Washington_Irving_1783.资料_园林树木学的一些资料
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Washington Irving 1783–-1859
(Also wrote under the pseudonyms of Geoffrey Crayon, Diedrich
Knickerbocker, Jonathan Oldstyle, and Launcelot Langstaff)American short story writer, eayist, historian, biographer, journalist, and editor.INTRODUCTION
Irving is considered both the first American man of letters and the creator of the American short story.Though best known for such tales of rural Americana as “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” Irving later became a prolific and accomplished biographer as well as a distinguished statesman.Biographical Information
Born in New York in 1783, Irving was the youngest of eleven children.Though he studied the law and eventually worked at a law office, his legal studies were halfhearted;he much preferred writing for his brother Peter's journal, The Morning Chronicle.In 1802 Irving wrote a series of letters to the Chronicle under the pseudonym of Jonathan Oldstyle.These letters gently mocked New York society and brought Irving his first recognition as a writer.Failing health forced him to seek a change of climate, and he traveled to Europe.In 1806 he returned home and was admitted to the bar;however, his legal interest waned.Irving, his brother William, and brother-in-law James Kirke Paulding, along with some other friends, were known as the “Nine Worthies of Cockloft Hall,” named after their favorite place for “conscientious drinking and good fun.” They collaborated on the satirical journal Salmagundi;or, The Whim-whams and Opinions of Launcelot Langstaff, Esq., and Others(1807-1808), which included many eays by Irving that reflected his Federalist political attitudes and social stance.The venture proved unprofitable, however, and the young men were forced to abandon the publication.In 1809 Irving enjoyed a second literary succe with the publication and favorable reception of the satirical A History of New York, from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty.His succe, however, was overshadowed by the death of his fiancee, Matilda Hoffman, in 1809.Grief consumed Irving and his works were never again to be light-spirited.In an effort to forget his sorrow, Irving entered a period of fervid activity.He acted as his brother's law partner, helped in the family hardware busine, and edited a magazine, the Analectic.Irving eventually
returned to England and worked in the Liverpool branch of his family's
import-export firm for three years until it went bankrupt.After years of wavering indecisively between a legal, editorial, and mercantile career, he finally decided to make writing his livelihood.He began recording impreions, thoughts, and descriptions in a small notebook.These, polished and repolished in Irving's meticulous manner, eventually became The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.(1819-20).Irving's most enduring work, the collection ensured his reputation as a man of letters.Its timing proved opportune, as no one had yet produced a universally appealing piece of American literature.In 1826 Irving traveled as a member of the American diplomatic corps to Spain, where he wrote A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(1828).A subsequent tour of Spain produced A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(1829)and The Alhambra(1832).During the 1830s, Irving returned to America, taking part in a tour of the Oklahoma territory.His travels in the West were fodder for several of his subsequent books, including The Crayon Miscellany(1835), A Tour on the Prairies(1835), Astoria, or Anecdotes of an Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains(1836), and The Adventures of Captain Bonneville(1837).In 1842 Irving became minister to Spain.Though he enjoyed his role as a diplomat, he returned to the United States to further his career as a biographical writer.His biography of Oliver Goldsmith is considered a particularly fine example of Irving's concise, balanced style.His last years were spent at work on a biography of George Washington;though overly elaborate and lacking his former naturalne of tone, the work exprees Irving's belief in a glorious American past.Irving's funeral was attended by thousands of admirers who mourned the death of an author they loved.Major Works
Irving's initial forays into writing were eays that satirized the political, social, and cultural life of his native New York City.A number of these were published in the short-lived journal Salmagundi.Irving continued in this satirical vein with his first book, A History of New York.Narrated by the fictional Diedrich Knickerbocker, a fusty, colorful Dutch-American, the work provided a comical, deliberately inaccurate account of New York's past.Considered his most consistently optimistic work, Irving was able to expound on native themes with affection and candor;indeed, the name “Knickerbocker” has become synonymous with a period of early American culture.The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., Irving's subsequent effort, is considered a landmark work in American fiction.The book not only introduced the modern short story form in the United States but was also the first work by an American author to gain recognition abroad.Noted chiefly today for the stories “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” the collection was widely popular
in both England and the United States.Purportedly the work of Geoffrey Crayon, a genteel, good-natured American wandering through Britain on his first trip abroad, The Sketch Book consists largely of his travel impreions.These sketches are picturesque, elegant, and lightly
humorous in the tradition of the eighteenth-century eayists Richard Addison and Oliver Goldsmith, Irving's literary models.The most enduring pieces, however, are those in which Irving wove elements of legend, folklore, and drama into narratives of the New World.“Rip Van Winkle,” the story of a lackadaisical Dutch-American who slumbers for twenty years, and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” which recounts Ichabod Crane's meeting with a headle horseman, have long been considered claics.Critics generally agree that these were the models for the modern American short story and that both tales introduced imagery and archetypes that enriched the national literature.Irving's later career is marked by his shift towards biography writing.While traveling through Europe in the 1820s, Irving was asked to translate some documents on Christopher
Columbus.Instead, Irving decided to write a biography on the man central to the American identity.Critics praised A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus as one of the greatest biographies ever written;the book earned Irving distinction both as a scholar and as a biographer.Irving employed his skills as a researcher again in his biographies on Oliver Goldsmith and George Washington.In addition, Irving's keen
interest in the American character and identity led him to write several books about the American West.In his works A Tour on the Prairies, Astoria, and Captain Bonneville, Irving recounted the adventurous and sometimes brutal life of the frontiersman.He is credited with realistically
portraying the pioneers' cruel treatment of Native Americans.However, he championed American enterprise and the courage of American men forging a future for the country.
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