开放英语3教案_大学英语3教案
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开放英语3教案
(供给没时间来上面授课的同学自学参考用)二.开放英语Ⅱ(1)课程说明
开放英语3是广播电视大学开放教育本科非英语专业的公共基础课。
本课程是专门为具有初级英语基础的成人自学英语而设计的,以600词为起点,通过3个模块的学习,使你的英语达到中级水平,认知词汇4000左右。本课程在学习语音、语法、词汇、语言功能等语言基础知识及掌握听、说、读、写语言技能的同时,了解英语国家的文化习俗,提高用英语进行交际的能力。侧重培养学生的阅读能力,为学生的进一步学习和运用英语打好基础。功能意念表
1、本课程重难点介绍; Unit 1-Unit 6中的重、难点。
1.六种现在时态和过去时态的区别和运用(一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时、一般过去时、过去进行时和过去完成时)
2.一般过去时被动语态
3.定语从句
4.谈论将来的方法
时态的区别和运用,比较容易混淆的是:一般过去时和现在完成时。一般过去时常用于这个时态用来表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。它既可以指某次具体的动作,也可以指重复性的动作, 常与表示过去特定时间的状语连用。例如:
When I was a little girl, my brothers and I collected stamps for many years.而现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果,着眼点在现在。现在完成时常与不确定的过去时间状语连用,如:just, before, once等,也同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如:now, today, this morning, this month, this year等。但不能同特定的过去时间状语连用,如:in 1933, last year等。或表示一个从过去某个时间开始,延续到现在,并可能延续下去的动作。常同表示一段时间的状语连用,如:so far, since, for a long time, for the last few years等。我们来看一个例子:
She has lost her wallet.(可能现在没钱花了。)He has worked here for over twenty years.所以在使用这两种时态时,要特别注意与他们搭配的时间状语。同时这两种时态的使用也涉及到动词的过去式和过去分词的正确运用。
一般过去时的被动语态也是前六单元的一个重点。一般过去时被动语态由:主语(动作承受者)+ was / were + 过去分词(+ by + 施动者)构成。与主动语态相比,主动语态中主语是谓语动作的执行者。例如: The policeman caught the thief.(主动语态)
The thief was caught by the policeman.(被动语态)
关于定语从句也是复习内容,大家主要要区别定语从句中关系代词who, which, that, whose 的使用情况。Who 在从句中做主语,是主格,只可指人;which一般指物,在从句中既可以做主语,也可以用作宾语(在非正式文体中可以省去);that在从句中既可以做主语,也可以做宾语(在非正式文体中可省去);它既可以指人,也可以指物,因此在使用在使用who 和which的地方都可以用that;whose 是who的所有格,在从句中用作定语,多指人。我们一起来看一些例子:
He talked to Mr.White who / that was the chairman of the committee.The book which / that you are reading is written by Mark Twain.A teacher is a person whose duty is to teach
谈论将来可以用现在进行时、be going to 结构,plan to do sth.,I‘d like to…, I hope to…, I might结构,它们之间有微妙的差别,参看教材95页的说明,在使用时加以注意。
Unit 7-Unit 12的重、难点。(contents of tutorial two(辅导2的内容))1.therefore, although和however的用法 2.现在完成进行时
3.虚拟条件句
4.进行时的被动语态
5.间接引语
我们先来看看therefore, although, 和however的用法。therefore表结果,比so显得更正式一些,在句中常与and连用;如:He worked day and night, and therefore he was able to buy a new sports car.although表示―虽然……,但是……‖所引导的从句可以放在主句前面,也可以放在主句的后面。在主句前面时,要用逗号与主句隔开;如: Although they were 75 years old, they still played tennis every day.;由于although的中文意思是―虽然……,但是……‖,很多学员容易犯的一个错误是用了although后,又用but,这在英语里是错误的。however表示转折,与but意思相同,但是较正式的说法。However在句中位置较灵活,在句首时,后面常用逗号。如:He was wealthy.However, he was very mean.接下来是现在完成进行时。现在完成进行时强调动作从过去某个时间一直持续到现在,而且还要继续下去。其基本构成是:have / has + been doing…(基本结构)
have / has not + been doing…(否定形式)
Have / has + 主语 + been doing…(一般疑问句形式)
特殊疑问句形式将疑问词置于句首 我们来看一个例子:
I‘ve been working here for three years.I haven‘t been working here for three years.Have you been working here for three years? How many years have you been working here? Who have been working here for three years? 进行时的被动态形式。进行时被动语态分为现在进行时被动语态和过去进行时被动语态。这两种被动语态的时态是通过be动词来体现的。我们分别来看它们的基本结构:
现在进行时被动语态:
be(am / is / are)+ being + 动词过去分词
过去进行时被动语态:
be(was / were)+ being + 动词过去分词
这两种被动语态的否定形式和疑问句形式都是在be动词上发生变化。例如:
His behaviour is not being blamed by the public.Were 200 people being treated? Where were 200 people being treated?
间接引语原来也学习过。要注意的是间接引语中主句时态和从句时态的一致性原则。一般来说,如果主句谓语动词为过去时,在将直接引语变为间接引语时,要将直接引语中的谓语动词时态往前推一个时间档,即一般现在时变为一般过去时,一般过去时则变为过去完成时,看下面的例子:
― My parents live in Beijing,‖ She said.She said her parents lived in Beijing.―I was ill on the flight,‖ he said.He said he had been ill on the flight.Unit 13-Unit 18的重难点: [ contents of tutorial three(辅导3的内容)] 1.情态动词的使用
2.动名词和动词不定式
3.非限定定语从句
4.将来完成时
5.现在完成时被动语态
6.反意疑问句
常用的情态动词主要是may, must, should和ought to。May是可能的意思;Must的意思是 ―必须‖,用来表示义务和强制; should 意思是―应该‖,用于第二人称时常可表示温和的建议或命令;ought to 和should 意义相近,在日常生活交际中常常被使用。这几个情态动词的否定形式基本上都是在其后加否定词not,只有ought to 的否定形式为ought not to。
动词-ing形式可以构成动名词,动名词具有名词的特征,可以做句子的主语和宾语,如:
Reading is a good habit.I like running.英语中有的动词后既可以接动名词,也可以接动词不定式。在某些情况下,接动名词和不定式的意思是一样的,但有些动词后接动名词和不定式则表示完全不同的意思,在使用时要加以区分,如:
I remember telling her about the meeting.(我记得将有关会议的事情告诉她了。)
Please remember to post the letter.(请记住把信寄了。)
He stopped smoking.(他停止了抽烟。)
He stopped to smoke.(他停了下来,开始吸烟。)
Remember doing sth.表示记得干过什么事;而remember to do sth.表示记得去干什么事,事情还没有干。Stop doing sth.表示停止干某事;stop to do sth.表示停下来去干另一件事。
也有一些动词后只能接动名词形式,如admit, avoid, enjoy, finish等,有的动词后只能接动词不定式形式,如:allow, refuse, promise等,这需要我们碰到一个记住一个,不断积累。
关于非限定定语从句,它与所修饰的单词之间关系松散,只是提供有用的补充。在书面语中,用逗号与主句分开,因此关系代词不能省略。
〈开放英语3〉中学到的最后一个时态是将来完成时。它表示将来某个时间之前已经完成的动作,并对此后产生影响,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。其结构是:
肯定式: will have + 动词过去分词
否定式:will not / won‘t have + 动词过去分词
疑问式: Will + 主语 + have + 动词过去分词
反意疑问句中,句尾问句附在陈述句之后。陈述句如果是肯定结构,句尾即用否定结构;反之,陈述句如是否定结构,句尾句则用肯定结构;而且如果陈述句的主语不是代词,在句尾句中要用适当的代词指代陈述句中的主语, 如果句尾句是否定结构,要用缩略形式。例如:
He has been there, hasn‘t he? Mary won‘t go, will she?
Unit 1 Ⅰ、四种基本句型的构成和用法
(一)主系表(―系‖指系动词)比如: be(是)I am,You are He We 肯定式:I'm a teacher She is You are You are a student.It They He is an engineer.否定式:You are not(aren't)a student.疑问式:Are you a student?
(二)主谓宾(实义动词,有完全的词义,并能独立作谓语动词)肯定式::
1、I study English.2、He plays the piano every day.否定式:
主语+do(does)+not+原形动词+其它成份
1、Mary does not(doesn't)learn Chinese.2、I do not(don't)play football.疑问式:
Do(does)+主语+原形动词+其它成分?
1、Do you study English?
2、Does he study English every morning?
(三)主谓状: 肯定式:
1、Tom gets up early every day.2、I go to work by bus every day.否定式:
1、Tom doesn't get up early every day.2、I don't go to work by bus every day.疑问式:
1、Does Tom get up early every day?
2、Do you go to work by bus every day?
(四)There+be+主语+状语 肯定式:
1、There is(There's)a picture on the wall.谓语 主语 状语
2、There are(There're)150 students in our cla.否定式:
1、There isn't any picture on the wall.2、There aren't any books on the table.疑问式:
1、Is there any picture on the wall?
2、Are there any books on the table?
Ⅱ、四种时态的用法一、一般现在时
(一)、概念和用法:
1、现在经常性或习惯性的动作:
1)I work in a factory.(指我的职业)2)He gets up at 7 every day.(指每天如此)
2、现在存在的情况 1)She is a nurse.2)There is a map on the wall.3、客观事实或普遍真理 1)He sun rises in the east.2)Two and four is/makes six.(二)、行为动词一般现在时的否定式和疑问式: 1.否定式:
主语+do(does)+not+原形动词+(其它成分)I do not go to cla on Sundays.星期日我不去上课。
He does not study English.他不学英语。注意:
1)do(does)是助动词,没有词义,只起构成否定的作用。第三人称单数用 does,其它人称都用 do。
2)do(does)后面的动词是原形动词,没有人称、数的变化。如上例的 go 和 study。3)用作助动词的 do(does)没有词义。用作行为动词的 do(does)有词义,意为―做‖,如:
I do not do morning exercises on Sundays.星期天我不做早操。
(第一个do是助动词,第二个do是行为动词)2.疑问式:
1)Do(Does)+主语+原形动词+(其它成分)? Do you get up early? 你起床早吗?
Does he study English every morning? 他每天早晨学英语吗?
现以read为例将行为动词的否定、疑问及其回答形式,列表如下:
肯定式 否定式 疑问式 回 答 I read I do not read.Do I read? Yes, you do.No, you do not.He/She reads.He/She does not read.Does he/she read? Yes,he/she does.No,he/she does not.We read We do not read.Do we read? Yes, you do.No, you do not.[注]:
do not的简写是 don‘t;does not的简写是doesn‘t 在口语中一般用简写形式,如: I don‘t read.He doesn‘t read.2)带有what,where,who等疑问词的特殊疑问句
疑问词(what,where,who)+do(does)+主语+原形动词+(其它成分)? 例如:
--What do you study?--I study English.--Where does he work?--He works in Peking.但: Who helps you?(问主语时不要助动词)
二、现在进行时:
(一)、概念:表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行着的动作。
(二)、构成: am are + 现在分词 is 现在分词
(V-ing V=verb 动词): play ── playing have ── having begin ── beginning swim ── swimming lie ── lying die ── dying
(三)、用法举例: 1.Peter is telling a story.2.You are playing football.3.I am eating my lunch.否定式:
Mary is not writing to her parents now.疑问式: Is Mary writing to her parents? Notes: 有些表示状态和感觉的动词一般不能用于进行时态: want, forget, believe, know, love, like, hate, remember, realize, think(认为), be(是), have(有)
(四)、一般现在时与现在进行时的区别:
一般现在时主要是表示经常性或习惯性的动作,经常存在的情况或状态;而现在进行时则表示此刻或当前这一段时间正在进行的动作,由―be(随人称而变)+现在分词(即由动词原形+ing)‖构成。试比较:
He does morning exercises every day.他每天做早操。
He is doing morning exercises now.他现在正在做早操。
She often reviews her English leons.她经常复习英语课。
She is reviewing her English leons at the moment.她目前正在复习英语课。三、一般过去时:
(一)、概念:表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,常与表示过去的时间状语连用,如:
Yesterday, last year,three days ago, in 1990, before liberation…
(二)、构成:由动词的过去式来表示。1.规则动词的过去式 1).在动词后加-ed或-d worked stayed wanted lived 2).―辅音字母+y‖结尾的动词先将y变为i,再加-ed。如: studied, tried 3).重读闭音节或r音节结尾而末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,先双写辅音字母再加-ed(以x结尾的词除外),如: stop—stopped planned, permitted
(但opened), preferred, omitted 2.不规则动词的过去式 1).改变动词中的元音 begin—began drink—drank come—came eat—ate grow—grew run—ran know—knew say—said win—won speak—spoke take—took write—wrote get—got 2).变词尾的-d为-t build—built lend—lent send—sent spend—spent bend--bent 3).与动词原形一样: cut—cut put—put cost—cost hurt—hurt shut—shut 4).变-ay 为-aid(少数动词)say—said pay—paid lay—laid 5).采用不同词根: come—came was(I, he, she, it)be were sell—sold teach—taught buy—bought
(三)、用法举例:
肯定式:
1.He worked in Shanghai ten years ago.2.Xiao Wang came here yesterday.否定式:
主语+did+not+动词原形+其他成分(did+not=didn‘t)(而was/were+not=wasn‘t/weren‘t)1.He didn‘t do morning exercises yesterday.2.He wasn‘t an English teacher ten years ago.疑问式:
Did+主语+原形动词+其他成分? 1.Did you study English in 1990? Yes, I did.No, I didn‘t.2.Was he an engineer five years ago? Yes,he was.No, he wasn‘t.3.主语
Who did the experiment yesterday? Who taught you English in 1990? 4.What did you do last Sunday? 5.Where did your parents live five years ago?
四、过去进行时
一、概念:
表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。
二、构成:
was / were + 现在分词
三、用法举例:
1、I was watching TV at seven yesterday evening.2、What were you doing at 7 yesterday evening?
Ⅲ、―used to‖ 的用法
―used to+原形动词‖表示过去的行动或状况,且暗含―现在不复存在‖之意。例如: 1.I used to play football.(我过去经常踢球。暗含现在已经不踢了。)2.I used to have a car.(我过去有一辆汽车。暗含现在已经没有了。)3.We didn‘t use to have much money.或We used not to have much money.(我们不曾有很多钱。)4.Did he use to be a teacher? Yes,he did./Yes,he used to.No,he didn‘t./No,he didn‘t use to.(他曾经是位老师吗? 是的,他曾经是老师。不,他不曾是老师。)
Unit 2 Ⅰ、被 动 语 态
一、概念:
当句子的主语是动作的执行者时,用主动语态;
当句子的主语是动作的承受者(动作的对象)时,用被动语态。主动语态:The workers in this factory make different kinds of machines.被动语态:Different kinds of machines are made by the workers in this factory.二、构成: be + 过去分词
三、用法举例:
(一)当强调动作的承受者(动作的对象)时;
(二)当动作的执行者不易说出、不宜说出或不必说出时;
1、These books are written for children.2、This machine was made in 1990.(这台机器是1990年制造的)
3、The question is being discued.4、A hospital will be built here next year.(is going to be built)
5、Lu Xun‘s works have been translated into many languages.(鲁迅的著作已译成多种语言)
6、Football is played all over the world.(全世界到处都踢足球)
7、Many students are reading this book.This book is being read by many students.8、否定式:
The cars are not made in Japan.9、疑问式:
Are the cars made in Japan?
10、带情态动词的被动语态:
(can , may , must , should/ought to)+ be +(1)These exercises can(may , must)be done by him.这些练习能(可以,必须)由他来做。
(2)This should/ought to/be done at once.Ⅱ、used to 和would Would和used to 都用来谈论过去的习惯,但would只用来谈论行动,并且不与现在的情况相联系;used to 不仅可以谈论行动,还可用来谈论状态和情景,并且暗含―现在已不复存在‖之意。例如:
1.When we were children,we used to/ would go swimming every summer.(小的时候,我们每年夏天都去游泳。)
2.Mary used to be slim when she was a student.(玛丽是学生时身材是苗条的。)
Ⅲ、―keep+V-ing‖形式强调行为的重复性。例如:
1.He keeps looking at himself in the mirror.(他老是照镜子。)
2.She keeps writing long letters to me.(她一直给我写长信。)
Unit 3 语法:现代完成时
一、概念;
1、表示从过去延续到现在的动作或状况。
2、表示过去的动作对现在产生的结果或影响。
3、表示经验或经历。
二、构成:
have / has + 过去分词
英语中的动词(verb)有以下五种形式;即动词原形、单数第三人称形式、过去式、现在分词与过去分词。如:
1、live, lives, lived, living, lived
2、make, makes, made, making, made
三、用法举例:
1、Xiao Wang‘s parents have lived in Beijing for 30 years.2、He has been in the army for three years.3、I have lost my key.(I can‘t open the door;I can‘t enter my room.)
4、Have you had your lunch ?(Are you hungry now ?)Yes, I have(had my lunch).(I‘m not hungry now.)
5、She has not /never been to Tibet.Note:
(一)现在完成时是现在时的范畴,不是属于过去时的范畴。因此不能与表示一般过去时的时间状语(yesterday, three days ago, in 1998……)连用。
(二)有些动词属于―瞬间动词‖(或称―点动词‖),不能用现在完成时(die, join)
1、Xiao Wang‘s father has died for ten years.X
2、Xiao Li has joined the army for ten years.X
Unit 4 Ⅰ、一般过去时和现在完成时的区别一、一般过去时
一般过去时用来表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。通常要与表示过去的时间状语连用。但有时时间状语可以省去不用,比如在下例例句中可以从上下文明确地看出动作发生的时间时,就可以省略时间状语:
When he was 65, he decided that he didn't want to stop.Then one day he saw an advertisement in the newspaper and he bought a little crockery factory.The next week he told his family.二、现在完成时
现在完成时常用来谈论发生在过去但对现在有影响的动作或事件。因此不能用具体表示过去的时间状语。例如:
Morgan Rees has always been a good busineman.He hasn‘t been bored since he bought the factory.He has opened a new design office and employed three young designers.They have been all over the world to get new ideas.Ⅱ.定语从句
一、概念:用一个句子做定语,称其为定语从句。
二、结构和用法
(一)关系代词引导的定语从句: 1)Who(代表人,在从句中做主语):
We need comrades who have profeional knowledge.我们需要具有专业知识的同志。
2)Whom(代表人,在从句中做宾语,可以省略):
The man(whom)you saw yesterday was a doctor from our factory.昨天你看到的那个人是我们厂里的医生。3)Whose(代表人或物,在从句中做定语):
This is a story about a Communist fighter whose name was Liu Hu-Lan.这是一个关于名叫刘胡兰的共产主义战士的故事。
He lives in a room whose window opens to the south.他住在一间窗户朝南的房间里。
4)Which(代表物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略):
Here is a book which will give you a lot of useful knowledge(n.知识).这是一本会给你许多有用的知识的书。
The sport(which)we like best is swimming.我们最喜爱的运动是游泳。
5)That(代表人或物,在从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时可以省略):
Who is the man that is speaking at the meeting? 在会上讲话的那个人是谁?
The machines(that)we use are made in your plant.我们用的机器是你们厂制造的。
(二)关系副词引导的定语从句:
1)When(表示时间,在从句中作状语):
I‘ll never forget the day.I saw Chairman Mao on that day.I‘ll never forget the day when I saw Chairman Mao.我永远不会忘记我见到毛主席的那一天。2)Where(表示地点,在从句中作状语): This is the room.Comrade Li lives in this room.This is the room where comrade Li lives.这是李同志住的房间。3)Why(表示原因,在从句中作状语)Do you know the reason? For this reason he was late.Do you know the reason why he was late? 你知道他迟到的原因吗?
(三)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
1)限制性定语从句:这种从句与所修饰的名词关系密切,不能去掉,如果去掉意思就不清楚。引入从句的关系代词,如果在从句中作宾语,可以省略。书写时主句和从句不用逗号分开。译成汉语时,往往把从句放在所修饰的名词前。例如:
We need comrades who know computer very well.我们需要懂计算机的同志。They have got the instrument(which,that)we need.他们买到了我们需要的仪器。
This is the best book(that)I have ever read.这是我读过的最好的书。
2)非限制性定语从句:这种从句与所修饰的名句关系松弛,只提供有关该名词的补充情况或附加说明。即使去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句不能用关系代词THAT引导。关系代词在从句中作宾语也不能省略。书写时往往用逗号与主句分开。译成汉语时是否移到它所修饰的名词前面,要看具体情况。例如:
We went to the industrial exhibition, where we saw two man-made satellites.我们去看工业展览了,在那里看到两颗人造卫星。
Comrade Wang, whom Lao Li knows well, is our group leader..王同志是我们的组长,老李跟他很熟悉。
Unit 5 Ⅰ.过去完成时:
一.概念:用来描述在过去某一时刻或动作以前就已经完成的动作或状况,即―过去的过去‖。二.构成:had + 过去分词 三.用法举例:
1、Before 1988,I had never heard of George Bush.1988年以前,我从未听说过布什。
2、After he had done his homework, he watched TV.他做完家庭作业后才看电视。
3、Had the children left home before their parents went to work? 那些孩子们在他们的父母上班之前离开家了吗?
4、The teacher told us that he had decided to give us an exam.老师说已决定要我们考试一次。Ⅱ.―to be going to + 原型动词‖
表示将来,意为―打算、准备‖做什么事情。
例如:
1、I am going to get married next year.我打算明年结婚。
2、we are going to have a meeting tomorrow morning.我们计划准备明天上午开一个会。
Unit 7 Ⅰ.to need + v-ing和to need + to do •to need + v-ing 意思是―某物(事)需要••••••‖,表示被动意义。
例如:
The roof needs repairing.房屋需要修补了。My hair needs cutting.我该理发了。
to need + to do 意思是―某人(主语)需要做某事‖。例如:
They need to repair the roof.他们需要修补房屋。
We need to study English.我们需要学习英语。
to need由两种否定和疑问形式。例如:
He doesn't need to study English.He needn‘t study English.(用作情态动词)Does he need to study English? Need he study English?(用作情态动词)
Ⅱ.to have something done ―to have + 宾语 + 过去分词‖
这个结构表示动作并非主语所为,而是使人或安排人做某事,有时可指安排专门的人来做。列如:
We haven‘t had the broken windowpanes replaced yet.我们还没更换那些破了的窗户玻璃。
The agent had the windows painted two years ago.房东代理两年前油漆过窗户。
Have they had the broken windowpanes replaced yet? 他们把那些破了的窗户玻璃换了吗?
When did the agent have the windows painted? 房东代理什么时候油漆的窗户? 在口语中,也常用
―to get + 宾语 + 过去分词‖ 表达同样的意思。例如:
He got the gutter replaced.Have you got the gate mended yet?
Unit 8 现在完成进行时 Ⅰ.一.概念:
表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直持续到现在,并还在继续进行。二.构成:
have/has + been +现在分词 三.举例:
1、It has been raining for three hours.2、I have been reading Lu Xun‘s works this week.3、We have been looking for you anywhere.Where have you been? 否定式:I have not been reading….疑问式:Have you been reading…?
Ⅱ.与现在完成时的区别:
二者均可以表示刚结束的动作,但现在完成进行时强调动作在不久前持续进行的情景;而现在完成时则强调动作的结果。Now we have cleaned the room, and we can move the things in...(强调扫完了的结果)
You look tired.What have you been doing?你干什么来着? I have been playing football.John has painted the door.(已漆完,强调动作的结果)
John has been painting the door.(还在漆)I‘ve written a letter.(已写完)I‘ve been writing a letter.(还在写)Note:在与表示一段时间的状语连用时,两种时态可以互换使用,但在口语中倾向于用现在完成进行时: I‘ve been singing all afternoon.(I‘ve sung...)
Unit 9 Ⅰ、一般过去时的被动语态。(见 Unit 2)Ⅱ、动名词
(一)动名词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。在本单元里,我们学习的动名词是名词性的,也就是说,同时具有动词特征和名词特征,在逻辑上表达的是一个动作(或状态),在语法上体现的是名词特征。
(二)动名词的名词特征体现在可以用作主语、宾语等。例如:
1.Preparing for the Olympic games is a huge undertaking.(preparing做句子的主语)2.He is in retested in playing football.(playing作介词in的宾语)3.Do you like watching football games?(watching作动词like的宾语)
(三)动名词的动词特征体现在可以有宾语和状语。例如:
1.Hosting the games has a major effect on the economy.(hosting作句子的主语,同时带有宾语the games)2.After winning the bid, Beijing began major construction projects.(winning作介词after的宾语the games)3.Before going to college, he hadn‘t acted or sung.(going作介词before的宾语,同时带有状语to college)4.要求动名词作宾语的动词有:
mind, enjoy,like,avoid,finish, practise,suggest,forgive,mention , keep(on),imagine, risk, excuse, understand等等。Ⅲ、条件状语从句(用在真实条件句中)条件句表示―如果••••••,那么••••••。‖ 真实条件句的构成形式为:
If + 从句主语 + 一般现在时,主句主语 + will/won‘t + 动词原形 例如:
If we bid for the games, we will promote the country.If they sell tickets on the black market, it won‘t be fair for ordinary people.If引导的从句在主句前时,需要逗号与主句隔开,如在主句之后,则一般不用逗号。例如:
If we win the bid, it will encourage huge economic growth.It will encourage huge economic growth if we win the bid.Ⅳ.虚拟语气:
表示所说的不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而只是一种愿望、假设或猜测。
一、虚拟语气的用法:
(a)表示和现在事实相反的假设:
If I were you, I should(would)try again.如果我是你的话,我要再试一试。
If I found the book, I should(would)bring it to you.如果我找到这本书,我会带给你。
If there were no air, there would be no living things.如果没有空气,就没有生物。(b)表示和过去事实相反的假设:
If you had been there last week, you would have seen the film.如果上星期你在那里,你就看上这部电影了。If you had come here yesterday, you would have seen him.如果昨天你在这儿,你就看见他了。
If there had been no air, there would have been no living things.如果(当初)没有空气,就没有生物了。
(c)表示将来不可能发生的情况(或可能发生,但可能性不大): If he should be there tomorrow, he would help you.万一明天他在那儿,他会帮助你的。
If he should come this afternoon, he would call you up.万一今天下午他到这来,他会打电话给您的。
If there should be no air, there would be no living things.万一没有空气,就不会有生物。
二、虚拟语气的时态变化:以be和come为例,将条件句中虚拟语气的主要事态变化列表如下:
主从句时态 If 从句(无人称和数的变化)主 句
现 在 时
从句 Were/Came 主句Would/should+be Would/should +come
过 去 时 从句
Had been
Had come
主句
I(we)should(would)+ have+been
You/he/they+would+have+been /come 将 来 时 从句Were to be/come…
Should be/ come…
主句I(we)should(would)+be…
You /He(they)would +come...三、虚拟条件从句的其它表现形式:
1.如果 if 从句中有助动词 had, should 或关联动词were, if 可省略,把had, should 或 were 放在句首,例如:
Without gravity, there would be lots of things we couldn't do.没有地心引力,有很多事我们就不能做。
In the absence(n.缺乏)of water, plants would not grow well.没有水,植物就长不好。
But for the leadership of our party, we should not have succeeded(vi.成功)。
要是没有党的领导,我们就不会成功了。(but for=without)It would be only partly right to answer in this way.这样回答仅仅对一部分。
Unit 10 虚拟语气(见 Unit 9)
Unit 11 Ⅰ、进行时的被动语态(见 Unit 2)
Ⅱ、间接引语
直接引语变成间接引语时要注意下列各种变化: 直接引语是陈述句:
(一)时态的变化:
主句中的谓语动词是过去时态,变成间接引语须作下列变化: 一般现在时变为一般过去时(但直接引语如果是一般真理,一般现在时则不变);
现在进行时 过去进行时; 现在完成时 过去完成时; 一般过去时 过去完成时; 过去完成时 过去完成时; 一般将来时 过去将来时
(二)人称的变化:
要根据句子意思改变人称,如: I He、She;We They 等等。
(三)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语的变化: this that;these those;now then;today that day
yesterday the day before;tomorrow the next day;next week(month, year)the next week(month , year);ago before;here there
(四)某些动词也要变化: 如:said to told 用法举例:
1、He said:―I am busy.‖ He said that he was busy.2、Mary said:―I have read up to page 25.‖ Mary said that she had read up to page 25.3、She said :―We‘all help in the kitchen tomorrow.She said that they would help in the kitchen the next day.4、The teacher said to the pupils: ―The earth goes around the sun.‖
The teacher told the pupils that the earth goes around the sun.Unit 13 Ⅰ、情态动词 must 的用法 must表示―必须‖ 1.You must do it now.(现在你必须作这件事)2.You mustn't use your mobile phones in cla.(你千万不能上课时打手机)3.must 一词在使用时受到了时态的限制,因此所以可以用 have /has to+动词原型 来代替。例如:
1)He had to leave early yesterday.(昨天他不得早些离开)2)She will have to do it tomorrow.(明天她必须干这件事)4.must 与 have to 的异同
在表示义务和责任时,must和have to 意义相近,二者可以互换使用。例如:
State schools must follow the national curriculum.State schools have to follow the national curriculum.但二者有下列几点不同:
1)must多表示主观意志,是从说话者的角度出发谈必须做某事,而have to 则强调客观需要。I must finish my homework.强调主观意志,即 I want to do it(我想这样做), 而I have to do my homework before I have dinner.(则强调客观要求我这样做)。
2)二者否定式的意义大不相同。Have to 的否定式表示―不必‖,而 must not/mustn't 表示―不准‖。试比较:mustn't 表示―不准‖。试比较:
I don‘t have to finish my homework now.I can do it at the weekend.我不必现在就完成作业,我可以等周末做。
You mustn't arrive late or you‘ll get into trouble.你千万不能迟到,否则会陷入麻烦的。
3)must通常只表示现在的义务,而have to 可有不同的时态变化。例如:
He will have to leave tomorrow.他明天得离开。
Did you have to wear uniform when you were a child? 你小时候非得穿校服吗?
Unit 14 Ⅰ、非限制性定语从句(见 Unit 4)Ⅱ、将来完成时:
(一)概念:
表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间即将完成的动作。
(二)构成:
will + have + 过去分词
(三)用法举例:
1、I‘ll have retired by the year 2019.2、We‘ll have finished the work before next Friday.3、When you come back from Japan, your daughter will have graduated from a middle school.Unit 15 Ⅰ、现在进行时的被动语态(见 Unit 2)Ⅱ、现在完成时的被动语态(见 Unit 2)Unit 16 Ⅰ、表达因果关系的词与词组 表达因果关系可使用: due to, lead to, cause/be caused by, because of
等多种表达法,这些表达法前可使用 can/could等情态动词。can/could 表示因果关系可能性的大小,could 所表示的可能性比 can 小些。
The problems of the family could be due to the absence of a father.这个家庭出现的问题也许是由于缺少父爱而造成的。
Unemployment can be caused by/be due to/be because of the receion.失业可能是由于经济不景气造成的。1.due to due to 表示―由于‖,可作表语,用于 be due to 结构,to 为介词,其后需跟名词、名词性短语或代词等;due to 也可用作状语。
例如:
The high rate of unemployment is due to the receion.失业率高是由于经济不景气造成的。(作表语)
His succe is due to hard work.他的成功是努力工作的结果。(作表语)
The match was cancelled due to rain.因为下雨比赛被取消了。(做状语)2.cause/lead to 在主动语态的句子中,to cause/to lead to 意义相近,表示―导致,引起‖。需注意在lead to 中 to 为介词,其后需跟名词、名词性短语或代词等,另外,lead to 不能用于被动语态。
Ⅱ.情态动词表示劝告 must, should, ought to
后接动词原型这种句式可用于提出建议或给予劝告。1.must must 意思是―必须‖,主要表示义务和强制,用于提建议是语气直接、强硬。常见形式有: must(必须/一定要),must always(一定总要),mustn't(一定不要/不能),must never(永远不能)。
you must keep the key in your pocket.你一定要把钥匙放到衣袋里。
You mustn't go through a park alone at night.夜间你一定不要独自一个人穿过公园。You must never say that again.永远不要再这样的说话了。2.should/shouldn't should 意思是―应该‖,用于第二人称时可表示温和的建议或命令,也可表示强烈的语气。试比较:
You should see a doctor now.你现在就应该去看病。
You should mind your own busine.(你该只管好你自己的事。(意为别管闲事)3.ought to ought to 和 should 往往意义相近,在日常生活交际中人们多用后者。注意 ought to 否定形式为 ought not to.例如:
You ought to lock the door at night.夜间你应该锁门。You ought not to smoke so much.你不应该抽这么多烟。
Unit 17 Ⅰ、直接引语是疑问句:
(一)一般疑问句变为间接引 语时须由whether或if引导,动 词多用ask等。
1、Tom asked me,―Do you study English?‖ Tom asked me whether(if)I studied English.(用陈述句的语序)
2、He said.―Are you a TVU student three years ago, Mary?‖
He asked Mary whether(if)she was a TVU student three years before.(二)特殊疑问句变为间接引语时须由疑问词引导(用陈述句的语序)
1、―Where did you find your pen?‖
Li Ming asked me.Li Ming asked me where I had found my pen.2、Mary asked ,―When did you get up yesterday,Tom?‖ Mary asked Tom when he had got up the day before.(三)直接引语是祈使句,变为间接引语时须将动词原形变为动词不定式,并在动词不定式之前用tell, ask, order, command 等及物动词加宾语。
1、He said,―Please sit down.‖ He asked us to sit down.2、He said,―Don‘t talk!‖ He told us not to talk.Ⅱ、反意疑问句:
在反义疑问句中,句尾问句附在陈述句之后,希望对方对陈述句所说的事实或观点加以印证,陈述句如是肯定结构,句尾问句即用否定结构。反之,陈述句如否定结构,句尾问句则用肯定结构。句尾问句通常由be, have,或助动词加主语(须用代词)构成。例如: He has been there, hasn‘t he ? It‘s raining, isn‘t it? You won‘t go , will you?
1、以下句尾问句中的动词与陈述句相同: 1)含有 to be 的句尾问句,例如: He isn‘t 16, is he ?
2)含有动词 to have 的句尾问句,例如: You have a son, haven‘t you ?
3)含有情态动词的句尾问句,例如: You can read his, can‘t you? 4)含有助动词的句尾问句,例如:You‘ll(will)be there tomorrow, won‘t you ?
The Prime Minister has been there,hasn`t he?
2、注意下列句子中句尾问句的构成:
1)陈述句中含有 there be 句式时,句尾问句由 谓语动词 + there 构成。例如:
There‘s someone waiting, isn‘t there?
2)陈述句中的主语为something或nothing时,句尾问句中用代词it 例如:
Something‘s gone wrong, hasn‘t it ? Something‘s gone wrong, hasn‘t it? 3)陈述句中的主语为
nobody/no one 或
somebody/someone时,句尾问句中用代词 they。例如:
Nobody liked her, did they? Somebody asked her, didn't they? 4)陈述句中谓语动词是实意动词,句尾问句需由do/don‘t/does/doesn‘t(一般现在时)和did/didn‘t(一般过去时)构成。例如:
He went to the theatre, didn‘t he? You like swimming, don‘t you?
5)Let‘s do sth.这一结构后的句尾问句应为shall we。例如:
Let‘s go to the cinema, shall we?
6)陈述句中使用I‘ m …,句尾问句为aren‘t I,例如: I‘m the next, aren't I ?
1. 第1 章的重难点介绍;
开放英语3
Unit 1 Talking about yourself
Topic: Describing yourself and others In this unit you •study vocabulary related to work, leisure and studies;•revise the simple and continuous present and past tenses;•revise the expreion used to to describe habitual past activities;•practise writing by using linking words and pronouns.Review Reminder 1.一般现在时
I usually drive to work.2.现在过去时
I am watching TV at the moment.3.一般过去时
On the day of the World Cup,at two o'clock may mother went back to work.4.过去进行时
England were playing West Germany in the final.use to to sth.I used to smoke,but I don't now.What did she use to do during the week 5.连接句子
He didn't go to school yesterday because he was ill.Although she wasn't watching the match,she was listening to it on the radio.Mary is a shop aistant with a job in a top London shop.
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