小学新标准英语语法课——代词教案_小学英语语法代词讲解
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代词
代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。
一、人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:
数 单数 复数
格
主格 宾格
主格
宾格
第一人称 I
me we
us
第二人称 you
you
you
you
he
him they them
第三人称 she
her they them
it
it
they them
如:He is my friend.他是我的朋友。
It’s me.是我。
二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表。
数
单数
复数
人称 第一 第二 第三
第一 第二 第三
形容词性 my your his/her its
our your/their
物主代词
名词性 mine yours his/hers its
ours yours/theirs
物主代词
如:Ilikehiscar.我喜欢他的小汽车。
Ourschoolishere,andtheirsisthere.我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。
三、指示代词表示“那个”、“这个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。
如:Thatisagoodidea.那是个好主意。
四、表示“我自己”、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我们自己”、“你们自己”和“他们自己”等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为“反身代词”。
如:Shewastalkingtoherself.她自言自语。
五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有eachother和oneanother两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。
如:Theyloveeachother.他们彼此相爱。
六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody,something,noone。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。如:
---Doyouhaveacar?--你有一辆小汽车吗?
---Yes,Ihaveone.--是的,我有一辆。
---Idon’tknowanyofthem.他们,我一个也不认识。
七、疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)
如:Tellmewhoheis.告诉我他是谁。
八、关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。
如:Heisthemanwhomyouhavebeenlookingfor.他就是你要找的那个人.===============================
人称代词的用法:1,主格作主语或表语: She and Tom are good friends.It's she who wants it.2.宾格作及物动词和介词的宾语,还可作表语.Aunt Li took care of us.Who is knocking at the door It's me.物主代词的用法:
形容词性物主代词只能做定语,修饰名词,相当于形容词.My mother is a nurse in a hospital.Their teacher is coming here.名词性物主代词可以做主语,宾语和表语,相当于名词.This is my pen, yours is lost.(yours=your pen)
The best composition is hers.(hers= her composition)I can't find my ruler, I have to use hers.(hers = her ruler)反身代词的用法:
反身代词表示主语发生的动作落在主语自己身上,或用来加强名词或代词的语气.作主语:I hope he didn't hurt herself.She taught herself English.同位语: You yourself said so.You can do it yourself.常与以下动词连用:
hurt, dre, enjoy, say to, talk to, teach, wash, help
还可以与介词连用:by oneself [自己(不需要别人帮忙)] for oneself(替自己,为自己)to oneself(供自己用)不定代词及用法:
(一)可分为普 通不定代词,个体不定代词和数量不定代词:
通不定代词:some, any, no, somebody, nobody, anybody, someone, anyone, no one, something,anything, nothing, one
个体不定代词:all, every, each, other, another, either, neither, both, everybody, everyone, everything 数量不定代词:many, much, few, a few, little, a little, a lot of, lots of(二)普通不定代词的用法(部分):
some一般用于肯定句, 当预期对方作肯定回答时也用于疑问句: Could you please give me some information about ir 还用于表示要求和提供某物的句子: Would you like some tea
2.any 的用法:(1)用于否定句及含有否定意义词(hardly, never, no)的句子中: I have hardly any time.(2)用于疑问句中和条件句中: Do you see any birds in the tree
(3)some, any, no, 与 one, thing, body 构成的合成词的用法:这些代词都表示单数的概念,some, any与one, thing, body构成的合成词的区别与和的用法基本相同.There is someone looking for you outside.If you want anything, call me, please.这些代词如被定语修饰, 应放在定语前,如被else修饰,也放在else前: Is there anything new in the newspaper
I'm afraid I can't help you, you'd better ask someone else.3.other, another 的用法:
两者均可指人,也可指物,other 意为 “另外”,不确指,需要确指时前加定冠词the, the other,意为 another“另一个”:
other:(1)后跟名词(单,复),泛指 “别的,其他的”
The Great Wall is longer than any other wall in the world.I'll go swimming with other friends tomorrow.the other后跟名词单或数,或后不跟名词, 特指两者中的另一个: At last we got the other side of the river.Thirty are girls and the other students are boys in our cla.I have two pens, one is blue and the other is red.(3)others 后不加名词,泛指另外一些别的人或事物;the others 特指其余所有的人或事物: Some of us like playing table-tennis, and others like playing basketball.Thirty in our cla are girls, and the others are boys.(4)泛指三者以上的 “一些”不用加the, 用 “some….others”的形式: Some people like it, others not.another:
泛指另一个,不与the连用,只能跟可数名词单数: I don't like this one, will you please show me another We asked him to sing us another song.4.both, either, neither的用法:他们均用于两者之间,neither, either用做单数,both用做复数, both:肯定句中表示“两者都”,用于否定句中表示 “两者不都”,即部分否定: Both of the sisters are good at English.]
Not both of them are good at English.(One is good at English, the other isn't.)I don't know both his brothers.(I only know one of them.)Both,,and,, 连接两个主语时谓语动词用复数: Both my bothers and I are teachers.(2)neither: 表示“两个都不”, either表示“两个中的任何一个”, neither是 either的否定形式,两者均表示单数形式,做主语时谓语动词用单数形式:
Either you or he is right.Neither he nor you is right.neither是both的反义词,做形容词时与单数名词连用,不用the: Neither pen writes good.= Neither of the pens writes good.Neither…nor…, either…or….Eihter you or I am right.Nether you nor I am right.=Both you and I are right.5.(a)little, much,(a)few, many 的用法:
little “很少”表否定, a little “少许”表肯定, much= not a little: I know little about him.我不了解他.I know much about him.我对他很了解.There is little to be done, is there There is a little to be done, isn't there 在对不可数名词提问时要用how much:
I spent a lot of money on books.How much did you spend on books
as little as “尽可能少的” as much as “ 尽可能多的” as… as…结构中不用 a little
Few 表示 “很少” 表否定含义, a few “有一些”表肯定含义, many= not a few “”许多,不少, 这三个词用于修饰可数名词:
Few of us understand our teacher.A few of us understand our teacher.His book has few readers, does it His book has a few readers, doesn't it
as few as “尽可能少” as many as “和……一样多” as…as….结构中不用a few
物主代词实际上是人称代词的所有格形式。根据其句法作用,物主代词可以分为形容词性和名词性两种。形容词性物主代词一定要后接名词(如:This is my book.这是我的书。),名词性物主代词可以独立使用,无需后接名词(如:This book is mine.这本书是我的。)。
5.3.1 形容词性物主代词的基本用法
形容词性物主代词一般位于名词前,用作定语,限定该名词的意义。例如:
My name is John Green.我叫约翰·格林。
Excuse me, is this your car? 对不起,这是您的车吗?
His parents are in England.他的父母在英国。
They wash their faces every day.他们每天都洗脸。(本句中的their无须译出)
5.3.2 名词性物主代词的基本用法
⑴ 名词性物主代词在句中独立使用,即不后接名词,其句法作用相当于一个名词。例如:
Ours is a great country.我们的国家是一个伟大的国家。(用作主语,一般用于正式文体)
I forgot to bring my dictionary.Could I use yours? 我忘了带词典,我可以用一下你的吗?(用作动词的宾语)
He wasn’t in my room.He might be in his.他(刚才)不在我的房间。他可能在自己的房间。(用作介词的宾语)
Whose book is this? — It’s hers.这是谁的书?——是她的。(用作表语)
Jack is a friend of mine.杰克是我的一个朋友。(用于双重所有格)
⑵ 名词性物主代词用作主语时,谓语动词的数应随所指者的数而定。例如:
Is this pencil yours or hers? — It’s mine.Hers is in her bag.(Hers = Her pencil)这支铅笔是你的还是她的?——是我的。她的铅笔在她包里。
Whose books are these? — They are his.Yours are over there.(Yours =Your books)这些是谁的书?——是他的。你的书在那边。
1)疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
指人:who,whom,whose
指物:what
既可指人又可指物:which
2)疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what,which,whose还可作限定词。试比较:
疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
What was the directional flow of U.S.territorial expansion?
美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
限定词:Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的书是谁的?
What events led to most of the east of the Miiippi River becoming part of the United States?哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
说明1:
无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:
Which girls do you like best?
你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best?
你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
说明2:
Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom,例如:
Who(m)did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m)are you taking the book to?
你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who取代。)
说明3:
疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
For what do most people live and work?
大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What are you looking for?
你在找什么?(现代英语)
说明4:
疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:
I can’t make out what he is driving at.我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with,but I cannot go all the way with you.你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。
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