第21单元重点、难点
第1篇：第21单元重点、难点
罗玉南
重点词语用法
1．gain,鷈arn,鷊et ＆ win
1)earn 意为“赚得”，表示经艰苦努力所得的报偿。
① He earns up to $ 50 , 000 a year by writing stories.
他靠写小说，一年收入高达五万元。
2)gain指在斗争，竞争中作出很大努力而“获得”，所得的东西常具有一定价值。
① I' m new in the job but I' m already gaining experience.这行当我是新手，不过我已经有点门道了。
3)get为普通词，有时指不一定需要努力就能“得到”。
① Please get me a glass of water. 请给我拿杯水。
4)win含有取胜的一方具有优越的特质或条件而能克服各种障碍的意思，意为“赢得”。
① His perseverance won him many friends and a gold medal.
他因为坚韧不拔而赢得了一枚奖章，并且结识了不少朋友。
2．follow的用法
1)follow 作“跟随”解。
① I'll lead the way,鷜ou just follow.我来带路，你们跟着。
② The boy followed his father out.男孩跟着父亲出去了。
③ One misfortune followed another.不幸的事一件接着一件。
2)follow 还可作“沿着，遵循，照……办”解。
① Follow this road until you get to the corner,then turn left.沿着这条路走到拐角处，然后向左转。
②These orders must be followed at once.
这些命令必须立即照办。
③ You must follow the instructions.你必须按指示办事。
④ You' d better follow the teacher' s advice.
你最好听从老师的劝告。
3)follow 还表示“听懂，理解”，与understand同义
① Can you follow me? 你们听得懂吗？
② Do you follow what I am saying?我说的话你听得懂吗？
4)following与the连用，意为“下面的，以下的”。
①In the following year the war came to an end.
次年战争结束了。
②It rained on the day we arrived,but the following day was sunny.我们到的那天正下雨，次日天气晴朗。
③The following is /are important. 下面的很重要。
④Answer the following question (s).回答下列问题。
⑤The three following sentences are difficult.
下面三句话很难。
5)as follows 是固定习语，意为“如下”。
①The rule is as follows. 规则如下。
② The rules are as follows. 规则如下。
③The full text reads as follows. 全文如下。
3．generation
1)generation 用作名词，
意为“同时代人，一代，一代人”是可数名词。
①Three generations of the family have been born and brought up in this old house.
这个家族的三代人都是在这个老房子里出生和成长的。
②It took three generations to build the great temple.
建造这座大寺院花了三代人的时间。
③China is building up a new generation of scientists.
中国正在造就新一代科学家。
④The new computers are much better in performance than the previous generation.
新的计算机在性能方面比上一代产品好得多。
⑤My generation behaves differently from my father' s and grandfather's.我这一代人和我父辈和祖辈表现不同。
2)generation 还可表示“产生(热)，发(电)，繁殖(后代)，
是个不可数名词。
①Steam and water are used for the generation of electricity.蒸汽和水力可用来发电。
②The biology class studied the generation of fruit flies.
生物班的学生研究了果蝇的繁殖。
4．perform 的用法
perform [p+'f&:m]vt．执行，完成，做；演出，表演。例如：
①They always perform their experiments with great patience.他们总是很耐心地做实验。
②The computer performs these calculations with surprising speed.计算机以惊人的速度完成这些演算。
③The surgeon was performing a dangerous operation.
外科医生正在施行一项危险的手术。
④What play will be performed tonight?今晚演出什么戏？
⑤The singer had never performed in Beijing before.
这位歌唱家以前从未在北京演唱过。
⑥He will be performing on the flute tonight.
今晚他将演奏笛子。
5．praise的用法
praise [preiz] vt．赞扬，表扬。例如：
①He was praised for his good works.
他因优秀的作品而受到称赞。
②Our friends praised the concert as the best they had listened to.
我们的朋友称赞说，这是他们所听过的最好的一场音乐会。
③They praised him for risking his life to save his comrade.
他们称赞他冒着生命危险去抢救自己的同志。
④He was praised for finishing his work ahead of time.
他由于提前完成工作而受到表扬。
【注意】praise 还可以用作名词，意为“赞扬,赞扬的话”例如：
①My books received high praise from general readers.
我的书极受广大读者的称赞。
②The teacher's praise has greatly encouraged us.
老师的称赞对我们鼓舞很大。
6．nowadays的用法
nowadays [nau+'deiz] adv．表示与以前相比，
意为“时下；现今”，
常与一般现在时动词连用。例如：
①Nowadays a lot of people go abroad.时下有很多人出国。
②Nowadays young people prefer watching TV to reading books.
现今年轻人喜欢看电视而不喜欢看书。
③In some parts of the world nowadays,you often see musicians performing in the streets to passers-by. 现在世界上有些地区，你还可以经常看到音乐家在街头为行人演奏。
④They used to read novels,鷅ut nowadays they read鷑ewspapers.
他们过去通常读小说，而现在他们看报纸了。
7．Otherwise
1)为连词，意为“否则”、“不然”。相当于or，or else。
①Do what you've been told; otherwise you will be punished.
照吩咐的去做，否则你将受到惩罚。
②Hurry up,鷒therwise you'll be late.
赶快，否则你要迟到了。
③Otherwise he would still be working because his heart and soul were still in the classroom with his students.
不然，他肯定还会继续工作下去，因为他的心仍在教室里和他的学生们在一起。
④Don't move,otherwise I'll shoot you.
别动，否则我开枪打死你。
2)otherwise 还可作副词用，意为“在其它方面”、“在不同情况之下”。
如：
①The rent is high,but otherwise the house is satisfactory.
租金是挺高的，但话说回来，这屋子还是令人满意的。
②The boy is naughty,but otherwise he is always doing well as he is told.这孩子很顽皮，但从另一方面说，他总是按照吩咐把事情做得很好。
3)otherwise 也可作“不同地”、“不那样”、“用其它的方法”解释。如：
①He should have been working,鷅ut he was otherwise engaged.他应该已经在工作，但是他在忙别的事情。
②It is clear that you think otherwise.
很清楚，你有不同的想法。
8．part作为动词时的用法
1) part 意为“(使)分开，分道”，常用 part sth.鷉rom sth., part sb. 如：
①The crowd parted and let us through.人群分开让我们通过。
②We tried to part the two fighters.
我们试图把两个打架的人分开。
③The police parted the crowd. 警察排开众人。
④The English Channel parts Britain from France.
英吉利海峡把英法两国分开。
⑤His hair was parted exactly in the middle.
他的头发在正中分开。
2)part 还可作“分手”、“断绝关系”解释。如：
① The little boy wouldn' t be parted from his pet rabbit.
这个小男孩不愿和他心爱的兔子分开。
②They were parted as children and didn' t meet again for more than 20 years.
他们在童年时分手后，二十多年未见过面。
③Let's part friends. 让我们和和气气地分开。
3)part with 作“离开…”、“放弃”解。
①He hates to part with his money. 他极不喜欢花钱。
②In order to raise money,鶰r Brown had to part with his gold watch.为了筹款，布朗先生不得不卖掉他的金表。
重要词组短语
1．be familiar with
1)be familiar with 是指“(某人)对(某人、事)熟悉”。
①I' m not very familiar with European history.
我对欧洲历史不太熟悉。
②I am quite familar with the author. 我很熟悉这位作家。
③I' m familiar with his character. 我很了解他的性格。
【注】以上各句可以改为：
①European history is not familiar to me.
②The author is quite familiar to me.
③His character is familiar to me.
④These facts are familiar to every schoolboy.
这些是每个学生都熟悉的事实。
2)be familiar with/to 还可表示“精通，通晓”。
①He is familiar with four languages.他通晓四国语言。
②French is as familiar to him as English.
他对法语就象对英语一样精通。
2．learn…by heart的用法
learn…by heart 意为“记住；背诵”。例如：
①I have learned the reading materials by heart.
我们已经背会了阅读材料。
②Have you learned by heart the main points of the article.
这篇文章的主要内容你都能背得出来吗？
③It' s very difficult for the children to learn the poem by heart.对孩子们来说背诵那首诗很困难。
3．pass away,鷓ass down,鷓ass on,＆ pass out
1) pass away 意为“死”，是种委婉说法。
①His mother passed away last year. 去年他母亲去世了。
2)pass sth down 意为“把某物一代一代传下去”。
①This ring has been passed down in my family.
这戒指是我家传下来的。
3)pass sth. on是“将某物传、交给(某人)”的意思。
①Pass the book on to me when you've finished with it.
那本书你看完了给我。
4)pass out意为“失去知觉，昏厥”。
① When the young man heard the news,鷋e passed out with the shock.那个年轻人听到这个消息，由于震惊昏了过去。
4．dance to the music随着音乐起舞
这一短语中的to为介词，表示“随着”、“伴随”、“比较”、“适应”等。如：
①Strange enough,鷗he snake began to move to the music.
奇怪的是，蛇随着音乐的节拍动了起来。
②The girl began to sing to the piano.
这女孩随着钢琴唱了起来。
③The picture is true to nature. 那幅画很逼真。
④The map was drawn to scale. 这地图是按比例绘制的。
⑤You can add salt to taste. 你可以按照口味加盐。
⑥We won by six goals to three. 我们以六比三获胜。
⑦He' s quite rich now to what he used to be.
比起他过去的情形来，他现在很富裕了。
⑧It's nothing to what it might be.
比起它可能的发展，这算不了什么。
常用句型结构
1.I think at the beginning we' d rather have some fairly quiet and peaceful music.
1)句中“…’d rather have…”是“… would rather have…”的缩写，意为“宁愿”，相当于：“… would prefer to have…” would rather 后接动词原形，否定式为 would rather not do…；后接从句通常用过去式，表示虚拟语气。如：
①Which would you rather have,bread or rice?
米饭和面包，你愿吃哪一样？
②We'd rather not meet them. 我们才不愿见到他们呢。
③I'd much rather you told me the truth.
我真宁愿你把真相告诉我。
④Would you rather I did it? 你是要我干这件事吗？
2)句中fairly是副词，意为“相当”解。fairly 的近义词是rather；它所表示的概念是积极的、令人满意的，因此多用来修饰某些带有褒义色彩的形容词或副词。如：
① He is a fairly brave boy. 他是一名勇敢的孩子。
②The food in that restaurant is fairly good.
那家餐馆的食品挺不错的。
rather 含有一种消极的、令人不愉快、不满意的意思，因而像dirty，badly，ugly，terrible 之类的形容词、副词就用 rather来修饰。如：
①I am rather tired. I think I will lie down for a rest.
我相当累了，我想躺下歇一会儿。
在用法上，rather可以同too连用(作“稍微……一点”解)，也可修饰形容词、副词的比较级；fairly则不能。如：
(×)This lesson is fairly too difficult.
(√)This lesson is rather too difficult.
(×)His composition is fairly finer than we expected.
(√)His composition is rther finer than we expected.
2．there be 结构
1) there be 结构表“存在”，“be”的形式由后面所带的名词决定，若后接一系列事物，而第一个事物为单数，则仍用there is。
①There is a lamp on the table. 桌上有盏灯。
②There are many apple trees in the garden.
花园里有许多苹果树。
③There is some cheese and some butter on the plate.
盘子里有一些奶酪和黄油。
④There is a text book,a dictionary and some notebooks on the desk.桌子上有一本教科书，一本字典和几本笔记。
2)there be 结构可以用各种一般时态。
①There are many English books in the library.
图书馆里有很多英文书。
②There was a meeting at the club yesterday.
昨天俱乐部有个会。
③There will be a good harvest this year.
今年有个好收成。
④There hasn' t been any rain for some days.
几天来一直未下雨。
3) there be 结构中可以用情态动词。
①There may be another downpour tonight.今晚可能又有大雨。
②There must be something wring.一定是出什么毛病了。
③There used to be a cinema here before the war.
这里战前曾有一座电影院。
4)there be 结构还可以用被动式。
①There are now published millions of books every year in China.现在中国每年出版成百万册书。
②On the following day,there was held a splendid banquet.
第二天大摆盛宴。
5)there be 结构还可以用疑问式。
①Is there a telephone in your room? 你房间里有电话吗？
Yes,鷗here is.是的，有。 /No,鷗here isn' t.不，没有。
②Will there be a meeting tonight? 今晚有会吗？
Yes,there will. /No,there won't.是的，有。 /不，没有。
③Have there been any letters from Jack lately?
近日有Jack的来信吗？
Yes,there have. /No,there haven't.是的，有。 /不，没有。
6)there be结构否定式，可在 be后加 not，也可在主语前加 no．
①There isn' t a telephone in the room. 屋里没电话。
②There aren' t any chairs in the room. 房间里没有椅子。
③There wasn' t any water in the bottle. 瓶子里没水。
④There won' t be a meeting tonight. 今晚没会。
⑤There hasn' t been any rain for ten days.
近十天一直没有雨。
⑥There is no smoking here. 这里不许抽烟。
⑦There are no books I want. 没有我需要的书。
7)there be结构除可用 be外，还可用其它动词。
①There came a scent of lime-blossom.飘来一阵菩提树的花香。
②Once upon a time there lived a king in China.
从前中国有一个国王。
③There appears to be a mistake. 似乎有个错误。
8)there be 结构的主语之后可接不定式或从句。
①There's plenty of housework to do. 有许多家务要做。
②There was no one for us to talk to.
我们没有一个可说话的人。
③There' s some people I'd like you to meet.
有几个人我希望你见见面。
3．动词prefer后跟复合宾语
1)prefer 后的复合宾语一般都是不定式，即 prefer sb. (not) to do sth.如：
①They preferred her not to go with them.
他们宁愿她不跟他们去。
②I should prefer you not to go there alone.
我宁愿你不要单独前往。
③I should prefer you not to stay there too long.
我倒希望你不要在那儿呆得太久。
④At the moment,I should prefer you not to talk about the question.在这个时刻，我倒希望你不要谈论这个问题。
2)用prefer表示“宁愿…不愿”的几种用法。首先我们看 prefer…to…这一结构，其中to为介词，后接名词。这一结构表示“喜欢…而不喜欢…”，介词to 短语为所不喜欢的人或事物。如：
①I prefer tea to coffee. 咖啡和茶相比，我更喜欢茶。
② He prefers beer to wine. 他喜欢啤酒，而不是葡萄酒。
③John prefers Dickens to Thackery.
约翰喜欢狄更斯而不是萨克雷。
3)当我们要表示主语喜欢或不喜欢的是一种动作时，在 prefer…to…后应分别跟上动名词。如：
①Few children prefer working to playing.
很少有孩子喜欢干活而不喜欢玩的。
②I prefer reading novels to watching TV.
看小说与看电视相比，我更喜欢看小说。
③He prefers doing to talking.他宁愿干实事而不愿空谈。
4) prefer…rather than…宁愿…而不愿…(跟不定式)
①She preferred to stay home rather than go with us.
她宁愿呆在家里也不愿同我们一起去。
②He prefers to go to the town by bike rather than take a bus.他宁愿骑自行车去镇上而不愿乘汽车去。
③I prefer to work rather than sit there doing nothing.
我宁愿干活不愿坐在那里无所事事。
④In the battle,鷗he soldiers preferred to die rather than give in.在战斗中，战士们宁死也不愿向敌人投降。
【注】prefer…rather than…后面接动词时，在prefer后接带to的不定式，在 rather than后接动词原形，也可在 prefer…rather than…后分别接名词。如：
⑤I think I should prefer fish rather than meat.我想我还是要鱼，不要肉。
语法基础知识
动词-ing形式作表语、定语和宾补的用法
1)-ing形式作表语，为泛指意义；不定式做表语多指一次性动作。
①My hobby is growing flowers.我的业余爱好是种花。
②My favorite sport is playing tennis.
我喜爱的运动是打网球。
③What I thought most was going to China.
我考虑最多的是到中国去。
④What I am going to do is to play tennis this afternoon.
我打算做的是今天下午去打网球。
⑤What I am told to do is to go to China at once.
我奉命要做的事是马上到中国去。
【注】 表语在结构上往往与主语形式一致。
①To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
②Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。
2)-ing形式可单独充当前置定语；若带有补足成分，则充当后置定语。
①a swimming pool 游泳池
②a teaching method 教学法
③ a tiring journey 令人疲倦的旅行
④ the boiling water 沸水
⑤ Do you know the man standing at the entrance?
你认识站在入口处的那个人吗？
⑥There were a lot Of people boating on the lake.
湖上有许多人划船。
3)感觉动词 feel,find,hear,smell,observe,watch,notice,鷏ook at,listen to以及有些使役动词如 have,set,get,catch,鷎eep,leave等都可接-ing形式的宾语补足语。
①I felt the house shaking. 我觉得房子在晃。
②I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog.
我看见那个顽皮的孩子打狗。
③I smell something burning. 我闻到东西烧焦的味。
④His words set me thinking. 他的话使我深思。
⑤ His letter left me feeling pretty bad. 他的信使我纳闷。
⑥ I'll have the car waiting at the entrance.
我将招呼车在门口等候。
⑦ She is listening to someone singing. 她正在听人唱歌。
⑧ Can you get the clock going again? 你能使这钟再走吗？
第2篇：第15单元重点、难点
罗玉南
考点直击
教材：I've got some personal affairs that I have to see to．（L．57）
考题1：Thefounding of the People's Republic of China is a great ____ in history．
Aaffair鶥．business C．matter D．event
简析：该题考查词语辨析。affair可指已经发生的或是必须去做的事情，多为泛指。business常指一种任务、责任或是责职要求去做的事情。matter常指应给予注意、考虑或需处理的事情。event多指重大、重要事件，故本题答案为D。
考题2：Who will see to ____ everything returns normal before dusk？
Ait鶥．that C．whether D．it that
简析：see to意为“处理、负责某事；照顾某人”，to为介词，后接名词、代词。如：Will you see to the anrangements for the next committee meeting﹖你来负责下次委员会会议的安排工作，好吗？另外，还有一个固定短语see to it that,意为“一定注意到……，务必……”。该题考查see to后接宾语从句的用法，该词组后接宾语从句应使用it作形式宾语，答案为D。
教材：Maybe that is the sound that I've heard at night-the sound of him locking it．（L．58）
考题3：How about the two of us ____ a walk down the garden？
Ato take鶥．take C．taking鶧．to be taking
简析：该题考查动名词的复合结构的用法。此处的the two of us taking a walk作how about的宾语，答案为C。教材：Holmes and Watson sat with the light on for half an hour．（L．59）
考题4：_____ production up by 60％， the company has had another excellent year．
AAs鶥．For C．With鶧．Through
简析：该题考查介词的选用。本题为with复合结构，答案为C。
教材：The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise．（L．59）
考题5：-Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her？
-Yes，I gave it to her ____ I saw her．
Awhile鶥．the moment C．suddenly D．once
简析：该题考查名词（词组）作连词引导状语从句的用法，答案为B。本课中的副词 immediately也有此类用法。
5．The young lady rushed into the room immediately she heard the noise．
【考点】immediately, directly等少数副词和the first day, the minute, the first time，every time, next time等表示时间的名词短语可以用作连词，引导时间状语从句。
【考例】I thought her nice and honest ＿＿＿＿＿＿ I met her． （上海’97）
A． first time B． for the first time
C． the first time D． by the first time
【简析】for the first time是介词短语，只能作状语，不接从句；the first time (day, year)引导状语从句时，the不能丢。故本题选C。
教材：You were supposed to die like that．（L．59）
考查6：He is supposed to_____ to the meeting，but he didn't．
A．come B．have come C．be coming D．coming简析：is supposed to中的to为不定式符号，据此可排除D。由 didn't可得知是推知过去情况，而 is并未表示过去，故不定式得使用完成式，答案为B。
教材：I can see it fastened to a nail next to the hole in the wall．（L．58）
考题7：_____ more attention，the tree could have grown better．
AGiven B．To give C．Giving D．Having given
简析：答案为A。该题考查分词作状语的用法，此处相当于If the tree had been given more attention。
考题8：The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ____ the next year．
Acarry out B．carrying out C．carried out D．to carry out
简析：see, hear, watch等动词常可用过去分词作其宾语补足语，过去分词与宾语是动宾关系。该题重在理顺句子结构，句子的主干部分为The managers discussed the plan，其后为that引导的定语从句，that在从句中充当see的宾语，carry out与the plan为被动关系，答案为C。
6．I meant to tell you yesterday, but you were not in your office．
【考点】mean to do sth．表示“打算做某事”；mean doing sth．表示“意味着……”。
【考例1】-You鷖hould鷋ave thanked her before you left．
-I meant ＿＿＿＿, but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere．(上海2000)
鶤．to do鶥．to C．doing D．doing so
【简析】答语意为“我本来打算那样做，但……”。又因是在答语中，要用保留动词不定式符号to的省略式。故本题应选B。
【考例2】In some parts of London, missing a bus means ＿＿＿＿＿ for another hour． (上海2002)
A． waiting B． to wait C． wait D． to be waiting
【简析】句意为“在伦敦的部分地区，错过一班车就意味着要再等上一个小时。”故本题选A。
7．There is no doubt about it.意为: I have no doubt about it.或: I'm sure of it.表示对某事很有把握，十分肯定，毫不怀疑。例如：
①He is an honest child. There is no doubt about it.他是一个诚实的孩子，这是肯定无疑的。
②We will be successful. There's no doubt about it.我们会成功的，这是肯定的。
【注意】 There is no doubt+that-clause.可作为一个句型学习。又如：
③There is no doubt that he will come in time.他将及时到来，这是肯定无疑的。
④There is no doubt that you'll be warmly welcomed.你们肯定会受到热烈的欢迎。
I doubt whether he'll come.我不敢肯定他会不会来。
8．It's time sb. did sth.意为“是某人做某事的时候了”。
这个句型中的谓语动词用过去式，是虚拟语气的一种用法，实际上是“现在做某事”。例如：
①It's time we had our lessons.是我们上课的时候了。
②It's time you had dinner.是你该吃午饭的时候了。
③It's high time we had supper.我们该吃晚饭了。
④Is it time you got every thing ready?是你该把一切都准备好的时候了吗？
9．seat的用法
1)seat作为名词，意为“座位”、“所在地”、“活动中心。”如：
① The classroom has seats for fifty.这教室有五十个座位。
②Does this seat belong to anybody?这座位有人吗？
Beijing is the seat of the government of our country.
北京是我国的政治中心。
④ The disease has its seat in the lungs.病在肺部。
2)seat作为及物动词，意为“使…就座”。后面需接表示人的名词或代词作宾语。如果seat后没有宾语，是应考虑用被动语态。如：
①The guests were all seated.客人们都就座了。
②Mary seated herself at a desk.玛丽坐在书桌旁。
③ He seated us in the front row.他让我们坐在前排。
④ The hall can seat 1000 people.这间大厅能坐一千人。
Unit15易混词语练与析
1.fasten; tie
fasten意为“栓砖⒗牢、扎紧”，常用作及物动词(用于fasten ．．． to．．．结构时，可以与tie互换，但语气上fasten比tie重)；也可用作不及物动词，意为“（把目光、思想、注意力）集中于……”。tie意为“系、栓、扎”，常用作及物动词，后接其同源宾语tie, knot等；用作不及物动词时，意为“打领带、打领结”。
1) You’d better ＿＿＿＿ a red tie when you go to a party．
2) She ＿＿＿＿＿ her eyes on the child in order to find something unusual．
3) They ＿＿＿＿＿ the boat to a big rock near the bank．
4) The door won’t ＿＿＿＿＿＿． It needs repairing．
2． beat; strike; hit strike通常表示“打一下、打若干下”，不一定都是有意的；还有“打动、使……着迷、某种想法突然闪现在脑海里”的含义；也可指“打、擦出（火），（蛇、兽）抓，咬，或（钟）敲响”。hit指“打中”或“对准……来打”，“敲打或打击对方的某一点”。beat着重“连续地打击”。如：殴打或体罚；也指在游戏、竞赛或战争中击败对方；也指“心跳”。 1) He ＿＿＿＿＿＿ a match and held it to my cigarette．
2) He is ＿＿＿＿＿＿ the dust out of the quilt．
3) He was ＿＿＿＿＿＿ in the left eye．
4) They not only took his money, but also ＿＿＿＿＿ him up．
5) I left immediately after the clock ＿＿＿＿＿ twelve．
3． would do sth．; used to do sth．
这两个短语都可以表示“过去经常做某事”，但区别是：would do sth．表示过去某一段时间内习惯性的行为、活动；used to do sth．在时间上主要是同现在对比，暗含“现在已不这样了”的意思；其后既可接表示动作的动词，也可接表示认知或状态的动词。1) The old man was seventy and he ＿＿＿＿＿ tell me about his past when I went to see him．
2) The small village is not what it ＿＿＿＿＿ be．
3) I ＿＿＿＿＿＿ get up early last year．
4． affair; thing; matter; business
affair意为“事情、事件”, 含义较广，泛指已做或待做的事；复数affairs一般指商业事务及政府的日常事务，如财政管理、外交事务等。
thing意为“事情、事物”，不管大事小事、好事坏事均称为thing，一般不能专指事务；复数things还可作“形势”解。
matter侧重指须留心的要事或问题、难题。
business作“事务、事情”解时，一般不能用复数，常常指所指派的任务、责任；有时说的是指派的工作或商业上的买卖活动。
1) The Foreign Office handles international ＿＿＿＿＿．
2) My ＿＿＿＿＿＿ is selling cars, while yours is studying at school．
3) Don’t leave your ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ about．
4) It’s a ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ of life and death．
Key: 1．tie; fastened; fastened／tied; fasten 2．struck; beating; hit／struck／beaten; beat; struck 3．would; used to; would ／ used to4．affairs; business; things; matter鶸nit15谈谈-ed分词作定语和状语
一、作定语
1． 过去分词作定语，相当于一个定语从句。如：鶺hat’s the language spoken (＝that is spoken) in that area﹖ 那个地区讲的是什么语言？ Is there anything planned (＝that has been planned) for tonight﹖ 今晚安排了什么活动没有？ The book, written (＝which was written) in 1957, tells the struggle of the miners． 这本书是1957年写的，讲述矿工斗争的故事。 2．过去分词作定语常表示发生在过去（谓语动作之前）或没有一定时间性的动作，且与被修饰词在逻辑上存在着被动关系。如： The questions discussed are very important． (既表被动，又表完成) I don’t like to see letters written in pencil．（没有一定的时间性，只表被动）
二、作状语
1． 作原因状语 相当于as, since, because引导的从句，这类状语多放在句首。如： Given advice by the famous detective, the young lady was no longer afraid．＝Since ／ As she was given advice by the famous detective，．．． 有了著名侦探的指点，这位姑娘不再害怕了。 Frightened by the noise in the night, the girl didn’t dare to sleep in her room． ＝Because she was frightened by the noise．．． 姑娘被夜里的响声吓坏了，不敢在她的屋里睡觉。
2． 作时间状语 相当于when 引导的时间状语从句，如果分词表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生，可在分词前用when, while, until等使其时间意义更明确。如： Built in 1192, the bridge is over 800 years old． 这座桥是1192年建的，已经有八百多年的历史了。 When heated, water can be changed into steam． 水加热后可以变成水蒸气。
3． 作条件状语 相当于if, unless引导的从句。如： Given more attention (If they had been given more attention), the cabbages could have grown better． 如果更精心一点，这些大白菜可以长得更好一些。 Compared with you, we still have a long way to go． 和你相比，我们还有很大的差距。
4． 作方式或伴随状语 The hunter left his house, followed by his dog． 猎人离开了屋子，后面跟着他的狗。 She sat by the window, lost in thought． 她坐在窗前，陷于沉思。 注意：分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语要与句子的主语保持一致，否则分词短语就要有自己的逻辑主语，构成独立主格结构 在很多情况下，这种结构表示伴随动作或情况。如： He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat．他冲进屋内，满脸是汗。（his face covered with sweat为独立主格结构）
第3篇：高中英语第1册第21单元 Karl Marx
一、教法建议
【抛砖引玉】
单元双基学习目标
Ⅰ . 词汇学习
have a talk with , meaning , woodcutter , come across , cut up , homeland , before long , move on , keep on , works , master, freely, doctor, peasant , unite , progress, make progress , native , force , base , revolutionary, limited , rapid , article , praise , encourage , situation , spirit, translate , translate…into…, university , degree , communism , social , idiom , vocabulary
Ⅱ . 交际英语
语 言 学习
1 . How are you getting
