英语毕业论文 从《野性的呼唤》中看“适者生存”（推荐）_野性的呼唤毕业论文
英语毕业论文 从《野性的呼唤》中看“适者生存”（推荐）由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“野性的呼唤毕业论文”。
本 科 生 毕 业 论 文
学
院
外国语学院
专
业
英语
届
别
2015
题
目从《野性的呼唤》中看“适者生存”
学生姓名
余杨兵
学
号
201108401332
指导教师
孙常亮
教 务 处 制An Analysis of Survival of the Fittest in The Call of the Wild
A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
(ENGLISH MAJOR)
YUNNAN MINZU UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARTS
BY YU YANGBING Cla of 2011
STUDENT CODE: 201108401332
SUPERVISED BY
SUN CHANGLIANG December 23, 201云南民族大学毕业论文(设计)原创性声明
本人郑重声明：所呈交的毕业论文(设计)，是本人在指导教师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除论文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文没有抄袭、剽窃他人已经发表的研究成果。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。
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本人完全了解云南民族大学有关保留、使用毕业论文(设计)的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文(设计)的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文(设计)。（保密论文在解密后应遵守）
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2014 年 月 25日
i
Acknowledgements
I would like to expre my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.A special acknowledgement should be given to my supervisor Mr.Sun, who gave me encouragement and useful instructions all through my writing proce.Finally I wish to extend my thanks to Mr.Yan, who supplied me with reference materials of great value.Last but not the least, I’d like to thank those leaders, teachers and working staff especially those in the School of Foreign Languages.Without their help, it would be much harder for me to finish my study and this paper.ii
Abstract
The Call of the Wild is one of the most famous novels of Jack London, which consolidates his status in American literature.It was a sunny and civilized place in which Buck originally lived.And with the emergence of the gold rush in arctic regions and created a great demand of sled dogs.So buck was abducted to arctic region.However, Buck adjusted himself very quickly to the hostile environment with his sharp intellect and superb physical qualities.Buck developed a deep friendship with his master Thornton.Afterwards, Thornton was killed by Yeehats and Buck eventually killed the natives to avenge Thornton, and he then followed the wolf into the forest and answered the call of the wild..Buck returned to the wild and became a leader of wolves.It’s not difficult for us to perceive that the author was streing the ideology of survival of the fittest through Buck’s experience in novel.The analysis of the character Buck is of a great enlightening significance to us.Key words: Buck;the call of the wild;survival of the fittest;change
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摘 要
《野性的呼唤》是美国作家杰克伦敦最著名的小说之一，它使得杰克伦敦确立了在美国文坛的地位。巴克原本生活在文明且暖和的南方，由于寒冷的北极地区的淘金者对雪橇狗的需求增大，因此巴克被人拐卖到了环境极其恶劣的北极地区，然而凭借自身出众的智慧和身体素质便很快地适应了严寒的雪地环境。巴克与后来的主人桑顿建立起了彼此深厚的友谊，但恩主的遇害彻底打碎了巴克对于人类社会的留恋，从而促使巴克坚定决心，毅然走向荒野，回归自然，成为了狼群的首领。在整篇小说中，我们不难发现作者一直都通过巴克的一举一动来渲染和烘托“适者生存”这一主题。本文通过对巴克这一形象进行解读对当代人有着较强的现实意义和启迪意义。
关键词：巴克；野性的呼唤；适者生存；改变
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Contents
Statement of Authorship………………………………….........................................i
Acknowledgements……………………………………..............................................ii
Abstract………………………………..................................................iii
摘要…..................................................................................iv
Ⅰ.Introduction..................................................................1 1.1 Introduction of Jack London...................................................1 1.2 Introduction of the Call of the Wild..............................................1 Ⅱ.Survival of the Fittest Theory...........................................2 Ⅲ.The change of Buck’s fate...............................................3
3.1 Falling into a snare and leaving home...........................................3
3.2 Going into the wild...........................................................3
3.3 Living in a desperate environment..............................................4
3.4 Working as a sled dog.........................................................5 Ⅳ.Acquiring the survival skills in the new environment........................5 4.1 Learning the leon of primitive law............................................5
4.2 Becoming a leader of the team.................................................6
4.3 Fighting in the wild...........................................................6 Ⅴ.Returning to the wild..................................................7 Ⅵ.Conclusion...........................................................8 References
Ⅰ.Introduction 1.1 Introduction of Jack London Jack London, a great American realistic writer, is not only well-known worldwide master of novel but also as a great dramatist.He was born on January 12, 1876 in a poor family and died on November 22, 1916.Besides, he came from the bottom of the society and once worked as a writer, sailor and journalist.Therefore, London got a rich experience during his lifetime.To some extent, Jack London was totally self-educated on account of the poor life.At the age of 10, he had to go to work while going to school.Ever he was free he would devote all his spare time to study.In London’s career, he had created a great number of works which including short stories, novels, as well as a great many eays.As one of the greatest American writers, London’s works were considered as claic in the history of American literature.The readers can tell by his works that he depicted the miserable lives of lower cla in America and revealed the evil of the Capitalism.1.2 Introduction of the Call of the Wild The Call of the Wild is one of the most famous novels by Jack London.The story revolves around the time of the Gold Rush prevalent in society, in which the author depicts the dog’s struggling actions most incisively and vividly.The novel mainly describes the proce of leading character –Buck who returns from the civilized human society to the primitive life of the wolves.Buck has lived in a safe and comfortable environment since childhood, until he was abducted to the primal wilderne as a sled dog.Buck lived in the south originally，a civilized and warm place, with the emergence of the gold rush in arctic regions which created a great demand of sled dog.So buck was abducted to arctic region.However, Buck is an agile dog of wild nature.He puts his best efforts into pulling sled while fighting against others with bravery and valor.Buck adjusted himself very quickly to the hostile environment with his sharp intellect and superb physical qualities.Afterwards, Buck returned to the wild and became a leader of wolves.Although the central character is a dog in the story, it gives a vivid description of the life in the primitive northern world where a gold rush exploded and people all wanted to make a fortune.Buck,used to be a pet of Judge Miller, was abducted and sold to North.And in ensuing days he became one of a dog-sled team to 1 pull a sled.During the proce of pulling a snow-sled, he understood that only when one follows the law of nature and obeys the master could one survive.Afterwards, Buck’s nature had been liberated, which made him be able to survive in the harsh environment.This is a brief introduction to the call of the wild.And the novel belongs to the genre of animal fiction, when you read it, you will find that Buck is endowed with the character of human nature and human thoughts.So he is more like a man than a dog.In the story, Buck would be certain to give you a deep impreion with his wisdom and strength.Ⅱ.Survival of the fittest theory “Survival of the fittest” is a phrase that originated in evolutionary theory as a way of describing the natural selection.(Net.1)We are endowed with incredible potential and ability to fight and compete.Obviously there are winners and losers existing in this world we live.Just like animals fight a bloody battle for the sexual partner or prey.They are doing their utmost to extend the life and get a high status in front of their same species.The world is greatly cruel, survival of the fittest.The strong get the opportunity to survive and receive rewards, and the weak will be eliminative and disappeared in this world.That means the weak are doomed to die out.It is because that the strong making poible impelling the weak move in decline or the dead direction.Even if you are a spectator, you might be the one who makes grief to others;therefore everyone might be a culprit in someone else’s life directly or indirectly in this brutal world.The big bullying the small, the strong bullying the weak and the big fish swallowing the little fish.What we should have learned from that statement is that the strong survived, and the weak eliminated.This is not just a phenomenon confined to the whole animal world, but the human society as well.In the ecology environment of animals, there exists the law of the jungle and survival completion, and that is their survival state.We live in a world that is constantly bombarding us with changes.Humankind’s response has got to be immediately to new signs of sudden situation.Because that’s what life is.Whether you are willing or not, the world would move forward.Ain’t nobody gonna have no pity on you.Aint’t nobody gonna have no understanding on you.Only by working hard can we reveal ourselves.Nature always follows the rule of selecting the superior and 2 eliminating the inferior.There is a theory about the society that no progreive opportunities can be seen if do not strive to perform any competitive action, since ancient times.Competition is more ruthle than what we have thought it should be.However, only in this way can reveal one’s incredibly excellent ability in human society as well as in animal world.Ⅲ.The change of Buck’s fate 3.1 Falling into a snare and leaving home Buck was a dog of 140 pounds.He had lived in judge Miller’s residence for 4 years.During that time, buck was supplied with satisfied food and a comfortable environment.It seemed that he never worried about lives because he could reach whatever he wanted.Due to the superior living environment, he received a great number of favors and did not need to do some hard works or chores.In this regard, Buck formed a few good habits such as docility and gentlene.However, all of this was ended on an awful night.Manuel,a gardener of Judge Miller, who liked gambling.It was a man of misbehavior.One day he lost his money in a gamble and wanted to get his loan back.Therefore, he made Buck fall into a snare and abducted Buck get out of house and sold him to a strange man with a fortune of 100 dollars.When the train was coming along the railway and two people threw it in the luggage trunk.All of a sudden he realized that he was kidnapped and it was too late to do anything for him.From that moment on, there were no any differences between Buck and other dogs.His entire halo had been removed and there was an unknown road ahead him.3.2 Going into the wild It seemed apparently that Buck had played a key role in Judge Miller’s home.As a pet, Buck lived in a civilized society originally, in which residents lived under good social order.Buck is more a pet than a beast in this world.He need not work for his master, Mr.Miller;besides, he neither did have to nurse his master or secure home.It was because that Buck was primarily a playmate or a family member to Mr.Miller.Living in such a cozy environment, Buck had never feared the shortage of food and the struggle with his species.On the contrary, he kept enjoying what the civilization had brought to him, including the warm sunshine, beautiful garden and the fruit fields.However, Buck's rich life did not last long.Gone away 3 from the sunny and civilized south, Buck had come to the arctic region in which there is full of ice and snow.He was not the bo any more with a fancy status to rule other companions, Where Buck stayed after kidnapping was a totally wilderne, it’s a place without peace and repose, and as well filling with dangers.“Here was neither peace, nor rest, nor a moment's safety.All was confusion and action, and every moment life and limb were in peril.There was imperative need to be constantly alert, for these dogs and men were not town dogs and men.They were savages, all of them, who knew no law but the law of club and fang”.(Jack London, 1981:45)In this regard, they had to be careful and remain focused every moment.Buck was forced to arrive in an unfamiliar world.In his eyes, both the dogs and people here were full of barbarism.It was the first time that he saw those dogs attacking their companions with fellne.That scene would be an unforgettable experience in his life and he started figuring out what the real situation was in wild environment.3.3 Living in a desperate environment Buck had lived a carefree life in Mr.Miller's luxurious house till he was kidnapped.But since then, Buck’s living environment became worse and worse.Every day he had little food to eat, so that he was almost always hungry.In this regard, Buck had to fill the belly by stealing the foods from his host and learning to eat fast.Moreover, while fetching water to quench his thirst, he tried to break the ice by his strong feet under freezing condition.Even though, he met a good host John Thornton who treated Buck with much care and love, unfortunately, it didn’t last long.As a human being, Thornton had to fight against the harsh environment together with those dogs.Ultimately, he was not succeful and he was murdered by local Indians.So Buck exploded into a rage about Thornton’s death and revenged the murder of his master.After that, he was determined to head to the wilderne, becoming a part of the wolves.In fact, Buck was an undisputed warrior, he defeated other wolves and became a leader with his wisdom and strength.As Buck got away from civilized society gradually, he became an intrepid beast eventually.Buck had gone through a large amount of trials.First, his living environment had undergone a huge shift and the carefree life had gone forever.And, second, the new environment was full of all kinds of dangers and challenges, he had to adjust himself to it as soon as poible.In such a desperate environment, Buck had to accept new things and learn eential survival skills.It was sharp changes of his living environment that enabled him to obey the rules of nature.3.4 Working as a sled dog Buck was abducted to the cold area and started doing physical labor as a horse.Buck felt strongly that his dignity was deeply hurt but he knew that there was no use resisting.He had got to obey orders.If he came out against he would be punished.In that case, the violence enabled him to quickly learn how to pull the sledge to please his master.It was very hard for those dogs to pull a sled in freezing condition.On the one hand, the dogs were supposed to run hundreds of miles a day.On the other hand, when working, the dogs had to gone through the hunger and cold.In the period of pulling the sledge, Buck had gained a lot from sled work, which was beneficial to his further life in primitive world.Ⅳ.Acquiring the survival skills in the new environment 4.1 Learning the leon of primitive law The primitive law is a basic rule, which must be followed in the primitive world.It implies that cruelty is an eential part of the primitive world and obeying the power is a must for men and animals in the wild world.Buck had lived a cozy life in Mr.Miller’s house in the Santa Clara Valley, because he had no need to work for Mr.Miller.To his delight, Buck had got a really easy job, what he had to do was to play with his hosts.It must be a nice living in such a civilized environment and never having to worry about food or struggling with others, let alone dangers.During his time in Mr.Miller’s home, he believed that human beings were friendly until he was directly to be sold to the dog trader without any precautions by Manuel who was a gardener of Mr.Miller’s.By the time he realized that he had been sold to a stranger, it’s too late and Buck felt extremely humiliated.He had privately resolved he would revenge the men who maltreated him.To complete the revenge, Buck tuled with other dogs.Only in this way, could he get dog trainers’ attention and show them his power.Later, there was a chance for him, so he bursted out of the cage, he couldn’t wait to vent out his anger at once.Actually it’s not that easy, Buck was knocked down every time, so that the idea he wanted to jump on the man in red for revenge was beaten out of his head by reality.5 Ultimately, after he had been knocked down to the ground for so many times, Buck found he could not rise to his feet again.After being beaten badly, Buck understood that a man with club is not the one he could provoke.All he could do was to follow the law of club.That’s one of the first leons he had learnt in the primitive world, and it’s also the first time that Buck had realized how cruel the life was.However, looking at this from another perspective, Buck was a succe because he had understood the law of the club.4.2Becoming a leader of the team The wild animal was strong in Buck, and as he traveled acro the snow, it grew stronger and stronger.(Jack London, 1981:67)During the period he was compelled to do slave labor to pull the sled with his companions, Buck was too strong to face up to the difficulties no matter how hard the situation was.Spitz who was the leader of the team, Buck had learnt a lot from him.It was the behaviors of Spitz that aroused the conquering desire of Buck.Spitz was regarding Buck as a potential adversary and provocating external behaviors to Buck.At first, he resorted to tolerate and avoid any confrontations with Spitz, so he tried his utmost to control himself.Whereas, when Spitz realized Buck’s threaten, he made up his mind to put Buck in a serious position.So Spitz seized an opportunity to forcibly occupy the cozy nest of Buck.This kind of hatred behavior irritated Buck to strive against the fiend Spitz.To Spitz’s surprise, Buck was not a yellow-bellied dog.There was much courage in his bones.In fact, Buck was an intrepid dog.Therefore, the conflict between Buck and Spitz was unable to avoid.He wanted to defeat the devil Spitz and be the leader among dogs.Later, there was a chance for him.The teammates were running after a rabbit, Buck and Spitz had also been involved in hunting.When the rabbit was killed by those peckish sled dogs, a struggle of life-and-death was just getting started.Spitz fought like a wolf while Buck fought like ten wolves.Finally, Buck defeated Spitz with the wisdom and physical strength, becoming a leader of the team.4.3 Fighting in the wild
Buck and the other dogs accompanied their host Thornton to find the Lost Cabin and
the journey was full of dangers.Even if they had made great efforts, they failed to find the Lost Cabin that was only a legend, they discovered a mineral deposit by accident and they decided not to seek any more.Therefore, they settled down and the life became relatively leisure and carefree.Buck heard strange and mysterious sounds from the forest, and he somehow was attracted.He was running through the trees one night after hearing the call from wilderne.Unlike previous behavior, he didn’t attack the wolves this time but made friends with them.In the days that followed, the call in the wild seemed more attractive to him.Thus, Buck started loafing about in the forest to look for his wild brother.During that period, a big black bear was killed by Buck.The wild nature that buried deeply inside Buck was totally bursted out.He could almost defeat all of rivals if he would like.Once, he chased and killed a leader of bull with perseverance and determination.Afterwards, Buck found that his host was killed by the Yeehats.He decided to revenge for Thornton, so he killed the most of people of Yeehats.Ⅴ.Returning to the wild The return of the wild runs through the whole novel from the opening to the end.Buck was abducted to an extremely harsh environment which filled with dangers.Afterwards, Buck heard the call of wolves from wilderne.All of these seemed to indicate that the destiny of Buck was doomed to return to the wild and get his wild nature back.Buck has got superior intellect and physical quality, in addition, Buck was able to adapt to the environments which were constantly changing.Therefore, when he confronted with cruel struggle of existence, he could act more and more confidently on account of his own superiority.What’s more, the superior physical quality also provided Buck with a good condition to get his wild nature back.With the mysterious calling echoing in the wilderne again and again, the inner wild had been greatly arising.He was quite eager to step out of human world and go back to wild.For Buck, only if becoming cruel could he be truly free and be what he really was.The reason why Buck lingered over between so-called civilized world and free wild world was because that he had developed deep love with his last owner Thornton.There was such a love, a dog’s loyalty and trust to his owner, which was like sweet dew after drought and waked up the love of Buck’s deep heart.Buck spent a happy and peaceful time with Thornton;during that period Thornton treated Buck like his own child and gave him endle love.What Thornton did to Buck had made Buck learn how to love for the first time.Buck and Thornton 7 treated each other in a sincere way.It was the only precious thing that the so-called civilized society left to Buck.In spite of Buck had a deep love for Thornton, the wild nature that stimulated by the harsh environment still existed in his blood, but when his master was killed ruthlely, Buck had experienced unprecedented empty sense, this kind of sense brought stinging pain to him.Buck understood that Thornton had left him forever.After hearing the call, he made a dash to forests and never came back to human society.It was the human that put Buck into wild and enabled him to get back to primitive world from civilized society.Finally, Buck returned to the wild completely and he started striving to survive.He understood a truth that if he failed he would die.So he had to win and he must win.No matter the human world or animal world, both of them are full of frustrations and they belong to those who are strong enough.Ⅵ.Conclusion The Call of the Wild best reveals the survival of the fittest idea among Jack London’s works.Firstly, in terms of Buck’s thoughts, he had learned an all-important leon in the primitive world—the law of club after the man in red whipped him ruthlely with a club.The reason why the dog trader was capable of dominating those dogs completely was that he poeed a club.And the eence of the law of club is that the power is the truth and one has to obey it.Later, Buck also realized that kind of grim rule also existed among animals.In the wilderne, peaceful coexistence and friendship had paed out of existence, instead cruelty and bloodine had replaced them.If animals were not strong enough to fight against attack, they would die.The principle of justice and fairne only exist in civilized society, while in primitive world, one has to follow the law of club and tooth.Secondly, in the aspect of survival skills, Buck had learned how to steal food to fill his stomach, how to break the ice with his feet to quench his thirst and learned how to sled to please his master, how to fight like a wolf, how to dig a warm nest to sleep in cold environment.To accommodate to the changing environment, Buck was striving to make him stronger.In the novel, London deeply reveals the real human society through Buck's experiences.8 The readers are able to find an idea that there is no eential difference between human world and animal world.The author used ―he‖ to refer to Buck instead of ―it‖, because the character ―Buck‖ should not be understood only as a dog but also as symbol of human character.In human society, there are powerful people like Buck who have got strong ability to master the world with the quality of continuous progre.And the characteristic and fate of the characters in the novel also reflect all sorts of people in real life.London depicted dogs to reflect the cruel reality instead of by mechanical representation.Thus, the survival of the fittest theory that reflected in the Call of the Wild is also a living rule for human beings and we must to adapt ourselves to the brutal environment, otherwise we will be eliminated by the society.References [1] Jack• London, The Call of the Wild and White Fang [M].N.Y.The Bantam Books, 1981.[2]杰克•伦敦.野性的呼唤[M].孙法理译.南京：译林出版社，2011.[3]漆以凯.杰克伦敦和他的小说[M].北京：北京出版社，1981.[4]刘擎.达尔文主义的迷思，[J]新世纪周刊，2010 [5]王雷霞.透视《野性的呼唤》，探寻生存的法则[J].甘肃高师学报，2009.[6]耿霞.适析《野性的呼唤》中巴克野性的回归[J].新乡学院学报（社会科学版）.2009，23（2）[7]Net.1, Wikipedia, 2015.Survival of the fittest.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest
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