3)To grasp the use of infinitive verb Teaching Content
(1)Claification of verb(2)Characteristics of non-finite verb and claification of non-finite verb
(3)Infinitive verb
a.the forms of infinitive verb
b.change of form in tense and aspect and voice c.the logical subject d.usage of infinitive verb e.transformation from infinitive into clause
(4)Notices
1.Grammatical forms
The infinitive has no tense distinctions, nor person or number contrast.But they can be paive and take the simple, progreive, perfect and perfect progreive forms.A negative infinitive is formed by adding not or never immediately before the infinitive sign to.2.Forms of the infinitive There are two types of infinitive: to-infinitive and bare infinitive.The bare infinitive just the infinitive without to, which is identical in form with the base of the verb.2.1 Infinitive commonly occurs with to, but in some contexts it is neceary to use the bare infinitive, and in some other cases the infinitive sign is optional.Following is summing up of the situations in which the bare infinitive is used.1)the bare infinitive is generally used to follow the modals including need and dare.2)the bare infinitive is used to follow semi-auxiliaries.3)the bare infinitive is used to combine with such modal idioms as would rather, would sooner, would(just)as soon, may/ might/(just)as well, cannot but, cannot help but, etc.4)the bare infinitive is commonly used to follow rather than and sooner than, especially when rather/ sooner than takes the initial position.e.g.Rather than cause trouble, he left.Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitre.But when rather than takes other positions in the sentence, the following infinitive may be with or without to.e.g.He decided to go fishing rather than stay in the school.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.5)the bare infinitive is often combined with a main verb to form some fixed combinations such as:
make believe let slip
let down
leave go
let fall
hear tell
6)the bare infinitive usually appears after “ causative verb + object”, but when the causative verb occurs in the paive, the bare infinitiv should be turned into a to-infinitive.e.g.Tom made Marry do the cleaning.Marry was made to do the cleaning.7)the bare infinitive usually occurs after “ sense verb + object”.The sense verbs include see, hear, observe, notice, feel, watch, look at, listen to.But when the sense verb occurs in the paive, it should be followed by a to-infinitive.8)the bare infinitive is used after “ have known + object”, e.g.I have never known that man smile.9)the bare infinitive often appears after help or “help +object”, but to-infinitive is also used.10)the bare infinitive usually appears after the preposition except/ but when there is a form of the main verb do before the preposition, which is otherwise followed by a to-infinitive.e.g.I did nothing but wait.Likewise, in some SVC constructions, if the subject contains a form of the main verb do, the infinitive in the complement may be with or without to.e.g.The only thing I can do now is(to)go on by myself.11)the bare infinitive also appears after “ why/ why not”?
12)the bare infinitive can also be used in the following idiomatic expreions.Go post a letter for me.Come have a chat with me.Try eat a little.I‟ll try help him.13)the bare infinitive used in parallel construction.e.g.Tom has get up, wash his face and go to school.Tom likes to climb mountain more than fish.■Notice: when infinitive verb is omitted, the small word to should be given out.e.g.Would you like to have some coffee? Yes, I‟d like to.2.2 Some few notes on the use of the infinitive sign
1)Infinitive sign used alone
To avoid repetition, the infinitive sign can sometimes be used alone, that is to say, the base in the to-infinitive can be committed, sometimes together with its complementation.This kind of omiion is quite common in informal style.You may go if you wish to.If the base of the infinitive is the verb be or have, it should be retained, even though its complementation is omitted.A: Aren‟t you the manager?
B: No, I don‟t want to be.In some contexts, both the to-infinitive and its complementation can be omitted so that no trace remains of the infinitive.I‟d like to do it now, but I haven‟t got the time(to).2)Ellipsis of the infinitive sign
When two to-infinitives are coordinated by and or or, the second to is usually unle there is a contrastive meaning,e.g.I intend to call him and discu this question again.When there is contrastive meaning, the second to must be retained.e.g.To be or not to be, that is the question.The infinitive sign cannot be omitted if there is no coordinator between the coordinate infinitives.e.g.Please go to the seaside to swim, to get suntanned.Nor can any infinitive sign be omitted if a sequence of infinitives occur in a parallel construction.e.g.The student must learn to read extensively, to analyze what he reads and to summarize the main points presented.2.3 infinitive to or preposition to
The word to often present a problem for Chinese students.For instance, in “object to” and “be used to”, is the word to a preposition or an infinitive sign? To solve this
problem, we may try to put a noun after it.If a noun or a noun equivalent is poible, it proves to be a preposition;otherwise, it is an infinitive sign.Following is a summary of the collocations in which the item to is a preposition, not an infinitive sign.1)verb + preposition to
add to, agree to, amount to, attend to and etc.2)verb + noun/pron.+ prep.to
apply…to, accustom … to, confine…to, devote…to, etc.3)verb +-ed particple + prep.to
be accustomed to, be used to, be devoted to,etc.4)verb + adverb particle + prep.to
look forward to, face up to, get down to, etc.5)adjective +prep.to
equal to, loyal to, similar to, etc.6)noun + prep.to
limit to, aid to, objection to, key to, etc.7)complex prepositions ending in to.Owing to, thanks to, preparatory to, previous to, prior to, in addition to, etc.3.Changes in tenses and aspects and voices
tenses and aspects
active voice
paive voice
simple
(to)do
to be done
progreive
(to)be doing
perfect
(to)have done
to have been done
perfect progreive
to have been doing
to have been being done 4.Logical subject
1)Found in the sentence(subject or object)
e.g.He likes to climb mountains.We asked him to do it.2)Caused by for in the sentence “It is/was + adjective + for + noun/pron + to infinitive”
3)Caused by of in the sentence “It is/was + adjective + of + noun/pron + to infinitive”
Adjectives: kind good
nice
unwise wise
clever
silly
wrong
right
foolish
stupid
carele
considerate
rude
naughty
impolite.5.Usage Adjective + infinitive 5.1 Type I
This type of STC pattern is characterized by the fact that the subject of main clause is the logical subject of the infinitive.The adjectives in this pattern are all dynamic adjectives, which can be subdivided into the following categories.Adjectives showing emotional feelings, e.g.: He is glad to help others.Adjectives showing good or bad luck, e.g.: He was lucky to be able to find a job.Adjectives showing mental state or persona lattitude, e.g.: We are ready to make the attempt.If the subject of the main clause is not the logical subject of the infinitive, the logical should be expreed with an introductory for:
I‟m quite willing for your brother to come with me.Adjectives showing character or behavioral trait, eg: He is foolish to meet her again.5.2 Type II In this type of SVC pattern, the subject of the main clause is the logical object of the infinitive.Here, the adjectives are generally stative adjectives.e.g.That question is difficult to answer.She is pleasant to talk to.These sentences can be transformed into an anticipatory It-construction: It is difficult to answer that question.But there are constructions of the same type that cannot be so transformed.e.g.They are attractive to look at.The river is narrow to sail up.5.3 Type III In this type, the subject of the main clause may be the logical subject or logical object of the infinitive.e.g.These books are easy to sell.But in most cases, the adjective can be turned into a corresponding adverb in deep structure.e.g.He is quite to take offence.He was hesitant to take action.Noun(phrase)+ infinitive
Here, the infinitive is used as post modification in noun phrases.1)Semantic relations
Semantically, the noun(phrase)and the infinitive that follows may form different relations, for instance, a subject-verb relation, that is, the noun(phrase)is the logical subject of the infinitive.e.g.Jim was the last guest to arrive.Sometimes, the noun(phrase)is the logical object of the infinitive, e.g.He has a large family to suggest
in the case of an intransitive infinitive, an appropriate preposition should be added.e.g.The boy needs a friend to play with.Sometimes, the noun phrase is in apposition to the infinitive that follows.e.g.The boy had an impulse to jump over the fence.2)infinitive----active or paive
As post modification, the infinitive may appear in active or paive voice.In some contexts, both active and paive forms are poible.e.g.The man to consult / to be consulted is Mr.Johnson.But in other case, an active form seems more natural than the paive.e.g.I have got a lot of letters to write.In still other cases, a paive form sounds more appropriate.e.g.The question to be discued at the next meeting will be a hard nut to crack.3)“Noun + infinitive” vs “noun + preposition +-ing”
with some nouns such as attempt, chance, effort, freedom, intention, neceity, opportunity, reason, time, way, etc, the post modifier may be an infinitive or a “preposition +-ing” with no difference in meaning.e.g.The doctor made a bold attempt to save/ of saving the child‟s life.With some other nouns, it is appropriate to use an infinitive rather than a “preposition +-ing” as post modifier.e.g.They have the ability to produce nuclear weapons.These nouns include ability, agreement, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, disposition, mind, obligation, permiion, refusal, reluctance, temptation, tendency, wish, etc.There are still other nouns which do not admit of an infinitive as post modifier;a “preposition +-ing” is normally used.e.g.there is no hope of winning the game.Other nouns in the same use include aptitude, delay, difficulty, excuse, experience, interest, genius, habit, idea, motive, objection, paion, plan, poibility, skill succe, etc.Verb + infinitive
Some verbs can be followed by an infinitive to form a verb object relation, that is, the
Infinitive functions as the object of the verb.These collocations fall into three groups;1)verb + infinitive, 2)verb + object + infinitive, and 3)verb +(object)+ infinitive.4)verb + infinitive There are verbs that can be directly followed by an infinitive rather than an –ing form as object.e.g.He demanded to be told everything.These verbs include agree, aim, apply, arrange, choose, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, endeavor, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pledge, prepare, pretend, profe, promise, refuse, resolve, seek, swear, threaten, undertake, venture, volunteer, etc.Some of these verbs such as agree, arrange, promise, resolve, claim, decide, demand, determine, hope, pretend, profe, swear, threaten, etc can also be followed by a corresponding that-clause.2)Verb + object + infinitive There are verbs that cannot be directly followed by an infinitive unle the verb and the infinitive are intervened by a noun or pronoun..These verbs include five groups: a)Verbs of perception or sense verbs such as see ,hear, watch, feel, ect.e.g.: Did you see him enter the building? b)Causative verbs such as have , let ,make, etc, eg: Don‟t forget to have your children come with you.c)Some phrasal verbs such as arrange foe , ask for, rely on, etc, eg: I‟ll arrange for you to meet the manager.d)Verbs showing mental state such as consider, declare, find(= consider), prove ,think, believe, discover, feel(= think), imagine , judge, suppose, understand, etc, eg: I believe him to be reliable.e)Verbs having the force of “ advice” ,”permiion” , “forbiddance”, etc such as advise , allow , forbid , permit, recommend, require, urge, etc ,eg: I advised him to give up smoking.There are a few points to note about the use of these verbs :First , the infinitive after verbs under “group d” is invariably “to be” ,eg:
We know him to be reliable.He declared himself to be innocent.Secondly, after such verbs as consider, declare, find prove, think, the infinitive “to be” can be committed, eg:
He proved himself(to be)innocent.If the infinitive “to be” is in the perfective form , then it cannot be committed,: We considered him to have been foolish.Thirdly‟ in view of the fact that the noun or pronoun in this context may be viewed as the object of the finite verb that goes before or as the logical subject of the infinitive that follows , an alternative construction with a that –clause is available for interpretation ,eg: They believed him to be insane.Some of the verbs of “group e‟ such as advise, allow, forbid, permit, recommend can also be followed directly by an-ing form as object.Compare:
She advised us to give up smoking.And some may also be followed by a that-clause: They required us to get there before nine.1)Verb +(object)+ infinitive
With some verbs such as ask, can‟t bear, hate, intend, like, prefer, want, etc, the object is optional, that is these verbs can occur either in the “verb + infinitive” construction in the “verb +object + infinitive” pattern, eg:
Do you intend to make a long stay there?
Most of these verbs can also can be followed by that-clause, eg: She asked to do more work.Some may also be directly followed by an-ing form, eg:
I have troubling you about trifles.6.The paive voice of infinitive verb phrase
1)form: to be done
2)usage: when the logical subject of infinitive is the do of infinitive verb, we should use paive voice.e.g.He ordered the work to be started at once.How would you like to have been being scolded(挨骂)all day.3)in the following cases, we should not use paive voice.Lecture 21-ing Participle
Teaching Aims(1)To know the grammatical function of –ing participle(2)To grasp the use of –ing participle
(3)To the differences between infinitive and –ing participle as noun Teaching Content
(1)The claification of –ing participle(gerund and present participle traditionally)(2)The use of gerund
(3)The use of present participle
The “–ing participle” is used to include both the traditional “present participle” and the “gerund”.1.Collocation of –ing participle with verbs This section is concerned with two collocations: “verb +--ing form” and “verb +object +preposition +--ing form”.1.1 verb+--ing form There are verbs that can only be followed by an –ing form rather than an infinitive as object.These verbs include admit, acknowledge, anticipate, advocate, appreciate, avoid, can’t help, can’t resist, can’t stand, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, don’t mind, ensure, enjoy, escape, excuse, evade, facilitate, fancy, favor, finish, give up, imagine, include, keep(on), mind, mi, pardon, postpone, practice, put off, resent, report, risk, stop, suggest, and etc.Some of the verbs listed above such as admit, acknowledge, anticipate, advocate, appreciate, can also take a corresponding that –clause as object.1.2 verb + object + preposition +--ing form There are verbs that cannot be directly followed by an –ing form unle it is interrupted by an object and a preposition.These verbs include trick, mislead, shame, surprise, trap, stop, prevent, restrain, hinder, save, etc, and the prepositions commonly used in this collocation are into and from.e.g.A sailor saved him from drowning.In some of these collocations such as “prevent/stop somebody from doing something”, the preposition from can be omitted, except that the finite verb occurs in the paive.We must prevent the trouble spreading.Similar collocations such as “thank sb.for doing sth., congratulate sb.on doing sth.and so on.2.Verbs followed either by infinitive or by--ing participle There are verbs that be followed either by an-ing form or by an infinitive.With some of these verbs, the choice between the two makes no difference in meaning;with others, however, different choices result in different interpretations.Either infinitive or-ing participle without change of meaning Verbs that can take either an infinitive or an-ing form as object include attempt, begin, can‟t bear, continue, deserve, dread, hate, intend, like, loathe, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, require, start, etc.Following these verbs, an infinitive or an-ing participle can alternate without change in basic meaning.There are cases, however, where the transforms are not in free variation.a)After proce verbs such as begin, cease, continue, start and emotive verbs such as can’t bear, deserve, dread, hate intend, like, loathe, love, need, neglect, omit, plan, prefer, require, the infinitive is commonly used, omit, plan, prefer, require, the infinitive is commonly used to refer to a specific act while the-ing participle is used is to refer to a general act, eg: I can‟t bear living alone.I can‟t bear to see the child so badly treated.Phil prefers doing it that way.He prefers to go by train this evening.b)After need, want, require, desire, an active –ing form can be used to denote a paive meaning which can also be expreed by a paive infinitive.e.g.This letter needs to be signed by the manager.This letter needs signing by the manager.c)After begin and start, either infinitive or –ing form is poible, but when the infinitive is stative verb, it normally goes with begin.e.g.We begin to see what he means.She began to believe his story.When begin/start is in the progreive, it is also an infiitive, not an –ing form that is normally used.e.g.It‟s beginning to rain.I‟m starting to work on my eay next week.2.2 Either infinitive or –ing form with different meanings
The verbs that admit of either of an infinitive or an-ing form with different mernings falls into five sub-claes:
a)After remember and forget, infinitive refers to a second act that follows the first , and the-ing participle to a previous venet ,eg: Can‟t you remember telling me the story last night?
=You told me the story last night.Can‟t you remember it? You must tell him all that.=You must tell him all that.Don‟t foget it.The use of regret also presents such a contrast: I regret telling you that John stole it.=I regret that I told you.I regret to tell you that John stole it.=I‟m sorry to tell you.But “I regret telling you…” can also be interpreted as: I regret that I am telling you …
b)After stop, leave off, go on, go on with, go on to, the –ing participle functions as object, and while the infinitive as adverbial of purpose.They stopped watching TV at 8:00.They stopped to watch TV at 8:00.c)After try, mean, can’t help, the choice between an infinitive and an-ing form depends on the meaning of the preceding verb itself.I didn‟t mean to spend too much money on that project.Your plan would mean spending a lot of money.d)After agree, decide, there is a choice between the infinitive and “preposition +-ing” They agreed to share the apples.They agreed on sharing the apples.e)After encourage, permit, allow, recommend, advise, authorize,either the-ing participle or the infinitive with an expreed logical subject can be used.She doesn‟t allow smoking here.She doesn‟t allow us to smoke here
