12美国文学教案R·弗洛斯特_12级英国文学教案
12美国文学教案R·弗洛斯特由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“12级英国文学教案”。
美国文学教案R·弗洛斯特
(1)Subject: Early Twentieth Century-Robert Frost(1874-1963)Objectives: help the student to know about Robert Frost, the person, the artistic features of his works and the characteristics of the selected poem After Apple-Picking.Focus: Frost‘s about nature and his pastoral poems
Difficult Points: Comparison of Frost‘s nature with that of Wordsworth
Procedures: 1.A brief introduction to his point to view about poems(5min)2.A comparison of the his nature poems with those of Wordsworth(25min.)3.Understand and analyze the selected poem After Apple-Picking(30min)
I.Explanation: 1.A brief comment on Frost‘s poems
How should we understand Frost sayings “I'm always saying something that's just the edge of something more.” ? This expreion can help us to understand his style of poems.His poems seem simple on the surface structure, but there is always something implies in it.Often at the end of a poem, or in the last line of his poem, something is hinted and a larger space for imagination lying there for the reader to give a free imagination and to give a multiple interpretation of the deep structure of the poem.Employing the plain speech of rural New Englanders, Frost used the short traditional forms of lyric and narrative.As a nature poet, he belongs to the romantic tradition of Wordsworth and Emerson.Although Frost's nature has obvious simplicity, he probes an indifferent universe with its mysteries of darkne and irrationality.2.Comparison between Wordsworth‘s lyric and that of Frost 2.1 Differences 1 The central theme of Wordsworth‘s lyric: the union of mind and external reality.The central theme of Frost‘s lyric: the contrast between man and nature.Wordsworth expre the union of mind and external reality most through suggesting a blending of thought and landscape and portraying the subtle affinities(亲密关系）between the natural scene and the moral sentiments.Wordsworth‘s language has an intended imprecision which suggests both things and thoughts.Frost‘s nature poetry is closely related to his pastoralism.In pastorals the subject is a special society, or, more pastorally, a way of life, and nature is merely the setting within which we see this.The pastoralist does not write about nature;he uses nature as his scene, and it is important only in that it defines the swain‘s point of view.In Frost poetic pictures, nature serves as the setting or background, man is set or inlaid in it.Man‘s act must be in agreement with the setting;in this fashion the relationship between man and nature is clear exhibited.So what Wordsworth sees in nature is a mystical kinship with the human mind, while Frost views nature as eentially alien.Instead of exploring the margin where emotions and appearances blend, Frost looks at nature acro an impaable gulf(Rea ―The Most of It‖).What he sees on the other side is an image of a hard, impersonal reality, which seems not to be sympathy for man‘s physical needs, the dangers facing him, the realities of birth and death, the limits of his ability to know and to act, but its indifference and inacceibility.Thus Frost sees in Nature a symbol of man‘s relation to the world.Though he write about a forest or a wildflower, his subject is humanity.The remotene of nature reveals the tragedy of man‘s isolation and his weakne in the face of vast, impersonal forces.But nature also serves to glorify man by showing the superiority of the human consciousne to brute matter.In this respect, nature becomes a means of portraying the heroic.There is a fundamental ambiguity of feeling in Frost‘s view of nature.It is to be feared as man‘s cruel taskmaster, scorned as insensible（无知觉）, brutish（粗野）, unthinking matter;yet it is to be loved, not because it has any secret sympathy for man.If you still think of Frost as a sketcher of pleasant landscapes please read the poem ―The Most of It‖.Here the poet shows us the gulf separating man from nature in bold outline, and this is probably why the poem has been generally ignored.Maybe Most people refuse to accept such a unpleasant relationship between man and nature.(We‘ll study it in detail later.)
2.2 Similarities Wordsworth and Frost are similar in that in some Frost‘s poems, we can see as in Wordsworth‘s, the poet walks in the nature and will discover something important, that is, the poet sets out without a plan, unaware of what his goal will be, relying on intuition, waiting for a spontaneous(自发的）revelation to come to him from nature.As in the poem ―The Wood-Pile‖.In such poems, there is a sudden recognition, and the significance of the natural scene wells up as if from the subconscious.3.Frost‘s Style
His style seems effortle grace with simple spoken language and conversational rhythms.Forms: aorted– the sonnet, rhyming couplets, blank verse with a clear American local speech rhythm, speech of farmers with its idiosyncratic diction and syntax;semi-free or semi-conventional.4.Primary Works :A Boy's Will, 1913;North of Boston, 1914;Mountain Interval, 1916;New Hampshire, 1923;West-Running Brook, 1928;A Further Range, 1936;A Witne Tree, 1942;Steeple Bush, 1947;In the Clearing, 1962.5.Study Questions
1.Why do you think Frost chooses the subjects and settings that he does? What does the rural setting provide for Frost that amore urban one would not? In what way is this setting appropriate for the plea or emotions Frost is attempting to expre in his poetry?
2.Analyze the narrator‗s attitude toward death in ―After Apple-Picking.‖ How the poem serve as a buffer（缓冲器）against mortality and meaninglene? What will trouble the sleep?
3.Examine carefully the ways in which many of Frost's poems move from a concrete image or experience to an exploration of transcendent meanings.4.Analyze the poem “Design” to show how Frost's poetic technique itself serves as his own “momentary stay against confusion.5.Read the poems ―Departmental‖, ―The Most of It‖ and discu the limitations and isolation of the individual in either a social or natural environment, plus the related theme of how difficult it is for the self to understand existence.6.What are the relationships between humanity and nature explored in Frost's poems? 7.What features of the scene are unusual in ”Design“? What do the spider, moth, and flower symbolize? What is the poet questioning at the end of the poem? 8.Why does the choice of roads in ”The Road Not Taken“ make so much difference to the speaker years later? What might the two roads represent? 9.In ”Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,“ what might the woods and snow and dark symbolize? 10.What do you think ―It‖ refer to in the poem ―The Most of It‖?11.What is his attitude towards nature in the poem ―The Most of It‖?12.What do you think ―Design‖ means here?Referential answers to some study questions:(1)We know that Frost wrote mainly in the way of romantic tradition of Wordsworth and Emerson.He wrote about rural life and nature in lyric form to expre his views and feelings about human life and the relationships between man and nature , man and animals.He told the world about his experiences as a ordinary farmer, the environments, the life styles in New England in poems.(2)The urban setting wouldn‘t serve the poetic subjects well.(3)Nature is vast, mysterious, unintelligible and remote(alien)to man.Man tries to understand and probe it all the time.Every natural phenomenon may be a wonder, and may arouse those curious eyes.As Frost said, ―The thing is that the scattered material that‘s been making in various ways—thrown ahead of me, all round me;and all of a sudden some day I see a way acro some of it, and that is a little theme—a little idea.It gives me a start and a direction so that I can use some of this stuff.‖2.(1)The poem mentions ―sleep‖ five times.And as the state of sleep resemble the state of death, people often connect the two, using sleep to refer to or imply death.So it is very natural to for us aociate sleep with death.The very situation of the poem, a surcease from picking apples, recalls the Garden of Eden from which, after the apple was picked(and eaten), man was expelled into a world of sin and death.So after we were born we already started our journey towards death no matter what would happen on our journey.Death is the destination of all.The speaker affirms that he was ―well‖ on his way to sleep even before his morning(childhood)venture with the sheet of ice(strange view of the world in a child‘s eye).Since life is a proce ending in death, the speaker‘s comment, juxtaposed(the image of the ladder sticking against the trees)against the reference to ―heaven,‖ promotes the poibility that the speaker may be journeying to an immortal sleep.The season of the year emphasizes nature‘s death , while the woodchuck‘s hibernation suggests a pattern of death and resurrection.(2)But we cannot simply think the poet compares sleep to death.A Further reading, we can find there are a set of contrast juxtaposing in the poem– the worlds of summer and winter, diligence and relaxation, laboring and rewarding, awakens and sleep, reality and dream.Then we can find here ―heavy‖ implies the highest reward and the paradise one gives whole life for.So the poem is not simply about the relaxation or sleep after apple-picking.The poem also contain a world of labor and sweat and a world of reward.When man first picked the apple, he was expelled from Eden to labor by the sweat of his brow, a consequence of his newly found knowledge of good and evil.The speaker lives in a fallen world where he has labored and sweated to earn salvation or God‘s favor to be brought back to Eden again.The end of the apple-picking leaves the speaker with a sense of completion and fulfillment, ―the great harvest I myself desired‖, yet he does not know whether his best efforts can satisfy God.Anyhow, he won‘t stop his efforts.A good rest, a night‘s or a month‘s sleep will help him to restore his energy, his powers so that he can return to ―fresh tasks‖, as the ―eence of winter sleep‖ to prepare for a new year.Then the speaker‘s desire for another great harvest will be ―on the night‖.So the poem implies a meaningful and busy life not a negative attitude toward death.Frost believes that life is composed of cells and life must be contained within certain forms or it is devoid of meaning.―All life‖ he said, ― is cellular.We live by the breaking down of cells and the building up of new cells.Change is constant and unavoidable.（3）The exhausted speaker, after apple-picking, might recounts his apple-picking in the dream.The dreams embraces the full range of sensations—‖Magnified apples appear and disappear‖(sight), ―The rumbling sound of load on load of apples coming in‖(hearing), ―the ache‖, ―the preure‖, and the ―the ladder sway‖, ―ten thousand fruit to touch‖(feel), ―the scent of the apples‖(smell and taste).The dream is the unity of senses and the unity of real world with ideal world(― the great harvest I myself desired‖).So it is not surprising that the dream induced by his venture reflects his confusion.Stare at an object long enough and its impreion is retained after the eyes are closed.The eyelids blink shut, and the speaker sees apples.They flick open, and the apples vanish.3.Frost often said that a poem was a ―momentary stay against confusion.‖ He explains in his eay, ―The Figure a Poem Makes.‖ The Poem… ― begins in delight, it inclines to the impulse, it aumes direction with the first line laid down, it runs a course of lucky events, and ends in a clarification of life– not necearily a great clarification, such as sects（教派）and cults(迷信）are founded on, but in a momentary stay against confusion.‖
Analyze ―Design‖
读弗洛斯特诗歌——于坚在离大街只有一墙之隔的住所读他的'诗是件不容易的事情起先我还听到来访者叩门犹豫着开还是不开后来我已独自深入他的果园我遇见那些久已疏远的声音......
弗洛伦斯.南丁格尔（1820-1910），生于意大利名城佛罗伦萨，后随父母迁居英国。曾就读于法国巴黎大学，懂英、法、意、德诸国语言。南丁格尔的家庭非常富有，她的父母希望她发展文学、音......
弗洛伦斯.南丁格尔（1820-1910），生于意大利名城佛罗伦萨，后随父母迁居英国。曾就读于法国巴黎大学，懂英、法、意、德诸国语言。南丁格尔的家庭非常富有，她的父母希望她发展文学、音......
1弗洛伦斯·南丁格尔，我们记得有这样一位伟人，她对事业的执着、对真理的追求，至今仍让我们感动，引导我们一步步前进，激励着我们以实际行动完善自己。为激励我院护士继承和发扬护......
Section 2 Summit of Romanticism –American Transcendentalism I.Background: four sources1.Unitarianism(1) Fatherhood of God(2) Brotherhood of men(3) Leadership o......
