美国文学评论Neither Far Out Nor in Deep_文学评论之傲慢与偏见
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Neither Out Far Nor In Deep
——Robert Frost
The people along the sand All turn and look one way.They turn their back on the land.They look at the sea all day.As long as it takes to pa A ship keeps raising its hull;The wetter ground like gla Reflects a standing gull
The land may vary more;But wherever the truth may be--
The water comes ashore, And the people look at the sea.They cannot look out far.They cannot look in deep.But when was that ever a bar To any watch they keep?
comments First of all, of course, the poem is simply there, in indifferent unchanging actuality;but our thought about it, what we are made to make of it, is there too, made to be there.When we choose between land and sea, the human and the inhuman, the finite and the infinite, the sea has to be the infinite that floods in over us endlely, the hypnotic monotony of the universe that is incommensurable with us—everything into which we look neither very far nor very deep, but look, look just the same.And yet Frost doesn't say so—it is the geometry of this very geometrical poem, its inescapable structure, that says so.There is the deepest tact and restraint in the symbolism;it is like Housman's:
Stars, I have seen them fall, But when they drop and die No star is lost at all From all the star-sown sky.The toil of all that be Helps not the primal fault:
It rains into the sea And still the sea is salt.But Frost's poem is flatter, greyer, and at once tendered and more terrible, without even the consolations of rhetoric and exaggeration-there is no “primal fault” in Frost's poem, but only the faint Biblical memories of “any watch they keep.” What we do know we don't care about;what we do care about we don't know: we can't look out very far, or in very deep;and when did that ever bother us? It would be hard to find anything more unpleasant to say about people than that last stanza;but Frost doesn't say it unpleasantly—he says it with flat ease, takes everything with something harder than contempt, more paive than acceptance.And isn't there something heroic about the whole busine, too-something touching about our absurdity? If the fool persisted in his folly he would become a wise man, Blake said, and we have persisted.The tone of the last lines—or, rather, their careful suspension between several tones, as a piece of iron can be held in the air between powerful enough magnets—allows for this too.This recognition of the eential limitations of man, without denial or protest or rhetoric or palliation, is very rare and very valuable, and rather usual in Frost's best poetry.One is reminded of Empson's thoughtful and truthful comment on Gray's “Elegy”: “Many people, without being communists, have been irritated by the complacence in the maive calm of the poem … And yet what is said is one of the permanent truths;it is only in degree that any improvement of society would prevent wastage of human powers;the waste even in a fortunate life, the isolation even of a life rich in intimacy, cannot but be felt deeply, and is the central feeling of tragedy.”
-----by Randall Jarrell
The once-neglected but now much-admired “Neither Out Far nor in Deep” focuses its nature symbolism so sharply on human concerns that its haunting picture tends to diolve into a contemplation paralleling that of the people described.The initially detached speaker observes people by the sea who make a uniform ma as they gaze away from the commonplace shore toward the depth and mystery of the ocean.Few sights are visible;a ship rising on the horizon and a gull standing on the soaked beach provide contrasting images of hypnotic motion and uneasy stasis.Implied commentary having begun with “They turn their back on the land,” the speaker now philosophizes consistently.The people turn from the varying sights of land towards the distances of water, representing mysteries they hope to grasp, though the water may not really poe any more such truth than does the land.But the people continue to prefer this attempt at further vision, just as they do at the poem's opening.Despite their determination and persistence, they cannot achieve a penetrating vision of reality—nature and human nature—or what lies behind it.But they will not stop looking.In the last two lines, the speaker calmly withdraws, balancing admiration and skepticism, glad to see human speculation continuing but confident that it will not achieve much.The poem has been seen as a harsh commentary on human limitations, a charge Laurence Perrine answers by streing Frost's insistence on the truly impenetrable depths that challenge human knowledge and the demonstrated capacity of the people to see part of the way as they strive to see farther(212).Similarly, Elizabeth Isaacs thinks the poet “joins forces with the rest of the human race when he climaxes the deceptively flat, calm poem with a grandiose, dignified ascent at its end”(34:150).Randall Jarrell takes a middle position, granting the poem a certain unpleasantne but insisting that the conclusion shows “careful suspension between several tones,” making “a recognition of the eential limitations of man, without denial or protest or rhetoric or palliation”(98:43).In an elaborate comment on the poem, Daniel Pearlman boldly aerts that it is a covert allegory expreing Frost's anger at the conformism of 1930s American radicals who turned away from the solidity and complexity of their native shores to the monistic simplicities of foreign socialist ideologies.Thus, the people Frost attacks do indeed fear to look out far and in deep.Pearlman supports this view with a close analysis of details and by citing parallels between the poem's meage and conservative views evident elsewhere in Frost's writings.------by Mordecai Marcus
Robert Frost's cryptic little lyric “Neither Out Far nor In Deep” remains as elusive as “the truth” that is so relentlely pursued in the poem itself.The poem is very much “about” this search for truth, and scholars, for the most part, persistently maintain that such effort is both neceary and noble, adding slowly but inexorably to the storehouse of human knowledge.Suggestive though such an interpretation might be, it distorts Frost's intentions—as a close examination of the curious image of “a standing gull,” located strategically at the very heart of this enigmatic work(lines 7-8, its literal and thematic center), will reveal.As “the people” stare vacantly seaward in search of “the truth,” mesmerized by the mysterious, limitle sea, they closely resemble standing(as opposed to flying)gulls.Never directly stated, this comparison, so crucial to the poem's meaning, is clearly implied, and it works very much to the people's disadvantage.For the gull is doing what comes naturally, staring into the teeming sea that is its source of life(that is, of food), and it is merely resting from its life-sustaining labors.“The people,” implies Frost, in literally and symbolically turning their backs on their domain, the land, to stare inceantly seaward, are unnatural.Their efforts are life-denying in the extreme.Frost underscores the life-denying nature of their mindle staring by introducing not a flock of standing gulls, but a single gull only—surprising in that standing gulls(or, more accurately, terns, which typically station themselves en mae by the water's edge)are rarely found alone.The solitary gull points up just what “the people” are doing and how isolating and dehumanizing such activity is.So absorbed are they in their quest for “truth” that they have become oblivious of all else but their own solipsistic pursuit.They have cut themselves off from the land world and all that it represents(struggles and suffering, commitments, obligations, responsibilities)and from one another as well.They have become isolates, like the solitary gull that they resemble.Furthermore, Frost emphasizes not the bird itself but only its reflected image in the glay surface of the shore;it is the reflected image that is the object of our concern, for it bears significantly on “the people” themselves.In an ironic version of Plato's Parable of the Cave, these relentle pursuers of truth have willfully turned their backs on the only “reality” they can ever know--the land world and all that it represents--and in so doing have been reduced to insubstantial images, shadowy reflections of true human beings engaged in genuinely fruitful human endeavor.Namele, facele, mindle, they have become pale copies of the real thing.All of this adds up to one inescapable conclusion: “The people” are indeed “gulls”—that is, “dupes.” In their search for ultimate reality they have been tricked, cheated, conned.It is all a fraud, insists Frost(for all that they do see is the occasional paing ship mentioned in lines 5 and 6), and he clearly holds their vain efforts in contempt.As the final stanzas make dramatically clear, they are wasting away their lives in a meaningle quest, for whatever it is and wherever it might be, “the truth” is surely not here.In short, they can look “Neither Out Far nor In Deep.” So why bother?
The poem cries out for comparison with Frost's most famous work, his personal favorite, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,” wherein the seductive woods—“lovely, dark and deep”—recall the mysterious sea of “Neither Out Far nor In Deep.” But the narrator of “Stopping by Woods” realizes how dangerously alluring the woods are.He realizes that he has “promises to keep,” that he can not “sleep” in the face of his societal obligations, and so he shortly turns homeward.“The people” of the present poem, however, continue to “look at the sea all day,” seduced by its deep, dark, mysterious depths.Turning their backs on the land world, their world, they have violated their promises;they are asleep to their human responsibilities, as their comparison to the reflected image of a solitary gull suggests.For “gulls” they surely are.-----by Peter D.Poland
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