就职演说的文体分析_文体学分析就职演说
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A General Stylistic Analysis of the Inaugural Addre of Gorge Bush, the 41st President of the United States of America, on January 20, 1989
------UNITY, DIVERSITY AND GENEROSITY
Abstract:(omitted)
Key words:(omitted)
黄中军
I.Introduction
From the Stylistics point of view, the inaugural addre of the president elect falls into the category of Public speech, which is more formal than everyday conversation, extemporaneous speech and advertisement but le formal than legal English and English for science and technology(EST).From the communication point of view it falls between spoken and written English.Therefore the inaugural addre of the president has the characteristics of both spoken and written English.It uses a lot of big words and abstract nouns and is usually polite in tone, formal in style and complicated in sentence structure.In addition, the addreer often employs a wide variety of rhetorical devices so as to add a striking effect to it.II.Linguistic analysis
A.Lexical style markers
Like most inaugural addrees of the president elect, the addre delivered by Mr.Gorge Bush also employs a lot of big words.For instance, among the 1378 words(in the selected parts)there are 256 words containing more than 6 letters, occupying 22 percent of the1
total.But in every day conversation, extemporaneous speech and
advertisement the percentage is usually lower than 20 percent.Another characteristic is the employment of many abstract nouns,which can make the speech sound more formal and profound, make
the addreer sound more serious and erudite and make the audience
have more confidence in the speaker.In the speech of Gorge Bush it
is not hard to find so many such words.Here I just want to list some
of them as an example: unity, diversity, generosity, expreion,continuity, democracy, difference, continuance, freedom, action,prosperity, satisfaction, liberty, justice, engagement, peace, diension, harmony, divisivene, limitation, bipartisanship, opposition, attitude,intolerance, scourge, hopefulne.B.Syntactical style markers
The inaugural addre of the president elect usually uses a lot more compound or complex sentences than everyday conversation, extemporaneous speech and advertisement.This is also true of Mr.Bush’s addre, in which most of the sentences are relatively long and complicated for the purpose of leaving the audience an immediate impreion of formalne, seriousne and reliability.In the speech there are altogether 91 sentences, but 42 of them are compound or complex, taking up almost half of the total.In addition, most sentences in the speech contain more than 10 words and the longest sentence consists of 48 words!(the 2nd sentence in the 16th paragraph)But as we know, in everyday conversation most sentences contain no more than 10 words.As it is expected, the declarative sentence is the main type in the addre but some other sentence types are also employed.For
Example, Mr.Bush uses several imperative sentences in his speech such as, “ Let us negotiate soon—and hard.But in the end, let us produce.” The use of imperative sentences here actually serves as a call to the audience and aims to arouse their enthusiasm.C.Grammatical style markers.As we know, the commonly used tense in the presidential inaugural addre is the simple present, while the future tense, the present perfect tense and the simple past tense serve as the supplementary devices.This is because such addrees usually focus on the present and future time.Mr.Bush’s addre is no exception.Among the 91 sentences in the speech there are over 60 simple present, 9 present perfect and 6 future tense.As for the voices, there are only 7 sentences in the paive and all the others are in the active.D.Rhetorical devices
The rhetorical device is a striking characteristic of public speech, which can add vividne and aesthetic appreciation to it.Although there are a wide variety of rhetorical devices in English, the most important syntactical rhetorical device in public speech is perhaps parallelism, which can perfectly convey the strong feelings of the speaker, leave a deep impreion to the audience, and make the language more rhythmic and vivid.In the speech of Mr.Bush, parallelism is used in many paragraphs.Example: parallelism
Great nations of the world are moving toward democracy---through the door to freedom.Men and women of the
world move toward free markets---through the door to prosperity.The people of the world agitate for free expreion and free thought---through the door to moral and intellectual satisfactions that only liberty allows.We know what works: Freedom works.We know what’s right:Freedom is right.We know how to secure a more just and prosperous life for man on earth: through free markets, …
We don’t have to talk into the night about which form ofgovernment is better.We don’t have to wrest justice from the kings---we only have to summon it from within ourselves.Some other rhetorical devices such as antithesis, repetition,alliteration, simile, metaphor, climax, oxymoron are also used in the addre for various purposes---to emphasize, to contrast, to convince, to add vividne, to expre strong feelings, to create a sense of rhythm or to add the beauty of the language.Examples:
We need compromise;we’ve had diension.We need harmony;we’ve had a chorus of discordant voices.(antithesis)
Our problems are large, but our heart is larger.Our challenges aregreat, but our will is greater.(antithesis)
And if our flaws are endle, God’s love is truly
boundle.(antithesis)
A new breeze is blowing.(repetition.repeated three times)
(alliteration)
.(simile)
calling.(simile)
…(simile)
I don’t seek “on men’s souls.”(metaphor)
For the first time in this century---for the first time in perhaps allHistory…(climax)
You are part of this day, you are part of the life of our great nation.(climax)
To my friends---and yes, I do mean friends---in the(oxymoron)
For.(contrast)
III.Conclusion.We have analyzed the inaugural addre of Mr.Gorge Bush from the linguistic perspectives.Here Mr.Bush uses all types of linguistic devices to make his speech more vivid, persuasive and convincing.Personally I think and I believe it is a very succeful speech.Bibliographies
Dong, Qingming, General Stylistics for Graduate Students.Beijing:
Capital Normal University, 2000.Pan, lin, Dong, qiming, A General Stylistic Analysis of the Magazine
Advertisement---Colgate Total, Beijing: Capital Normal University,2000.王建华，1995，《美国总统就职演说名篇》。上海：世界图书出版公司。
王佐良，丁往道, 1987，>。北京：外语教学与
研究出版社。
王守元，2000，>，山东：山东大学出版社。附录: 美国41任总统布什1989 年1月20日就职演说稿（部分
段落删节）。
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