英国文学第二册背诵重难点_英国文学史重难点概括
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V The Romantic Period(1798--1832)
The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s , and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death.Romanticism:It emphasize the specialqualitie of each individual’s mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)
In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen(realistic)and Walter Scott(romantic).“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth;Samuel Taylor Coleridge;Robert Southey 1.William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。The Lake Poets）
① 抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)②
Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance.It is
nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace”
2.It is bli to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in
solitude.Comment:The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights.In the
poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙)and poet’s philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.③ Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey ④ The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 ② 序曲
2.Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔•泰勒•科尔律治1772~1834
The Lake Poets ① 古舟子颂 ② 柯里斯塔贝尔 ③ 忽必烈汗
Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange
territory ④ 半夜冰霜 ⑤ 忧郁颂 ⑥ 抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3.George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~1824（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德·哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）
“Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles.① 唐•璜
恰尔德•哈罗德尔游记 该隐
② 当初我们俩分别
4.Persy Byhe Shelley波西•比希•雪莱1792~1822 ① Poetic Drama：解放了的普罗米修斯
Theme: the drama celebraies man’s victory over tyranny and oppreion ② 麦布女王
伊斯兰的反叛 钦契一家
诗辩
无神论的必要性 ③ Lyrics:
西风颂
Theme: The author expre his eagerne to enjoy the boundle freedom from
the reality.Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring.This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life(which would end at death)but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: Percy Byhe Shelley's “Ode to the West Wind” is written in iambic
pentameter.It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet.The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee.The tone is poignant.Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features:
Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe …)致云雀
5.John Keats约翰•济慈1795~18
21(“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。)
① Four great odes: 希腊古瓮颂
夜莺颂 心灵颂
忧郁颂
② 秋颂
Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, “To Autumn”, is that change is both
natural and beautiful.The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time paes by, but also
aerts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before.Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the
evolving of two different types of change.One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.6.Jane Austen简•奥斯丁1775~1817
She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire.① 理智与感情
傲慢与偏见(chapter I)
【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice
diolved 【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a neceary step if a
woman is to avoid the wretchedne of aging spinsterhood 【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckle relationships unsupported
by money.【Mr.&Mrs.Bennet, Mr.Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters 曼斯菲尔德庄园 爱玛
诺桑觉寺 劝导
7.Walter Scott沃尔特•斯科特1771~1832(历史小说之父”)Father of history novels ① 罗伯•罗伊 ②
艾凡赫
VI The Victorian Period(1832-1900)
Common sense and moral propreity, again became the predominant preoccupation.Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people and everyday events.1.Charles Dickens查尔斯•狄更斯1812~1870（批判现实主义小说家）critical realist writer ① 匹克威克外传 ② 奥利弗•特维斯特（雾都孤儿）③ 老古玩店 ④ 圣诞颂歌 ⑤ 董贝父子 ⑥ 大卫•科波菲尔 ⑦ 荒凉山庄
艰难时世 ⑧ 双城记(London & Paris)⑨ 远大前程 ⑩ 我们共同的朋友
是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各国。他那富有社会批判意义的现实主义小说不仅使英国文坛焕然一新，而且对世界文学的发展也产生了深远的影响。
2.William Makepeace Thackeray威廉•麦克匹斯•萨克雷1811~1863
① or a Novel without a Hero名利场(the name is an excerpt from by John Bunyan)②
3.Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂•勃朗特1816~1855 ① 简•爱
Jane Eyre, a plain little orphan, was sent to Lowood, a charity school.There she suffer a lot and 8 years later she left school and became a boverne at Thornfield Hall.There she falls in love with the master,Mr.Rochester.It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society, e.g.charity institution such as Lowood School It is a succeful introduction to the first governe heoine in the English novel, whom represents those middle-cla working women struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.② 雪莉 ③ 教师
4.Emily Bronte艾米莉•勃朗特1818~1854
① 呼啸山庄
A story about two familie and an intruding stranger.【TheEarnshaw Family】Mr.Earnshaw, his wife, the son Hindley, the daughter Catherine, Heathcliff 【The Linton Family】Mr.Linton, his wife, son Edgar, daughter Isabella ② 5.George Eliot乔治•艾略特1819~1880
① 弗洛斯河上的磨坊 ② 亚当•比德 ③ 织工马南 ④ 米德尔马契
6.Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗莱德•丁尼生1809~1892（维多利亚时代最具代表性的伟大诗人）Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人）① 悼念
To memorialize his friend ② ③ 国王叙事诗
7.Robert Browning罗伯特•白朗宁1812~1889
① 我已故的公爵夫人 ② 海外乡思 Elizabeth Barrett Browing: ① 葡萄牙十四行诗 8.Robert Louis Stevenson
① 金银岛
9.Thomas Hardy托马斯•哈代1840~1928（小说多以农村生活为背景；自然主义小说家。Weex novels;novels of character and environment）
⑪ Novels
① 德伯家的苔丝
Theme:experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration ② 无名的裘德 ③ 绿荫下 ④ 远离尘嚣 ⑤ 卡斯特桥市长 ⑥ 还乡 ⑫ Poems Weex Poems And Other Verses Poems Of The Past And Present The Dynasts 列国
1.English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义
a literary movement that aimed at free expreion of the writer’s ideas and feelings and flourished thin the early 19 century England.A great representative of this movement is Percy Byhe Shelley, the author of “Ode to the West Wind”.2.lake poets 湖畔诗人
the three romantic poets who lived in the Lake District of England and wrote poems about nature.William Wordsworth was the most famous of the lake poets;he wrote many great nature poems, including “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”.3.poet laureate 桂冠诗人 A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his country or era;in England, a court official appointed by the sovereign, whose original duties included the composition of odes in honor of the sovereign’s birthday and in celebration of state occasions of importance.William Wordsworth became poet laureate in 1843.The Romantic Period Romanticism as a literary movement / trend prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832, beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads(1798)in collaboration with S.T.Coleridge, ending with Walter Scott’s death(1832).The Age of Wordsworth was decidedly an age of poetry.The glory of the age is in the poetry of Scott, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats, Moore, and Southey.Scott’s prose works have attained a very wide reading.The novels of Jane Austen have slowly won a secure place in the history of English literature.The novel was already beginning to establish itself as the favorite literary form of the 19th century.The drama was the only great literary form that was not adequately represented.II.1.An expreion of feelings of individuals
“spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion” 2.The emphasis on spontaneity
A.free from rules
B.artistic independence
C.the impulse of Individualism 3.Interest in nature
A living nature is the primary poetic subject.4.The glorification of commonplace
Subject: simple rustic life;outcasts;peasants, etc III.Great writers in this period William Wordsworth(1770-1850)English poet, who was a most accomplishment and influential poet on the succeeding English poet.Some of Wordsworth’s principal poems
Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey(1798)《丁登寺》
The Prelude(1805-1806)《序曲》
The Excursion(1814)
《漫游》 Walter Scott(1771-1832)1.He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel which aims to
reconstruct a society of the past and to look at the society as a whole from the outside.2.The characteristics of his writing
A.His susceptibility to the charms of natural scenery showed itself conspicuously in his poems and novels.B.He infused into the novel of a new element by weaving pleasing story about
historical characters, thus creating the historical novel.C.His historical novels cover a period, ranging from the Middle Ages up to,and including, the 18th century.D.St.Ronan’s Well(1823)is the only contemporary novel among the works of Scott;it is a satire on the idle aristocratic society of his time.E.His novels give a panorama of feudal society from its early stages to its downfall.F.His novels were written from a definite cla standpoint.Scott was greatly interested in the fate of the people, of the patriarchal peasants in particular, portraying the decay of their mode of life by the onslaught of industrial capitalism.K.Scott is the first writer in any language to make scene eential to action.So the place is well-chosen.It seems that the action results in the natural environment.L.Scott is the first novelist to recreate the past.It changes our concept of history by making history a natural record in which living men and women play their part.M.Scott’s historical novel paved the path for the development of the realistic novel of the 19th century.Jane Austen(1775-1817)Jane Austen completed six novels:
Sense and Sensibility(1811)《理智与情感》
Pride and Prejudice(1813)《傲慢与偏见》
Mansfield Park(1814)
《曼斯菲尔德庄园》
Emma(1815)
《爱玛》
Northanger Abbey(1818)《诺桑觉寺》
Persuasion(1818)
《劝告》
Austen’s masterpiece —
Pride and Prejudice 1.subject matter: love and marriage;middle cla and upper cla 2.theme:Maturity is achieved through the lo of illusions.3.different views of marriage
A.to marry for material wealth and social position:
Charlotte — Mr.Collins
B.to marry for paion(from impulse and beauty): Lydia — Wickham
C.to marry for true love(with a consideration of the partner’s character and economic status):
Elizabeth — Darcy Jane — Bingley IV.The Satanic Poets
The Satanic School is a separate group formed from the older ones, or the Lakers, by some young romantics.The representatives are Byron, Shelley and Keats.The label is good for the rebellious Byron and Shelley, but it’s not quite appropriate for the quiet Keats.The three young poets shared a lot in common A.George Gorden Byron(1788-1824)a hero of his own type — the Byronic hero — handsome, chivalrous, energetic, pathetic, lonely, remorseful over a sin, gloomy and misanthropic, sexually free, and capable of generous acts and magnanimity Byron’s major poems:
first important work — Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage(1812-1818)《恰尔德哈罗尔德游记》
masterpiece — Don Juan(1819-1826)《唐璜》 B.Percy Byhe Shelley(1792-1822)Shelley’s major works:
a.Ode to the West Wind(1819)《西风颂》
b.Prometheus Unbound(1820)《解放了的普罗米修斯》 C.John Keats(1795-1821)Keats’ major works:
a.one of his masterworks — Ode to a Nightingale(1819)《夜莺颂》
b.a famous poem — Ode on a Grecian Urn(1820)《希腊古瓮颂》
c.one of his best odes — To Autumn(1819)《秋风颂》
d.his most beautiful work —
The Eve of St.Agnes(1820)《圣阿格尼斯之夜》 Major characteristics of Romanticism 1.Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.2.For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.3.Romantics did not think of the world as a ticking watch made by God.They thought of the world as a living, breathing being.4.They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.5.They affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted each person to be free to develop and expre his own inner thoughts.6.They cherished strong interest in the past, especially the medieval.7.They were attracted by the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the mysterious, and the strange.8.They were interested in variety.IV.Some Characteristics of Realism 1.Realism can be defined as the depiction of life as most people live and know it.Concerned with the actual, the average, the ordinary, and the typical;
Concerned with showing the reader precisely how ordinary life is lived;Dealt with man as he is in everyday life — average man;
Dealt with factories and slums, workmen, boes, corrupt politicians, petty criminals, and social outcasts.2.There is a strong inclination to equate literature with life and to value literature for its true-to-life qualities.Le concerned with their own subjective responses;
More concerned with the objective world outside their psyches;
Concerned with bringing people closer to life through literature;
Dealt with the social problems of real persons in real places in the present;
Their settings, plots, and characters are ordinary and believable;
Trying to bring literature closer to life, to have it truly represent life;
The term “artificial” becomes a word of reproach;
The term “graphic” becomes a word of praise.3.The “ring of real speech” is a common test for succeful dialogue.the characters must be life-life and recognized in real life;they must be fully developed with multi-dimensions just as human beings are in real life;their actions must be consistent with their personalities;their speech must be consistent with their positions in life;dialogue in fiction should serve to develop the main purpose of the novel;the writer should not intrude himself on his novels;dialogue should be relevant.4.High value is placed on scientific detachment and objectivity.both writers and scientists had a lot to do with the scientific Detachment and objectivity: the scientist gathers data, conducts his experiment, and there comes out this conclusion;the writer gathers his dada, and his writing is his experiment;like a scientist, a writer doesn’t need to be involved in his experiment;he approaches it very objectively;in eence, there is a kind of detachment;the writer doesn’t emerge in the material.Victorian Novels
Its three major phases of growth The early phase(from the 1830s to the middle of the century)A representative author: Charles Dickens(1812-1870)The mid or High Victorian phase(the 1870s)A representative author: George Eliot(1819-1880)The later phase(from the late 1880s onward): a representative author: Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)Some Victorian Novelists Charles Dickens(1812-1870)Dickens’ writing career: 3 stages
A.the first stage: the period of youthful optimism(1833-1841)
a.Pickwick Papers, 1836
《匹克威克外传》
b.Oliver Twist, 1837-1838 《雾都孤儿》
c.Nicholas Nickleby, 1838-1839 《尼古拉斯 · 尼克尔贝》
d.The Old Curiosity Shop, 1840-1841 《老古玩店》
e.Barnaby Rudge, 1841 《巴纳比 · 拉奇》 B、the second stage: the period of excitement and irritation(1842-1850)
a.Dombey and Son, 1847-1848 《董贝父子》
b.David Copperfield, 1849-1850 《大卫 · 科波菲尔》 his semi-autobiography;C.the third stage: the period of steadily intensifying peimism(1851-1870)
a.Bleak House, 1852-1853 《凄凉院》
b.Hard Times, 1854 《艰难时世》
c.Little Dorrit, 1855-1857 《小杜丽》
d.A Tale of Two Cities, 1859 《双城记》
e.Great Expectation, 1860-1861 《远大前程》
f.Our Mutual Friend, 1864-1865 《我们共同的朋友》
g.Edwin Drood, 1870 《艾德温德鲁特》
William Makepeace Thackeray(1811-1863)one of the two outstanding early
Victorian novelists, second only to Dickens Thackeray’s major works:
A.The Book of Snobs, 1847 《势利人脸谱》
B.Pendennis, 1848 《彭登尼斯》
C.Vanity Fair, 1847-1848《名利场》 his masterpiece
D.Henry Esmond, 1852 《亨利 · 埃斯蒙德》
E.The Newcomes, 1853-1855 《纽克姆一家》 Charlotte Bronte(1816-1855)Her impreive novels
A.The Profeor, 1857 《教授》
her first novel, but published after her death
B.Jane Eyre, 1847 《简爱》
C.Shirley, 1849 《雪莉》
D.Villette, 1853 《维莱特》
3.The relationship between her life and her writing
A.Most of her novels are autobiographical.B.She turns to literature because she finds the work as a governe and teacher unbearable.C.She tries to relieve her loneline and sadne of her life through writing with imagination.D.however, the pain still remains.All of her novels reveal her pain she feels in life.In short, there is an aching heart behind the world of imagination.Her masterpiece — Jane Eyre A.Subject matter:
women’s struggle for self-realization and their strong desire for love,independence and equality B.Characters of the poor, plain-looking heroine C.Jane Eyre is the first governe heroine and a completely new woman image in
English novels.George Eliot(1819-1880)She is considered to be the most pre-eminent novelist in the mid-Victorian period.Her major works:
A.Adam Bede, 1859 《亚当 · 比德》
B.The Mill on the Flo, 1859-1869《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》
C.Silas Marner, 1861 《织工马南传》
D.Middlemarch, 1871-1872 《米德尔马奇》 Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)a.Novels of Character and Environment（性格和环境小说）
Under the Greenwood Tree, 1872
《绿荫下》
Far from the Madding Ground, 1874《远离尘嚣》
The Return of the Native, 1878
《还乡》
The Mayor of Casterbridge, 1886 《卡斯特桥市长》 The Woodlanders, 1887
《林地居民》
Weex Tales, 1888
《威塞克斯故事》
Te of the D’urbervilles, 1891
《德伯家的苔丝》
Jude the Obscure, 1896
《无名的裘德》
b.Romances and Fantasies 罗曼史和幻想
A Pair of Blue Eyes, 1873
《一双蓝眼睛》
The Trumpet Major, 1880
《号兵长》
Two on a Tower, 1882
《塔上二人》
A Group of Noble Dames, 1891《一群贵妇人》
The Well-Beloved, 1892
《意中人》
c.Novels of Ingenuity
爱情阴谋故事
Desperate Remedies, 1891
《非常手段》
A Laodicean, 1881
《一个冷淡的女人》
a dozen minor novels, eg.:
A Changed Man, 1913《一个改变了的男人》
The Waiting Supper and Other Tales, 1913
《晚餐及其他故事》 B.his post-Victorian poetry
For the last three decades of his life, Hardy turned to poetry and became one of the major Victorian poets.His famous verse work include:
a.Poems of Past and Present, 1902 《过去和现在的诗集》
b.The Dynasts, 1904-1908
《列王》 5.his writing features
A.His stance on the nature of life and the cosmos is determinist in nature.B.Hardy’s stories are always moving and bewitching
C.Hardy places emphasis on the deeper psychology of his character D.Hardy’s language poees a silent power and charm.His masterpiece
Te of the D’urbervilles — A Pure Woman A.its main plot:
It centers on the tragic occurrences of its heroine Te’ life: seduced → abandoned → driven to murder → hanged B.its heroine — Te
a.She is a paragon of innocence.poor, pretty, happy by nature, good-hearted b.She is a towering figure among her kind.simplicity, nobility, devotion and sensitivity
c.What she asks of life is simple enough.to be loved and happy C.The spirit of determinist defeatism soaks all the way through the whole of the story.chances, coincidences D.The novel holds up a mirror for the spirit of the time.The pastoral life: on its way out of modern civilization: moved in life: cold and indifferent man’s ethical being: dwindles humans: powerle people: struggle in vain to survive Te’ tragedy: a foregone conclusion.The Aesthetic Movement 1.The end of the 19th century is a period of struggle between realistic and anti-realistic trends in art and literature.Realistic writers, like Thomas Hardy, created a truthful picture of contemporary England;Anti-realistic writers, like Oscar Wilde, led the readers away from the burning iues of social reality.2.In the latter part of the Victorian period Britain enjoyed an unprecedented material expansion.3.National ideals dimmed, the middle cla grew, and along with it the influence of its values, its standards of materialism and its cultural philistinism.4.A visible disparity appeared between the artist's ideal and the unaesthetic taste of the public, and the moral aesthetic of the period became too demanding for those intellectually sensitive people.5.The extreme cultural milieu eventually provoked a reaction.6.The initial signs of a movement away from the dominant stifling constraint began to show up and evolved into the Aesthetic Movement, the exact opposite in nature to the heavily didactic tendency of the early and High Victorian period.The Aesthetic Movement:
a movement which bloomed during the 1880s, heavily influenced by the Pre-Raphaelites, in which the adoption of sentimental archaism as the ideal of beauty was carried to extravagant lengths and often accompanied by affectation of speech and manner and eccentricity of dre.It represents both the perplexed reaction on the part of the thinking minds to the humdrum and dishonest civilization of the Victorian period and An attempt to escape from it.It has a very famous theory of “art for art’s sake”.Art For Art’s Sake:
A phrase aociated with the aesthetic doctrine that art is self-sufficient and need serve no moral or political purpose.The phrase became current in France in the first half of the 19th century.7.The Aesthetic Movement, after raging acro the country for over four decades, began to taper off in the late 1880s and died out altogether in the early 1890s.8.The movement has left a permanent imprint upon English life in general and upon artistic creation in particular.A.The idea of beauty took root in social life.B.Art and form have ceased to be always second to morality.Oscar Wilde(1856-1900)1.He excelled in a variety of genres as a critic of literature and of society, and also as a novelist, poet and dramatist.2.His novel, The Portrait of Dorian Gray, created a sensation when published in 1891.3.As a poet, he felt overshadowed by the Victorian predeceors whom he admired(e.g., Browning, Roetti, and Swinburne), and had trouble finding his own voice.4.His most outstanding succe was as a writer of comedies, including:
A.Lady Windermere’s Fan, 1892《温德米尔夫人的扇子》
B.A Woman of No Importance, 1893 《一个无足轻重的女人》
C.An Ideal Husband, 1895
《理想的丈夫》
D.The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895《认真的重要》
his masterpiece 5.His critical works include:
A.The Decay of Lying, 1889 《撒谎的衰落》
B.The Soul of Man Under Socialism, 1891 《社会主义制度下的灵魂》 6.For Wilde, style matters more than matter, and wit more than character.In his play, witty and delightful remarks are set in a cleverly constructed plot.7.He is a spokesman for Aestheticism.He expounded the theory of “art for art’s sake” in his critical eays: Beauty is the only purpose of art.8.Though in many of his brilliant plays and fairy tales he criticized the cynicism and bigotry of the bourgeois-aristocratic world of his days, he remained a skeptic and peimist.VII 1900~1950 The 20th Century Playwrights ① Oscar Wilde ② George Bernard Shaw 1.Oscar Wilde奥斯卡•王尔德1856~1900
（The Aesthetic Movement: Art for Art’s Sake）
① 4 Comedies:
认真的重要
温德米尔夫人的扇子 一个无足轻重的女人 理想的丈夫 ② Novel: 多利安•格雷的画像 ③ Fairy Stories:
快乐王子故事集
2.George Bernard Shaw乔治•伯纳•萧1856~1950(英国杰出的批判现实主义剧作家）critical realistic dramatist
⑪ Plays ① Plays Unpleasant
华伦夫人的职业 鳏夫的房产 ② Plays Pleasant
武器与人
左右命运的人 ③Plays
人与超人 匹格玛利翁 苹果车 圣女贞德
Novelists(Realists)1.Joseph Concrad ①吉姆爷 ②黑暗的心
1.Why the book’s title is Heart of Darkne? The story happened in Congo, the heart of Africa, and the color of people’s skin in there is black.Most important point about the title is to the evil in humans’ heart.2.What is the symbolism of black and white 【Black / dark-】death, evil, ignorance, mystery, savagery, uncivilized
Middle Ages, when science and knowledge was suppreed, as the Dark Ages.According to Christianity, in the beginning of time all was dark and God created light.According to Heart of Darkne, before the Romans came, England was dark.In the same way, Africa was considered to be in the “dark stage”.【White / light】life, goodne, enlightenment, civilized, religion.Yet, in Concrad, the usual pattern is reverse and darkne means truth(The truth within, therefore dark and obscure.), whitene means falsehood.This contrast tells a political truth about colonialism in the Congo.The contrast also suggests a psychological truth about Marlow and the Europeans mind.White also suggests any number of unpleasant moral truths.The trade in ivory is white and dirty.Kurtz the white man is totally corrupt 3.Comment
The book implies that civilizations are created by the laws and codes that encourage men to achieve higher standards.The law acts as a buffer to prevent men from reverting back to their darker tendencies.Civilization, however, must be learned.London itself, in the book a symbol of enlightenment, was once “one of the darker places of the earth” before the Romans forced civilization upon the Britons.But civilized society does not get rid of primeval savage tendencies which lurk in the background.This savagery is seen in Kurtz.Marlow meets Kurtz and he finds a man that has totally thrown off the restraint of civilization and has de-evolved into a primitive state.4.Character
【Kurtz】 represents what every man will become if left to his own intrinsic desires without a protective, civilized environment.【Marlow】 represents the civilized soul that has not been drawn back into savagery by a dark, alienating jungle.5.Narrative Structure
In Heart of Darkne, we have an outside narrator telling us a story he has heard from Marlow.The story Marlow tells centers around Kurtz.However, most of what Marlow knows about Kurtz, he has learned from others.They have good reason for not being truthful to Marlow.Therefore Marlow has to piece together much of Kurtz’s story.2.William Somerset Maugham
人性的枷锁
3.Edward Morgan Foster(E.M.Foster)
印度之行 霍华兹别墅
Modernists
⑪ 3 Novelists ① James Joyce ② David Herbert Lawrence ③ Virgirnia Woolf
1.David Herbert Lawrence戴维•赫伯特•劳伦斯1885~1930 ① 儿子与情人(autobiographical)【Mrs.Morel】, daughter of a middle-cla family, is “a woman of character and refinement”, a strong-willed, intelligent and ambitious woman who is fascinated by a warm, vigorous and sensuous coal miner, Walter Morel, and married beneath her own cla.Then, she was desponded at her husband and put her love to her sons.She hopes that they will become outstanding 【Paul Morel】depends heavily on his mother’s love and help to make sense of the world around him.He struggle to free from his mother’s influence, but he failed.After his mother has died and he is left alone, in despair.Theme: Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works.He believed that the healthy way of the individual’s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life implulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.huaman sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of life force.by presenting the psychological experience of indivudual human life and of human relationships, Lawrence has opened up a wide new territory to the novel
Oedipus Complex is a thematic feature of D.H.Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers ②虹 ③恋爱中的女人
④ 查特莱夫人的情人
2.James Joyce詹姆斯•乔伊斯1882~1941（爱尔兰小说家，意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousne
尤利西斯(S_O_C)一个青年艺术家的肖像 芬尼根的苏醒 都柏林人
3.Virginia Woolf弗吉尼娅•沃尔芙1882~1941（意识流小说的代表人物）stream-of-consciousne ① Novels
达洛维夫人 到灯塔去 浪 雅各布的房间 奥兰朵
幕间
⑫ 2 Poets
① W.B.Yeats(William Butler Yeats)
② T.S.Eliot(Thomas Sterns Eliot)
1.William Butler Yeats威廉•勃特勒•叶茨1865~1939（爱尔兰诗人，剧作家； The Irish nationalist movement 爱尔兰独立运动； The Irish Literary Revival 爱尔兰文艺复兴； The Irish Literary Theater, or the Abbey Theater 爱尔兰民族剧团）
⑪ collections
①
苇风
责任 ②
塔
旋转的楼梯 ⑫ Poems
复活节，1916
第二次来临/再世
到拜占庭航行
2.Thomas Sterns Eliot（诗人，剧作家，批评家）
⑪ Poems
①
②
四个四重奏 ③
⑫ Plays
①
大教堂谋杀案
English Literature
(Book II)名词解释： Romanticis
1.Romanticism（名词解释）要对浪漫主义兴起的时间，根源，主要特点，主要代表作家都有所了解。2.William Wordsworth要知道他的 “Lyrical Ballads”前言是英国浪漫主义时期开始的标志，也是宣言。Lake Poets（名词解释）。他诗歌的主要两类题材：nature and common people’s lives。
写过的著名作品：I wandered lonely as a cloud;To the cuckoo;Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey;The solitary reaper;We are seven 等等。
3.Samuel Taylor Coleridge两首名诗：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner;Kubla Khan主要写作supernatural题材。
4.George Gordon Byron，Byronic Heroes(名词解释);著名作品：Child Harold’s Pilgrimage要知道大致内容，另外此诗用Spenserian Stanza写成；Don Juan要知道大致内容。
5.Percy Byhe Shelley著名作品：Queen Mab;The Revolt of Islam;Prometheus Unbound（lyrical drama，要知道大致内容及此剧与古希腊的“被束缚的普罗米修斯”不同之处及其意义。）其它名作: Ode to the West Wind;To a skylark等等。
6.John Keats著名作品：Ode to Autumn;Ode to a Nightingale;Ode on a Grecian Urn”。注意Keats与Byron和Shelley的不同，Keats的诗歌没有两人那么强的革命性，他的诗歌主要是为了缔造一个唯美的世界，为了追求美而写作的。
7.Charles Lamb：The Eays of Elia(humorous, archaisms, quotations from other writers)8.Walter Scott: founder and great master of the historical novel;his death marks the ending of Romantic Period in English literature;famous novels: Rob Roy, Ivanhoe;features of his novels.English Critical Realism 9.Critical Realism批判现实主义，要知道它兴起的时间，历史背景，主要代表人物及主要特点。
10.Charles Dickens主要作品: The Pickwick Papers(first novel);Oliver Twist;Dombey and Son;David Copperfield;A Tales of Two Cities等等，对这些主要作品除了第一部以外剩下的要对情节，主要人物形象，主题及其意义有所了解，另外要知道狄更斯的小说的特色。
11.William Makepeace Thackeray主要作品即Vanity Fair要知道这个题目出自John Bunyan的The Pilgrim’s Progre，另外小说的副标题 “A novel without a hero”的意思，小说的情节，主题，人物形象都要了解。
12.Jane Austen主要作品：Pride and Prejudice其它5部小说知道名字即可，对于《傲慢与偏见》简单看一下它的情节和主要人物。Austen的写作特点：thin plot, mostly everyday life of simple country society;good at writing young girls;modest satire;witty dialogues。
13.Charlotte Bronte主要作品Jane Eyre，要知道其情节和意义，另外简爱的人物形象也比较重要。
14.Emily Bronte主要作品Wuthering Heights，情节，人物形象及意义。勃朗特姐妹的小说虽然写作在批判现实主义时期，但其作品有明显的浪漫主义特色，比如包含的一些supernatural elements，特别体现在呼啸山庄中。
15.George Eliot主要作品: Adam Bede, The Mill on Flo.Prose-writers and poets of the mid and later 19th century 16.Alfred Tennyson主要作品: In Memoriam, The Idylls of the Kings；有名的短诗Break, Break, Break;Croing the bar等，此人政治态度保守，作品追求形式上的完美，富于音乐性和色彩。17.Robert Browning introduced dramatic monologue to poetry.His famous poems: “Home-thoughts from abroad” etc.Elizabeth Barrett Browning: “Sonnets from the Portuguese”.18.Aestheticism唯美主义（名词解释）Oscar Wilde主要作品，写作特点及其意义简要了解。
Twentieth Century English Literature 19.John Galsworthy: 主要作品 “The Forsyte Saga”注意这是两个trilogy构成的，可不是一本小说，其中比较重要的是 “The Man of Property”就是书上介绍的那一部，要知道此部小说主人公的名字，以及这个主人公的性格，和小说主题。
20.George Bernard Shaw主要作品Mrs Warren’s Profeion和Major Babara，对他作品的主要人物，情节，主题和意义要了解，他是比较重要的一个作家。21.T.S.Eliot比较重要，特别是他的The Waste Land要知道包括哪几个部分，大概是什么情节，有什么象征意义，主题是什么，有什么写作特点。另外他著名的文章Tradition and the Individual Talent被认为是manifesto of modernist poetry.22.Modernist fiction put emphasis on the description of the characters’ psychological activities under the influence of Austrian doctor Sigmund Freud’s theories.23.D.H.Lawrence重点作品Sons and Lovers这个作品明显受到弗洛伊德影响，特别是其中体现的Oedipus complex，对其人物，主题要有了解；The Rainbow及其续篇Women in Love要有简单了解，特别是对其主题。Lady Chatterley’s Lover简单了解即可。劳伦斯的思想特点以及局限性要了解。
24.Stream-of-consciousne（名词解释）
25.James Joyce其它作品简单了解，但Ulyes非常重要，需要知道题目来源，题目的含义，小说的主人公和情节，以及主题。
26.Virginia Woolf重要的意识流作家，主要作品要指导。书上主要介绍的是Mrs.Dalloway，其实她的其它几部作品特别是To the Lighthouse也比较出名，需要了解一下。
V The Romantic Period(1798--1832)The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s , and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s dea......
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