四级翻译讲义_四级翻译讲义下
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大学英语四级翻译讲义
英语翻译三步曲 第一：找主干 第二：定时态 第三：加修饰 第一、找主干
什么是句子的主干？――主要成份
第二、定时态
如何确定时态？找信号词 A一般现在时
信号词：现在、是、总是、给
谓语构成： be动词（am/is are）动词原形（do/does）
B 一般过去时
信号词：过去某个具体时间点(从前、早在、在2011年,朝代）
相传，据说
谓语构成：be（was，were）或者 did C.现在完成时
信号词：（副词）到目前为止，已经，自从，在近……以来，早就（助词）了，过，结构： have/ has + done(动词的过去分词)表示完成时的时间状语标志 D.一般将来时
信号词：将来、会、可以…
谓语构成： will(be going to)+do E 现在进行时
信号词：正在、此时此刻、（助词）正……着
谓语构成： be（am/is are）+doing F.情态动词
结构:should/may/can/could/must等+do 信号词：将，可能，也许
时间状语
一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶。(1312四）An emperor found the tea five thousand years ago.在明清期间，茶馆遍布全国。(1312四）
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the tea houses were widespread all over the country.几个世纪以来，西湖一直以其秀美风景而闻名于世。
For centuries, the West Lake has been well-known for its beautiful scenery.地点状语
“中国结”(Chinese Knot)在中文里意味着爱情，婚姻和团聚。(1312四）Chinese Knot means love, marriage and reunion in Chinese.好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡.(1312四）
Good cooks always try to seek balance among grains, meat and vegetables.方式状语
中国应进一步发展核能.(1406四）
China should further develop the nuclear energy.食物对健康至关重要.(1312四）
Food is crucially important to health.阅读对于中小学生尤为重要.(1406四）
Reading is crucially important to primary and middle school students.目的状语
为了，针对，以
用to do 形式
为驱厄运、迎好运，家家户户都会进行大扫除（样题）。To sweep away the ill fortune and bring in good luck,… 针对这一问题，中国政府正开始发起低碳行动。To tackle this problem,….为了促进教育公平，中国已经投入360亿元，用于改善农村地区教育设施。
To promote the equality of education, China …...青奥会于①八月②在南京③隆重开幕。
在汉语中通常排列为“时间→地点→方式→动词”的顺序，在英语中通常排列为“动词→方式→地点→时间”的顺序。
how→where→when
The Youth Olympic Games began ceremoniously in Nanjing in August.我从看到你第一眼就从心底里深深地爱上了你。I love you deeply from the bottom of my heart at the first sight.简单句语序：主+谓+宾+How+Where+When 请试着将下面短语组成一个完整的句子。
Games
played
yesterday
in the room
the children
quietly The children played games quietly in the room yesterday.before lunch
the letter
in his office
quickly he read He read the letter quickly in his office before lunch.the little boy
an apple
this morning
ate
greedily in the kitchen.The little boy ate an apple greedily in the kitchen this morning.第四：加修饰（形容词）的翻译： a、单个形容词翻译
中国结已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。
Chinese Knot has become an elegant and colorful art and craft.b、复合形容词
副词+动词过去分词形式＝＝形容词
“你要茶还是咖啡?”是用餐人常被问到的问题。
”Would you like tea or coffee?”, that is a frequently-asked question to dinning people.精心准备的中餐既可口又好看。
Well-prepared food is both delicious and good-looking.新版的牛津（Oxford）英语词典 newly-edited Oxford English Dictionary 新公布的计划 newly-announced plan 新建的高楼 recently/newly-built architectures 精心设计的景观 well-designed landscape
（二）、of 结构
茶是中国的瑰宝。(1312四）
Tea is the treasure of China.(of结构）
(1)随着
随着时代的发展with the development of times
随着技术和安全措施的改进with the improvement of technology and security measures
随着电脑和智能手机的迅速发展和普及with the fast development and popularity of computers and smart phones（2）史
中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史。
Chinese paper-cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.北京首都国际机场(Beijing Capital International Airport)已有50多年的历史。
Beijing Capital International Airport has a history of more than 50 years.（3）部分
太极拳是东方文化的重要组成部分。
Taijiquan is an important part of the oriental culture.城镇化已经成为我国社会和经济发展的重要组成部分。
Urbanization has become an important component of social and economic development in China.(4)分数
核电目前只占其总发电量的2% Nuclear power currently only accounts for 2% of the total generating capacity.中国老年人口占据人口总数的三分之一。
Chinese elder people account for one third of the total population.…….之一 句型
主谓+ one of +形容词+范围词+地点
皮影戏是中国最著名民间戏剧形式之一.Shadow play is one of the most famous folk art forms in China.茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一。Tea is one of the most popular beverages in the world.（三）、介词短语
a、表拥有
中心词+with短语
有三千年历史的城市
a city with a history of 3,000 years.b、表地点
中心词+from/in/+somewhere 农村和山区的儿童
the children in rural and mountainous areas
c 表方位
中心词+in+sth.工业升级中的结构性障碍(structural obstacle)
the structural obstacle in industrial upgrading d 表目的中心词+for sth.馈赠外国友人的礼物 the gift for foreign friends
被动句结构
• 一般现在时：be（am is are）+done • 现在进行时： be（am is are）+being + done • 一般过去时：was、were +done • 一般将来时：will be done • 现在完成时：have/has been done • 情态动词：must(can/could等)be done 真题演练
The famous novel is said to
(已经被翻译成多种语言).（2012-6）
We look forward to
(被邀请出席开幕式).一、点型的被字句
（1）信号词
被，由，让，给，遭，受，通过 为…所称，用于（2）判断句
是+动词+的
语言是在实践中形成的。Language has been formed in practice.二、隐形被动句
今天食堂吃饺子。
三、习惯性被动句
我们，人们，大家
被动句的翻译步骤： 第一：定主干（定谓语动词）第二：定时态
第三：加被动
一、点型的被字句
被字句
在中国，烹饪被视为一种技能（1312四）。In China, cooking is regarded as a skill.由字句
家里的大事由男人做主。The important things in family are decided by men.于字句
这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍
These funds are used to improve teaching facilities and purchase books.遭字句
目前，人类的生存环境正在遭到破坏。
Currently, the human’s living environment is being destroyed severely.受字句
中国武侠连续剧(Chinese Wuxia series)在西方受到大众的欢迎。Chinese Wuxia series is welcomed by the audience in the west.称
《本草纲目》堪称中医史上最完整的医书。
Ben Cao Gang Mu is regarded as the most complete Medical book in the history of traditional Chinese medicine.（2）：是、、、的地基是石头砌成的.The foundation is made of stones 真题演练
换句话说，核能是可以安全开发和利用的。
In other words, the nuclear energy can be exploited and utilized safely.中国结(the Chinese knot)最初是手工艺人发明的。（13.12 四）
The Chinese Knot was initially invented by craftsmen.第二：隐形被动句
房间已经打扫干净了。The room has been cleaned.文章总算写完了。The article has finally been finished.第三：习惯性被动句(泛指人称代词,人们，我们开头)人们用它来辟邪。It is used to ward off evil spirits.人们用它来记录事件。It is used to record events.真题演练
１这种形式的手工艺(handcraft)代代相传。This kind of craft has been paed down for generations.2、中国结常常作为礼物交换.The Chinese Knot is often given as a gift for exchange.如何翻译无主句？
第一：加人称代词 第二：译为被动
第三：it is +a.+to do(做某事是……，很难，很容易)第四：there be/appear/exist（有，现在，存在）
第一：加人称代词
开车没有方向盘不行。You can’t turn a car without the wheel.外面下雨了。It’s raining outside．
接到你的情书，非常高兴。
（我）接到你的情书,（我）非常高兴。
I am very glad to have received your love letter.第二：译为被动
食堂今天吃饺子。Dumplings are served in the dining hall today.第三：it is +a.+to do(做某事是……，很难，很容易)很难弄清楚这个习俗的起源。
It is difficult to make clear the origins of the custom.第四、译为存现句型，there be 信号词 有，存在，出现 中西方饮食习惯存在具大差异。
There exist great differences between Chinese and western eating habits.必须保证孩子们的安全。
Children’s safety must be guaranteed.We must guarantee children’s safety.It is eential to guarantee children’s safety.并列句
并列句＝简单句+并列连词+简单句 表并列关系 和, 不仅，而且
and, both..and…
as well as , not only...but also..., , neither…nor 表转折关系：但是，然而
but,however, while
表选择关系：或者
or, either…or
成功有一千个理由，失败却只有一个。
――――约翰肯尼迪（John F Kennedy）
Victory has a thousand fathers, but defeat is an orphan.谈恋爱，是跟一个人的优点在谈恋爱，谈结婚，是跟一个人的缺点在过日子。
Dating someone is dating with his or her merits,while marrying someone is marrying his or her demerits.改错题
１ 丽江古城位于云南西北部，是纳西族(Naxi ethnic group)聚居(Home to)的地方。
Lijiang ancient city is located in the northwest of Yun Nan province, and home to Naxi ethnic group.许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶。
Many westerners will choose coffee, while the choice of Chinese may be tea.3 茶是中国的瑰宝，也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。
Not only is tea an ethnic drinking, but also was an important component of Chinese traditional culture.真题演练
在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要 用于装饰的目的。
In ancient times, it was used for recording events, while now it is mainly used for a decoration purpose.中餐既美味又健康Chinese food is both delicious and healthy.中国园林是中国文化的标志，已有3000多年的悠久历史。
Chinese garden is a symbol of Chinese Culture and it has a long history of more than 3000 years.定语从句
作用一：帮助我们翻译长定语
作用二：帮助我们翻译难词
翻译定语从句的步聚： 第一：译主干，确定先行词 第二：加关系词 第三：译从句
The prevention and treatment of AIDS is
(我们可以合作的领域）(0806四）
一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生如今又回到了本地农村学校就读。Some students who have been transferred to city schools to receive a better education are now moving back to their local rural schools.其中 among which(事)among whom(人)杭州特产众多，其中以丝绸和茶叶最受欢迎。
Hangzhou owns numerous special local products, among which the silk and the tea is the most popular.历史上涌现了一批杰出的元曲剧作家，其中以关汉卿最负盛名。
There appeared a great number of outstanding playwrights of Yuan opera in history, among whom Guan Hanqing was the most famous.翻译难词
瓷器,和丝绸一样，是享誉海外的中国特产。
Chinaware, like silk, is a specialty of China that is very famous overseas.宾语从句
判断：宾语是一个句子
信号词：认为 deem 声称maintain 显示reveal 强调stre 建议advise
结构：主语+谓语+(that)+从句
如果谓语动词是现在时，从句可以用任何时态；
如果谓语动词是过去时，从句要用相应的过去时态。他们强调，人们应当读好书，尤其是经典著作。
They stre that people should read good books, especially claical ones.有些教育工作者2003年就建议设立全民读书日。
Some educational workers have suggested that a National Reading Day be set up since 2003.时间状语从句
引导词：when, until 信号词：时，当….时 【真题链接】
.例子一：(CET4 2006/12)一些心理学家表明人们出门在外时可能会感到孤独。
---Some psychologists claim that people may feel lonely_________________________.例子二：(CET4 2014/06)饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美。(1312四）Tea-drinking was introduced to Japan in the 6th century, but was not introduced to Europe and America until the 18th
century.条件状语从句
引导词：if
信号词：如果，假如 主将从现
从句：if+主语+do/does 主句：主语+will +do If you do what you love, money will follow.如果错过了太阳时你流泪，那么你也要错过群星了。
-----泰戈尔
If you shed tears when you mi the sun, you’ll mi the stars.主情从现
如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗？---If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 从句：if+主语+do/does 主句：主语+must/can/may等 主祈从现
---If you want to know the value of money, go and try to borrow some.从句：if +主语+do/does 主句：祈使句
否定：don’t do/never do sth.If you can’t say anything nice, don’t say anything at all.If you are ever in trouble, don’t try tobe brave, just run, runaway.【真题链接】
Please come here at ten tomorrow morning if it is convenient for you.(如果你方便的话）
假如他们没有在这个关键时期培养阅读的兴趣，以后要养成阅读的习惯就很难了。（1406四）
If they don’t develop the interest of reading during this crucial period, it will be difficult to get into the habit of reading late.第四次课内容：
第一：如果升级and连接的并列句（同位语，分词作状语，非限定性定语从句）第二：三个提分句型 第三：段落翻译注意事项 汉语是一种古老的语言，已有四千多年的历史。
Chinese is an ancient language,and it has a history of more than four thousand years.2 宋徽宗是北宋第八位皇帝，也是宋朝最著名的皇帝之一。
Song Huizong is the eighth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, and he is also one of the most famous emperors in the Song Dynasty.相在同点：第一：前后两句主语一致
第二：第一句是个系表结构 方法：把第一个系表结构变为同位语 升级后的句型为：
汉语是一种古老的语言，已有四千多年的历史。
Chinese, an old language, has a history of more than four thousand years.宋徽宗是北宋第八位皇帝，也是宋朝最著名的皇帝之一。
Song Huizong, the eighth emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, is also one of the most famous emperors in the Song Dynasty.课堂练习
剪纸（Paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一，有一千五百多年的历史。
Paper-cutting, one of the most popular traditional folk art forms, has a history of more than 1500 years.在中国，月饼是一种特殊的食品，广受海内 外华人的欢迎。
Moon cakes, a special kind of food in China, are deeply loved by the Chinese both at home and abroad.中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)是中华文化的一部分，为中国的繁荣做出了很大的贡献。
Traditional Chinese Medicine, a component of Chinese culture, has made great contributions to the prosperity of China.句型升级2 我们坐在高高的谷堆旁边，听妈妈讲那过去的故事。
We sat on the high hillock and listened to the old story.We sat on the high hillock, listening to the old story.相同点
第一：前后两句主语一致
第二：动词与主语是主动关系
第一：保留主动词
第二：次动词用ing形式
课堂练习
近年来，越来越多的女性在政府部门任职，参与国家政务活动。
In recent years, an increasing number of females have taken office in thegovernment, participating in the national political affairs.元代时戏剧曾传到世界上很多国家，迷倒了不少国外戏迷。
Drama was introduced to many countries during the Yuan Dynasty, attracting many foreign audience.句型升级3 我们依偎在妈妈的怀里，听妈妈讲那过去的故事。
We were nestled in the mother’s arm and listened to the old story.如果前后两句主语一致，动词与主语的是一主一被
方法一： Nestled in the mother’s arm, we listened to the old story.方法二： We were nestled in the mother’s arm, listening to the old story.上海自由贸易区(Shanghai Trade Zone)位于上海市的郊区，面积为28.78平方公里。
Located on the outskirts of Shanghai city, Shanghai Trade Zone covers an area of
28.78 square kilometers.Shanghai Trade Zone is located on the outskirts of Shanghai city, covering an area of 28.78 square kilometers.句型升级4 非限定性从句(重复先行词)后一个句子用这，给，使，步聚：第一：翻译主句
第二：逗号后面接which
第三：which+动词+其他成份
中国人每天使用筷子，这在很多外国朋友 眼里似乎是一个奇迹。Chinese people use chopsticks everyday, which seems to be a miracle to many foreigners.这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍，使16万多所中小学获益。（1406四）These funds are used to improve teaching facilities and purchase books, which benefits more than 160,000 primary and secondary schools.2008年北京奥运会开幕式上，一位小姑娘唱起了《歌唱祖国》，给所有观众都留下了深刻的印象。
In the opening ceremony of the 2008 Beijing Olympics, a little girl sang the song of Ode to Motherland, which greatly impreed all the audiences.提分句型１：时间段+witne+名词
1949年中华人民共和国成立。
The year 1949 witneed the founding of the People's Republic of China
提分句型２：So+形容词+be+主语+that+完整句子 青春是如此短暂以至于我们来不及道别。
Our youth is so transient that we have no time to bid farewell.So transient is our youth that we have no time to bid farewell.道别是如此漫长以至于我们用尽余生去遗忘。
The farewell is so long that we have to spend all the rest of our lives to forget.So long is the farewell that we have to spend all the rest of our lives to forget.提分句型３：So+副词+do+主语+谓语+that(如果主语是复数用do,如果主语是单数用does)
他们学习太紧张，几乎没有时间好好品尝生活，干些其他事。
They study so hard that they have no time to enjoy their lives and do anything else.So hard do they study that they hardly have time to enjoy their lives and do anything else.第一：读
（1）第一遍：主干，时态，语态
（2）第二遍：定语，状语
（3）第三遍：合译句子
第二：写
（1）写难词（2）写信号词（３）写长句
第三：查
(1)查时态(2)查单复数
3)查漏译
（
在中国，农历九月九日为传统的重阳节。九九重阳因为与“久久”同音，有长久长寿的含意，况且秋季也是一年收获的黄金季节，重阳佳节，寓意深远。在1989年，我国把每年的九月九日定为老人......
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端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自......
