英美文学名词解释(一)_英美文学名词解释1
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1.Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities.An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.2.Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.3.Allusion: A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to.An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature, or religion.4.American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism.American naturalism had been shaped by the war;by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age.America’s literary naturalists dismied the validity of comforting moral truths.They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankne, presenting characters of low social and economic claes who were determined by their environment and heredity.In presenting the extremes of life, the naturalists sometimes displayed an affinity to the sensationalism of early romanticism, but unlike their romantic predeceors, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform.5.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.The Puritans were originally members of a division of the Protestant Church.The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them.They
were a group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious and moral principles.As the word itself hints, Puritans wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices.They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace form God.As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.American Puritanism also had a enduring influence on American literature.6.American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end.The Age of Realism came into existence.It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism.Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived.It exprees the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.7.American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century.A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expreion not only poible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political independence.Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodne and man’s societies a source of corruption.Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War.The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage and its
frontier egalitarianism.8.American Transcendentalism: Transcendentalists terroras from the romantic literature of Europe.They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americagogopirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe.They streed the importance of the individual.To them, the individual was the most important element of society.They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God.Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence.Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses.Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.9.Analogy:(a figure of speech)A comparison made between tow things to show the similarities between them.Analogies are often used for illustration or for argument.10.Anapest抑抑扬: It’s made up of two unstreed and one streed syllables, with the two unstreed ones in front.11.Antagonist: A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative;a rival of the hero or heroine.12.Antithesis:(a figure of speech)The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences.An antithesis is often expreed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to expre contrasting ideas.13.Aphorism: A concise, pointed statement expreing a wise or clever observation about
life.14.Apostrophe顿呼法: A figure of speech in which an absent or a dead person, an abstract quality, or something nonhuman is addreed directly.15.Argument: A form of discourse in which reason is used to influence or change people’s idea or actions.Writers practice argument most often when writing nonfiction, particularly eays or speeches.16.Aside: In drama, lines spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience.An aside is meant to be heard by the other characters onstage.17.Aonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry.Aonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.18.Atmosphere: The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work.Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting.Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate for the werrors to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.19.Autobiography: A person’s account of his or her own life.An autobiography is generally written in narrative form and includes some introspection.20.Ballad: A story told in verse and usually meant to be sung.In many countries, the folk ballad was one of the earliest forms of literature.Folk ballads have no known authors.They were transmitted orally from generation to generation and were not set down in writing until centuries after they were first sung.The subject matter of folk ballads stems from the everyday life of the common people.Devices commonly used in ballads are the refrain, incremental repetition, and code language.A later form of ballad is the literary
ballad, which imitates the style of the folk ballad.
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