企业战略管理期末总结_企业战略管理期末重点
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企业战略管理期末总结
一.战略管理介绍(Introduction Of Strategic Managment)
1.企业战略(Strategic):
(1).定义(definition):企业以未来为基点,为寻求和维持持久竞争优势而作出的有关全局的重大筹划及其实施过程。(An integrated and coordinated set of commitments and actions designed to exploit core competencies and gain a competitive advantage.)(2).特点(Characteristics of Strategy):
1).全局性和长远性(Overall and of long-term importance)
2).重大性(重大资源承诺)(Involve a significant commitment of resources)
3).难以逆转性(Not easily reversible)
4).相对稳定性(Stability)
2.竞争优势(Competitive Advantage):企业实施的战略使得竞争对手无法复制或因成本太高而无法模仿所形成的优势。他意味着企业可以凭借竞争优势获得超额利润(A firm has competitive advantage when it implements a strategy competitors are unable to duplicate or find to costly to imitate.An indicator of firm’s competitive advantage is the firm’s capability to achieve above-average returns)
3.战略管理三层次(Three levels of Strategic management)
1).公司层战略(Corporate Strategy)公司战略是指公司针对要进入哪些新业务领域、以及管理多样化业务而做出的决策和行动,以获得竞争优势
(Specifies actions a firm takes to select new businees and manage a group of different businees in order to gain a competitive advantage.)
2).竞争战略(Busine Strategy)设计如何在所选定的领域与对手展开有效的竞争(Busine-level strategies are developed based on a firms core competences and indicate how an organization chooses to compete in a particular market to gain a competitive advantage over competitors)
3).职能战略(Functional Strategy)涉及如何使企业的不同职能协调运作,更好地为各级战略服务
4.战略管理过程(Strategic Management Proce)
(1).定义(definition):企业想要获取战略竞争力和超额利润而采用的一整套约定,决策,行动。(The Strategic Management Proce is the full set of commitments, decisions, and actions required for a firm to achieve strategic competitivene and earn above-average returns.)
(2).过程(Proce)
1).企业内外部环境分析(Internal and external analysis)
2).制定企业的愿景与使命(To develop a strategic vision and miion)
3).拟定战略目标(Set objects)
4).制定战略(To formulate a strategy to achieve objects)
5).事实和执行战略(To implement and execute strategy)
6).监控评估并采取纠偏措施(To monitor,evaluate,and take corrective action)
5.愿景与使命(Vision and Miion)
(1).愿景(Vision):为企业描述未来的发展方向,回答企业最终要成为一个怎样的公司.(Vision is apicture of what the firm wants to be and, in broad terms, what it wants to ultimately achieve)(2).使命(Miion):企业使命是企业为了实现愿景而制定的在当前、近期或较长时期内企业的任务、发展方向,以及企业生产经营的总的指导思想。(A miion specifies the busine or businee in which the firm intends to compete and the customers it intends to serve)
6.利益相关者(Stakeholders)
(1).定义(definition):能够形象企业的愿景和使命,同时也受企业战略产出的影响,并对企业经营业绩拥有可实施主张权的个体或群体。(Stakeholders are groups and individuals who can affect firm’s vision and miion, are affected by a firm’s strategic outcomes, and have enforceable claims on firm’s performance.)(2).类型(Style)
1).基本的利害相关者群体:对企业的持续生存和经营过程具有直接影响作用的、企业
赖以生存发展的群体,例如股东,经理,员工,供应商,顾客,社区和政府等(Shareholders, managers, employees, suppliers, customers, local communities, and host governments)
2).其次的利害相关者群体:与企业相互影响,但是不直接卷入企业经营活动过程,对企业的生存发展具有一定影响作用的群体,例如媒体,社会团体,环保团体(The media, numerous social and environmental groups)
二.宏观环境分析(General Environmental Analysis)
1.宏观环境分析的七个维度(Segments of the General Environment)(1)人口(Demographic):与人口规模Population size ,年龄结构Age structure,地理分布Geographic distribution,种族构成Ethnic mix和收入分配Income distribution有关(2)政治/法律(Political/Legal):企业需认真分析政府机构新的商业政策和思想。从以下方面考虑反垄断法Antitrust laws,税法Taxation laws,劳工培训法Labor training laws(3)经济(Economic):企业所属的或可能会参与其中竞争的经济体的经济特征和发展方向。从以下几个方面考虑,通货膨胀率Inflation rates,利率Interest rates,贸易赤字或盈余Trade deficits or surpluses,预算赤字或盈余Budget deficits or surpluses,个人储蓄率Personal savings rate,国内生产总值Gro domestic product(4)社会文化(Sociocultural):与一个社会的态度和价值取向有关。从以下方面考虑职场中的女性Women in the workplace,劳动力多元化Workforce diversity,关注环境程度Concerns about environment(5)技术(Technological):包括所有参与创造新知识以及将新知识转化为新的产出,产品,流程和材料的组织机构行为。例如产品创新Product innovations,新的通信技术New communication technologies(6)全球化(Global):包括相关的新的全球市场,变化中的现有市场,重要的国际政治事件以及全球市场重要的文化制度特征(7)物质环境(Physical Environment):自然环境的潜在变化和实际变化,以及应对这些变化的积极商业实践。例如能量消耗Energy consumption,可再生能源的开发Renewable energy efforts 三.产业环境分析(Industry Environment Analysis)
1.什么是产业(The Definition of An Industry):产业是由生产同种产品、或相互可以替代(完全)的产品的企业构成的一个集合/群体。(A group of firms producing products(goods and/or services)that are close substitutes.)
2.产业分析原理(波特五力模型):
(1)目的(Purpose): 1)明确产业中5种力竞争力量的态势,评价产业的盈利潜力(吸引力)(rivalry of an industry and an industry’s profit potential.)
2)制定合适的战略,使本企业在产业中获取有利的“定位”,以获得超额利润(竞争优势)(Formulation of appropriate strategies to position a firm at a favorable position in an industry to achieve above average return.)
3)有利的定位(favorable position):即使企业不易遭到竞争对手和潜在进入者的攻击,同时,不易受到来自购买者、供应商和替代品的损害。(2)波特五力分析(Five forces of competition model): 潜在进入者的威胁(Threat of new entrants)
替代品的威胁(Threat of substitute products or services)购买者的议价能力(Bargaining powerof buyers)供应商的议价能力(Bargaining powerof suppliers)
现有竞争者的竞争强度(Intensity of rivalry among competitors)
3.潜在进入者威胁(Threat of new entrants)
(1)进入障碍(Barriers to entry):阻止企业进入产业的因素(Entry Barriers-Factors blocking a firm from entry into an industry)1)规模经济(Economies of scale)
企业的单位产品成本随着生产规模和产量的增加而下降,我们说该项产品或企业存在规模经济;反之,则为规模不经济。(Economies of scale are derived from incremental efficiency improvement as a firm grows larger.Therefore, the cost of producing each unit declines as the quantity of a product during a given period increases.)2)产品差异化(Product differentiation)3)资本需求(Capital requirements)4)顾客的转换成本(Switching costs)
当消费者转换一词卖家所付出的成本(Switching costs are the one-time costs customers incur when they buy from a different supplier)5)销渠道获得(Acce to distribution channels)
6)与规模无关的成本优势(Cost disadvantages independent of scale)7)政府政策限制(Gov’t policy banning or discouraging firm’s entry)
4.退出障碍因素(Exit Barriers)
阻止一个企业退出产业的因素。或者说,使一个企业继续留在产业中的影响因素(Factors causing firms to remain in an industry even though the returns of their invested capital are low or negative.)1)专用型资产(Specialized aets)
2)退出的固定成本(Fixed costs of exit(i.e., labor agreements))
3)重要的战略关联性(Strategic interrelationships(i.e., one busine depends on another))4)感情障碍(Emotional barriers(i.e., loyalty to employees, etc.))5)政府政策和社会限制(Government and social restrictions)
四.内部资源分析(Internal Resources Analysis)
1.资源(Resources)
(1)定义(Definition):全部投入到企业产品和价值创造的过程(All inputs to firm’s value creation proce.)(2)类型(Style)1)有形资源(Tangible resources):可见的,能够量化的资产(Tangible resources are aets that can be observed and quantified)
财务资源(Financial resources)(企业的筹资能力、产生内部资金的能力)
实物资源(Physical resources)(厂房、设备、地点、原材料)
技术资源(Technological resources)(技术的含量,如专利、商标、版权、商业机密)
组织资源(Organizational resources)(企业的报告系统、正式计划、控制和协调系统)2)无形资源(Intangible resources):深深根值于企业的历史之中,长期以来积累下来的资产(Intangible resources are relatively difficult for competitors to analyze and imitate)
人力资源(Human resources)(知识、信任、管理能力、组织惯例)
创新资源(Innovation resources)(创意、科技能力、创新能力)
声誉资源(Reputational resources)(品牌,对产品质量、耐久性和可靠性的理解,供应商声誉,在效率、有效性、支持、互惠互利关系等方面的声誉
2.核心能力(Core Competence)
(1)定义(Definition):核心能力是某个企业独有的、在某些方面优于竞争对手的、构成企业竞争优势来源的能力。(Core competencies are capabilities that serve as a source of competitive advantage for a firm over its rivals.)(2)鉴别标准(The VRIO Framework)1)有价值的能力(Value):能够帮助企业利用环境机会、对付环境的威胁而创造价值的能力.(Valuable capabilities allows firm to exploit opportunities or neutralize threats in its external environment.)2)稀有的能力(Rarity):指那些极少数企业拥有的能力。(Once competitors develop equal abilities, then no unique and distinctive capability remains on which to build a competitive advantage.)
3)难以模仿的能力(Costly-to-Imitate):指其他对手不能轻易建立起来的能力。(Valuable and rare resources and capabilities are a source of competitive advantage only if competitors have a difficult time imitating them.)
4)根植于组织中的能力(Organization):企业具备对资源进行有效地组织与运用的能力。(firms resources and capabilities must be effectively bundled together to generate CA.)企业的能力必须同时具备以上四个特征,才能成为企业的核心竞争力(核心能力)。(3)作用(Effect)
核心能力能为顾客创造更多的价值 核心能力可以帮助企业更容易进入新市场,有利于企业把握环境变化所出现的商机 核心能力的难以流动性和难以模仿性特征,降低了竞争对有的竞争压力 核心能力不断置换,不断优化的过程,可以确保企业竞争优势长久的持续
3.价值链(Value Chain)
(1)定义(Definition):业所有的互不相同但又相互关联的生产经营活动,构成了创造价值的一个动态过程,即价值链。(The functional activities within the firm that create value in the goods and services produced)
(2)两项基本活动(Components of the Value Chain)1)基本活动(Primary activities):与企业的产出直接关联的活动,即生产经营的实质性活动,是企业的基本增值活动。(Are involved with a product’s physical creation, its sale and distribution to buyers, and its service after the sale.)
内部后勤(Inbound logistics)生产运营(Operations)
外部后勤(Outbound logistics)营销和销售(Marketing & Sales)商务支持和顾客服务(Service)2)支持活动(Support activities):用以支持主体活动而且内部之间又相互支持的活动。(Provide aistance neceary for the accomplishment of primary activities.)
采购(Procurement)
技术开发(Technological development)
人力资源管理(Human resource management)企业基础设施(Firm infrastructure)
4.外包策略(Outsourcing)
(1)定义(Definition)把企业的某些生产或经营活动交由企业外部的供应商来完成或从外部供应商那里购买这些活动(Outsourcing is the purchase of an organizational activity from an external supplier.)(2)优势(Advantage)(3)问题(Problem)
五.竞争战略(Busine Strategy)
1.成本领先战略(Cost Leadership Strategy)
(1)定义(Definition)企业努力挖掘所有资源优势,特别强调生产规模和出售一种顾客能接受的标准化的产品,在行业内保持成本领先地位,从而以行业最低价格为其产品定价的竞争战略。(An integrated set of actions taken to produce goods or services with features that are acceptable to customers at the lowest cost, relative to that of competitors with features that are acceptable to customers)(2)优势(Advantage)(五力)1)竞争者(Competitor):由于自身具有别的竞争企业所不具备的低成本优势,所以他足以说服或警告竞争者不要采取相同的竞争模式。(Rivals hesitate to compete on basis of price.);价格竞争的缺乏导致了更大利润的产生。(Lack of price competition leads to greater profits.)
2)买方(Buyers):减轻购买者的议价能力:驱动价格远远低于竞争对手,导致竞争对手退出,使得购买者不得不返回企业(Driving prices far below competitors, causing them to exit, thus shifting power with buyers back to the firm.)3)供应者(Suppliers):减轻供应者的议价能力:由于企业较低的成本,他能够忍受供应方的抬价。(Being able to absorb cost increases due to low cost position.);可以通过大数量的购买,降低供应商的议价能力。(Being able to make very large purchases, reducing chance of supplier using power.)
4)新进入者(New Entrants):可以吓跑新进入者(Can frighten off new entrants)由于: 他们不得不进入一个大规模的以成本竞争的市场。(Their need to enter on a large scale in order to be cost competitive.);The time it takes to move down the learning curve 5)替代品(Substitutes):投资是创造替代品的第一步(Make investments to be first to create substitutes.);(Buy patents developed by potential substitutes.);低价格导致了稳定的价值位置(Lower prices in order to maintain value position.)
2.差异化战略(Differentiation Strategy)
(1)定义(Defintion):企业向顾客提供的产品或服务在行业范围内独具特色,这种特色可以给产品带来额外的溢价,如果该企业的产品或服务的价格(顾客接受的)超过因其独特性所付出的成本,那么,拥有这种差异化的企业将获得竞争优势(An integrated set of actions taken to produce goods or services(at an acceptable cost)that customers perceive as being different in ways that are important to them.)(2)优势(Advantage)1)竞争者(Competitors):通过产品差异化所造成的品牌忠诚来抵消价格竞争从而对抗竞争者(Defends against competitors because brand loyalty to differentiated product offsets price competition.)
2)买方(Buyers):通过差异化的产品来降低顾客对价格增长的敏感从而降低买方的议价能力(Can mitigate buyers’power because well differentiated products reduce customer sensitivity to price increases.)
3)供应者(Suppliers):可以降低供应者的议价能力,通过:由于更高的利润可以忍受价格升高(Absorbing price increases due to higher margins.);沿着供应商更高的价格因为买方对差异化品牌的忠诚(Paing along higher supplier prices because buyers are loyal to differentiated brand.)
4)新进入者(New Entrants):可以对抗新进入者。通过:新进入者的新产品必须超过已经证明过的产品(New products must surpa proven products.)新产品必须至少等同于已有产品的性能,除此之外还要提供更低的价格(New products must be at least equal to performance of proven products, but offered at lower prices)5)替代品(Substitutes):相比于替代品他的位置更好,因为:对于差异化产品的品牌忠诚合一减少消费者尝试新产品或转换品牌(Brand loyalty to a differentiated product tends to reduce customers’ testing of new products or switching brands.)
3.集中化战略(Focus Strategies)
(1)定义(Definition):通过设计一整套行动来生产并提供产品或服务,以满足某一特定的竞争性细分市场的需求(An integrated set of actions taken to produce goods or services that serve the needs of a particular competitive segment.)(2)类型(Type):集中成本领先Focused cost leadership strategy
集中差异化Focused differentiation strategy
4.整合战略(Integrated Cost Leadership/ Differentiation):一种意图同时获取低成本与差异化优势的竞争战略。(ICD strategy is to simultaneously purse low cost and differentiation.The objective of this strategy is to produce products with relative lower cost and some differentiated features.)
六.公司战略(Corporate Strategy)
1.目的(purpose)
(1)进入哪些新产品和新业务的领域(select new businees)
(2)如何管理多样化业务而做出的决策和行动,以获得竞争优势(manage a group of different businees)
(3)决定企业是否退出某项业务(exit businees)
2.多元化(Diversification)
(1)定义(Definition):多元化战略是指企业进入一个与企业现有经营业务不同的新业务领域。(Diversification is adding new businees to the firm that are distinct from its existing operations)
(2)类型(Type)
1)相关多元化(Related diversification)进入与企业现在产品/市场相关的产品领域、市场或业务活动(Entry into new product markets and/or busine activities that are related to a firm’s existing markets and/or activities.)优势:运营协同(Operational synergy);企业可以把在某个业务领域的积累的核心竞争力转移到其他新的相关联的业务中去。(Core competence transfer)2)不相关多元化(Unrelated diversification)进入与企业现在产品/市场不相关的产品领域、市场或业务活动。(Entry into industries that have no obvious product-related connections to the firm’s current lines of busine.)优势:经营风险在一系列不同的行业中得到分散;通过投资于任何有着最佳利润前景的行业;可以使公司财力资源发挥最大作用;公司的获利能力得到平衡和稳定;股东的财富增加 3)纵向一体化战略(Vertical Integration)A:定义(Definition): 纵向一体化指一家公司生产自己所需的原材料(后向一体化)或拥有自己的产出的分销渠道(前向一体化)(Vertical Integration exits when a company produces its own inputs(backward integration)or own its own source of output distribution(forward integration).)B.类型(Type)
前向一体化(forward integration):指公司自己处理公司的产出、或拥有自己的产出的分销渠道。(firm is adding new businees along with the OUTPUT of the existing busine)
后向一体化(backward integration):指公司自己生产公司所需要的原材料(投入)。(firm is adding new businees along with the INPUT of the existing busine)
完全整合(Wholly integration): 指企业在生产流程中制造出自己所需要的投入品、以及通过自己的运作处理所有的产出。
部分整合(Partially integration)
(3)多元化的原因(Incentives to diversify)
1)内部:充分利用企业的核心优势和能力(品牌、技术、制造、渠道等)
(Leveraging unique core competencies and capabilities)
管理者动机(Motivation of manager)
逃避现有业务的停滞和衰退
(Avoiding deline and stagnation of existing businees.)
在不同的业务之间分散风险(Spread risk among different businees)
外部:产业中有新的增长机会(Growth opportunities in an industry)
抵抗替代品的威胁(Resisting the threat of substitute products)
保证原材料供应、增加对购买者的讨价还价能力
(Increasing firm’s bargaining power towards suppliers and buyers)
法律:法律和政策方面的原因(Law and policies)
七.国际化战略(International Strategy)
1.国际化战略
(1)定义(Definition):企业将产品或服务销售到国内市场以外的市场(firm sells its goods or services outside the domestic market)
(2)原因(Incentives for International Strategy)
1)扩大市场规模(Increase market size)
2)获得投资报酬(Return on investment)
3)获得全球的规模经济并学习国外的先进经验Global economy of scale and learning
4)区位优势(Location advantages)
2.企业进入国际市场的模式(International Entry Modes)
(1)类型(Type)
1)出口(Exporting)
2)许可证方式(Licensing)
3)战略联盟(合资)(Strategic Alliances)
4)收购(Acquisitions)
5)外国直接投资(New Wholly-Owned Subsidiary)
(2)特点(Characteristics)优势与劣势(Advantage and disadvantage)1)出口:高成本,低控制
2)许可协议:低成本,低风险,几乎无控制,低回报 3)合资:成本分担,资源共享,共担风险,整合的问题
4)收购:快速进入新市场,高风险,谈判复杂,购并整合问题
5)新建全资子公司:复杂,通成本高,时间长,高风险,最大控制 6)WOS:高于平均的潜在回报
3.国际市场中面临的风险(Risks MNE facing in its internationalization)
(1)政治风险(Political risks)
1)政府的作用(Effect of host country’s government)
2)政府的类型(Role of host country’s government)
3)社会稳定/内外冲突(Social stability/internal and external conflicts)(2)经济方面的因素(Economic risks)
1)基础设施(infrastructure)
2)经济条件(Economic condition)
3)竞争(Competition in the market)(3)文化冲突(Cultural conflicts)
(4)其他因素(宗教联盟/政治自由化/民族主义等)(Others(religion and alliance disputes/political freedom/democratism/ nationalism))
4.波特国家钻石模型(Determinants of National Advantage)
是分析国际竞争优势的工具,迈克尔 波特 认为影响一个国家某一个行业国际竞争优势由以下六点:
(1)生产要素(Factors of production)(2)需求状况(Demand conditions)
(3)相关及支持产业(Related and supporting industries)
(4)企业策略、结构或竞争对手(Firm strategy structure, and rivalry)(5)政府行为(6)机遇