翻译笔记之十大差异_经典英文翻译笔记
翻译笔记之十大差异由刀豆文库小编整理，希望给你工作、学习、生活带来方便，猜你可能喜欢“经典英文翻译笔记”。
Ten Language Differences between English and Chinese
（一）英语重形合（Hypotaxis），汉语重意合(Parataxis)
（二）英语前重心，汉语后重心
（三）英语静态语言（Static），汉语动态语言(Dynamic)
（四）英语重物称（Impersonal），汉语重人称(Personal)
（五）英语多被动（Paive），汉语多主动(Active)
（六）英语重短语，汉语轻短语
（七）英语重时体，汉语轻时体
（八）英语多复合长句，汉语多简单短句
（九）英语重后饰，汉语重前饰
（十）英语重形态，汉语轻形态
（一）英语重形合（Hypotaxis），汉语重意合(Parataxis)形合与意合“形合”(hypotaxis)是指借助语言形式手段（包括词汇手段和形态手段）实现词语或句子的连接；
“意合”(parataxis)是指不借助语言形式手段而借助词语或句子所含意义的逻辑联系来实现它们之间的连接。
前者注重语言形式上的接应(cohesion)，后者注重意义上的连贯(coherence)。
一个英国人，不会说中文，有一次在中国旅行。
There was an English man.He could not speak Chinese.He was once traveling in China.An English man who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in china.画-王维
远看山有色,近听水无声。春去花还在,人来鸟不惊。
Looked from afar, the mountains are green and clear;Listened at nearside, the streams sound
quiet and silent.The flowers remain in bloom though spring has gone;The birds are not frightened at human
being ’s approach.赠汪伦-李白
李白乘舟将欲行，忽闻岸上踏歌来。桃花潭水深千尺，不及汪伦送我情。To Wanglun I, Libai, sit in a boat about to go, When suddenly on shore your farewell sons overflow.However deep the Lake of Peach Blooms may be, It’s not so deep, O Wanglun, as your love for me.1)隐含条件从句的汉语意合句
早知今日，何必当初。
If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.把小孩冻坏了，我们怎么向他的母亲交账？
If the child catches a chill, what are we going to say to its mother? 话不投机半句多
When the conversation get disagreeable, to say one word more is a waste of breath.2)隐含时间从句的汉语意合句
他老是见异思迁。
He is always changing his mind the moment he sees something new.他离乡背井十载，从未回去过。
He has never been back to his birthplace since he left it ten years ago.3)隐含结果从句的汉语意合句
他说的太快，我们不能理解他的意思。
He spoke so fast that we couldn’t understand his meaning.天气寒冷，河水都结冰了。
It was so cold that the river froze.4)隐含原因从句的汉语意合句
我只见到他的背影，认不清他是谁。
I couldn’t make out who he was as I only saw his back.地面潮湿，一定是下雨了。
It must have rained since the ground is wet.5)隐含递进从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句 汤姆干了这件事，干得非常成功。Tom did it, and did it very succefully.他们战胜了自然灾害，获得了丰收。
They not only overcame the effects of the natural adversity but won a bumper harvest.6)隐含转折从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句 江山易改，本性难移。
It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature.他起初同意了，过后又后悔了。
At first, he agreed, but later he backed out.7)隐含对比从句的汉语意合句与英语形合句 上海曾是冒险家的乐园，劳动人民的苦海。
Shanghai was once paradise for the adventurers but hell for the working people.总之，前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
In a word, the prospects are bright while the road has twists and turns.8)隐含动作连续关系的汉语意合句
他于1902年离校，去伦敦生活。
He left school in 1902, and went to live in London.医生从木乃伊上切下一块切片，送到实验室。
The doctor removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a lab.汉语形合句与意合句之异
表达达意方面：形合是明示，意合是隐含。前者具有更加明显的强调意味。If you tell me all about it, I shall be able to decide.A)如果你把一切都告诉我，我就能决定了。B)你把一切都告诉我，我就能决定了。
语体方面：形合庄重，意合随便
He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleep-but forever.让他一个人留在房间总共不过两分钟，当我们再进去的时候，便发现他在安乐椅上安静的睡着了-但已经永远睡着了。
Engle's speech at the graveside of Marx 庄重语体的悼词
It was quite late when we got back, nearly seven ‘o clock in the evening.我们到家已经很晚，快晚上七点了。
幽默小品故事“How we kept mother’s day”出自一个少年之手，行文诙谐幽默，富有生活气息。
英语重形合，不乏意合手段 英语意合手段： 1）非人称主语句
音响效果不好，演出大为逊色。
Poor acoustics spoilt the performance.The good tidings filled the whole nation with joy.捷报传来，举国欢腾。2）祈使句+and Take a wide view, and you will see it differently.把眼光放宽点，你就不会这样看了。3）片语句
A fall in the pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。
First time stranger, second time friends.一回生，二回熟。
A little of everything and nothing at all.样样皆通,样样不通./如果什么事情都浅尝辄止，终将一事无成。4）隐含原因、让步、条件等表意功能的定语从句
I shall pa by the next paragraph, which has nothing to do with the topic in hand.下一段与主题无关,我就不谈了。
Why waste breath on them, who have turned such an unwilling ear? 既然他们不愿意听，那何必对他们浪费口舌呢？
He who imagines he can do without the world deceive himself much;but he who fancies the world can’t do without him is still more mistaken.如果有人认为自己脱离社会可以独自生活，那他是自欺欺人；但是，如果有人幻想这个世界没有他就不会转动那他就大错特错了。
5）名词：在一定语境下取代让步、条件 Beggars must not be choosers.要饭不能嫌馊/的就不能挑肥拣瘦。
An inferior pilot in such a situation would inevitably have lost his head.换一个差一点的飞行员，遇到这种情况，就一定不知所措了。
（二）英语前重心，汉语后重心-----词序调整法
句子重心，一般落在结论、断言、结果以及事实上。
Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life.（英语中先果后因）文学作品里可以有悲剧，就是因为生活中有悲剧。既然生活中有悲剧，文学作品里就可以写悲剧。
The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggreion by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.(英语中先结果后条件)小国人民一定能够战胜大国的侵略，只要他们敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，掌握自己国家的命运。
只要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器，敢于掌握自己国家的命运,小国人民一定能够战胜大国的侵略。
（三）英语静态语言（Static），汉语动态语言(Dynamic)---重复法/增译法/词性调整法 英语习惯于少用动词而使用其他手段表示动作意义。
句法手段：非谓语动词、非限定动词、省略动词、将动词名词化 词汇手段：使用动词的同源名词、形容词、介词、副词等。静夜思-李白
床前明月光，疑是地上霜。举头望明月，低头思故乡。
Thoughts on a Tranquil Night Before my bed lies a pool of moonlight-Can it be frost on the ground? Looking up, I find the moon bright;Bowing, in homesickne I’m drowned.Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.他来回晃着脑袋，欲望在膨胀，意志在萎缩。
But this very formulation is indicative of the underlying attitude.但这种说法已表明其内心态度。
A woman with fair opportunities, and without an absolute hump may marry who she likes.一个女人，只要不是太驼背，机会好的，想嫁给谁就嫁给谁。
（四）英语重物称（Impersonal），汉语重人称(Personal)英语中存在不能施行动作或无生命事物的物称词做主语。而汉语中有生命的物体为主语的首选。
A wave of cigar smoke accompanied Ogilvie in.奥格尔维进门时带进来一缕雪茄烟雾。
Bitterne fed on the man who had made the world laugh.痛苦哺育了这位使全世界发出笑声的人。
这位给全世界带来笑声的人自己却饱尝辛酸。
（五）英语多被动（Paive），汉语多主动(Active)---语态转变法
The importance of oceanography as a key to the understanding of our planet is seldom as well appreciated.海洋学是认识我们星球的关键，其重要性人们却很少理解。
（六）英语重短语，汉语轻短语 英语的句法单位的基本主体是短语。
介词、分词、不定式、动词、独立结构短语等。而汉语的基本句法单位为词。
I have never met a person so difficult to understand as my husband.我还从未遇到过像我丈夫这么难以理解的人。
The author ‘s new book on phonetics recently published is more than worth reading.作者最近初版的关于语音的书太值得一读了。You must stand up for your friend in difficulty.你应该支持处于困境中的朋友。
To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.对敌人的仁慈就是对人民的残忍。
（七）英语重时体，汉语轻时体----语法增补
英语中有16种时态
而汉语中只有为数不多的虚词“着、了、过”及时间状语来表示时态概念。
A ring road lies on the site of an old city wall which has been moved.（八）英语多复合长句，汉语多简单短句
英语中多“多枝共干”的长句和复合句（英语重形合，汉语重意合；英语静态，汉语动态；英语中替代词和关系词的广泛使用）；汉语多用短句和简单句。
As we lived near the road, we often had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confe, with the veracity of an historian, that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.我们就住在路边。过路人或外乡人常到我们家，尝我们家酿的酸果酒。这种酒很有名气。我敢说，尝过的人，从来没有挑剔过。我这话像历史学家说的一样靠得住。
While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Mi Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Hall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harne, driven by a fat coachman in a three-concerned hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour.这个世纪那会儿才过了十几年。在六月的一天早上，天气晴朗，一辆宽敞的私人马车来到契
斯维克林荫道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前。拉车的两匹马很是肥壮，马具雪亮雪亮的。车夫也很肥胖，头上戴着假发和三角帽。赶车的速度是一小时四英里。
（九）英语重后饰，汉语重前饰
英语的修饰语可前置，可后置。如修饰语为短语或分句往往后置。而汉语的修饰语无论是词、短语还是句子其位置总是前置。
The diagnosis seems in every case to correspond exactly with all sensations that I have ever felt.每次看病的诊断似乎都和我所有的感觉完全相符。
It is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias.借助于想象与持不同偏见的人进行辩论，是一个很好的办法。
（十）英语重形态，汉语轻形态
英语是形态语言，就语法范畴，英语有性、数、格的形态变化；动词有时、体、态、气的形态变化；代词。
就构词，英语有词根、词缀。
According to the group, most reconstructive surgeries resulting from dog bite are performed on dog owners and their family and friends.据该组织说，大多数被狗咬伤后接受修复手术的是狗的主人以及他们的家人和朋友。
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