新编英语语法教程教案第一章_新编英语语法教程教案

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Teaching Notes

Chapter One The Hierarchical Structure of Grammar Ⅰ Teaching Aims:

This chapter aims to: 1.help students to know the hierachial structure of English grammar.2.get students to learn morphemes words, phrases and sentences and their claification.Ⅱ Teaching Procedures 1.Introduction The grammatical structure of English is a hierarchical one, which can be divided into five levels, i.e.Sentence, Clause, Phrase, Word and Morpheme.A sentence is the largest unit and highest level in a grammatical structure while a morpheme is the smallest and lowest one.2.Morphemes A morpheme is the smallest unit in English grammar, and also the smallest meaningful unit of language.1)Free Morphemes Free morphemes are morphemes which can constitute words by themselves, e.g.boy, girl, work, water.2)Bound Morphemes Some morphemes like de-, dis-,-ne,-ly are never used independently in speech and writing.They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words.These morphemes are called bound morphemes.Bound morphemes are mostly affixes.Affixes are attached to free morphemes either to form new words or to indicate grammatical categories.Affixes can be divided into two types: prefixes and suffixes.3.Words 1)Simple Word, Derivative, Compound Word a)simple words(morpheme words):at, far, hand, get b)derivatives: prefixes: dislike, unhappy, pronoun, prewar suffixes: worker, widen, foolish, manly c)compound words: handbook, outline, moreover, anybody 2)According to grammatical function, English words can be claified into Closed Cla and Open Cla.a)Closed Cla Closed cla refers to all the Function words.The number of this type of words are limited.No new comers will enter into this cla.Therefore, this kind of words are called Closed Cla.They include:

Preposition: in, on, without

Pronoun: you, he, one, this

Determiner: a, the, his, that, some

Conjunction: and, or, but, when

Auxiliary: do, can, must, will b)Open Cla Open cla refers to all the Content Words.In this type of words, new words appear continuously.Therefore, they are called Open Cla.They included: Noun: Smith, Paris, man, book Adjective: old, big, cheap Adverb: here, fast, early Main Verb: work, make, give 4.Phrases A phrase is a grammatical unit which is formed by one word or more than one word.A phrase is usually a string of words built up around a head word which determines both the cla that the phrase belongs to and the way the phrase is structured.Noun Phrase(N P):

all the college students the tall boy sitting there Verb Phrase(V P):

looks pale arrived last night Adjective Phrase(Adj P): very difficult careful enough Adverb Phrase(Adv P):

very clearly

so slowly Preposition Phrase(P.P):

before the war in the north 5.Clauses In logical terms, a clause is a construction of a subject and a predicate.In view of grammatical relations, clauses are divided into two broad categories, the main clause and the subordinate clause, the latter of which may function as a nominal clause, a relative clause, or an adverbial clause.1)Nominal clauses He said that he had done his best.What he said was true.2)Relative clauses This is one of the best films I’ve ever seen.He failed to pa the test, which was a pity.3)Adverbial clauses If I were you, I would not quit.I was having dinner when he came.6.Sentences In terms of sentence structure, sentences can be claified into three kinds:(1)simple sentences,(2)compound sentences and(3)complex sentences.(1)You throw a stone at the window.I’ll scream.(two simple sentences)

(2)You throw a stone at the window and I’ll scream.(two coordinate main clauses in one sentence).(3)If you throw a stone at the window, I’ll scream.(one main clause and one subordinate clause within one and the same sentence)