可锐考研英语优秀阅读文章赏析_考研英语翻译真题解析
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2018年可锐考研英语优秀阅读文章赏析
（六）Maps on smartphones
智能手机的地图应用
Lost
敢问路在何方?
The criticism heaped on Apple shows the growing importance of cartography
苹果目前饱受批评，证明在智能手机市场中地图绘制愈加重要
Update: On September 28th Tim Cook, Apple s chief executive, published an open letterapologising to customers for the shortcomings of the company s maps.Mr Cook even directedusers to alternative map apps, writing that they could be downloaded from Apple s AppStore and that Google s and Nokia s maps were available as web apps.最新消息：9月28 日，苹果公司首席执行官蒂姆?库克发表了一封公开信，就该公司地图应用的缺陷向用户致歉。库克甚至引导用户去选择其他地图应用作为替代。他在信中写道，用户可以从苹果的应用商店下载这些替代性地图应用，而谷歌和诺基亚的地图可作为网络应用提供给用户。
OLD hands at The Economist have fond memories of Mokaris, a café near our office in StJames s.There was nothing fancy about the food, the prices or the service.Mokaris closed in2005, and Franco s, the smarter Italian restaurant next door, expanded to take over thepremises.But in the parallel universe of the iPhone, hungry hacks can still enjoy anomelette and chips for around a fiver.Mokaris is still on the map-at least, the map on Apple snew mobile operating system, iOS 6.在圣詹姆斯《经济学人》的办公室附近，有一家叫做 Mokaris 的咖啡馆。对于本报的老员工来说，这里有很多美好的回忆。这家咖啡馆的食物和服务算不上一流，但价位也不是太离谱。2005年，Mokaris 关门大吉，店面被隔壁那家较为高档的意大利餐馆 Franco s 盘了下来。但在 iPhone 所勾画出的 平行宇宙 里，本报员工若是饿了，仍然能花五英镑左右在这里享受一份煎蛋卷和一些薯条。Mokaris 还在地图上——至少，在苹果最新移动设备操作系统 iOS 6 的地图上还能找到它。
Apple s mobile maps used to be supplied by its friend-turned-archrival, Google.But this yearApple decided to put maps of its own into iOS 6, rather than be beholden to its foe.The newmaps are built into the iPhone 5, which went on sale on September 21st, and appear whenolder devices are upgraded to iOS 6.The internet has been teeming with complaints about alack of detail and a surfeit of errors.And unlike Google s maps, Apple s lack public-transport information.可锐教育官网http://www.daodoc.com
苹果的移动设备地图应用曾经由谷歌提供。但今年，苹果不愿再受制于人，决定在 iOS 6里安装自主研发的地图应用。9月21日上市的 iPhone 5内嵌了新的地图应用;如果用户把老机型升级到 iOS 6系统，也可以使用它。但这种地图应用缺少详细信息而且漏洞百出，用户的抱怨声已经充斥整个网络。此外，和谷歌地图应用不同的是，苹果的地图应用并没有提供公共交通信息。
Maps are becoming important strategic terrain.They are more than an aid to getting fromA to B.Apps based on location-to summon a taxi, say-need maps inside them.Digital mapscan include countle layers of information, plus advertisements from which money can bemade.There are thousands of indoor maps, too, of airports, department stores and so forth.Smartphones also act as sensors, reporting their whereabouts, which can be used to improvemaps.According to comScore, a data firm, in August 95% of American iPhone owners and83% of owners of smartphones with Google s Android operating system used a mobile map.地图应用将成为智能手机行业重要的战略地带。它不仅仅是帮助用户从一地到另一地那么简单。基于定位系统的应用需要在程序里内建地图信息。数字地图能够包含无数的信息层，生产商还可以在地图里做广告从而实现盈利。成千上万的室内地图应用也覆盖了机场、百货商店等场所。智能手机还扮演了传感器的角色，可以收集位置信息，用来完善地图应用。根据数据公司 comScore 的资料，今年八月份美国有95%的 iPhone 用户使用了移动设备地图应用;在谷歌安卓系统智能手机的用户中，这个比例也有83%。
Being chucked off the iPhone is thus a blow to Google, though it may be enjoying Apple sdiscomfiture.It could return by making a new maps app, which would have to be approvedby Apple.Its chairman, Eric Schmidt, said on September 25th that it had not done anythingyet.因此，尽管谷歌可能会对苹果的窘境感到窃喜，但地图应用被 iPhone 抛弃对谷歌来说的确是一记重拳。该公司可以通过发布新的地图应用来重新回到 iPhone 市场，但这必须经过苹果的批准。9月25日，谷歌董事长艾瑞克?施密特称该公司 尚未采取任何行动。
Creating good maps demands a lot of time and money.Google has taken about eight years tobuild up its expertise: it has sent cars along the world s roads and maintains a fleet ofaeroplanes.Nokia s mappers have a longer pedigree still.Apple, which has bought three mapmakingfirms in the past three years and is supplied with data by TomTom, a Dutch company, hasplenty of money to throw at catching up on maps, but it will take time.Over two to threeyears, estimates Martin Garner of CCS Insight, a research firm, Apple can get up to goodenough.编写优秀的地图应用需要很长的时间和大量的资金。谷歌研发了八年左右才具备这方面的专长：该公司往世界各地派遣了道路勘测车辆，并且保有一批用于地图测绘的飞机。诺基亚的地图绘制历史更是源远流长。苹果在过去的三年里收购了三家地图绘制公司，还有荷兰公司 TomTom 为其提供数据。要想在地图应用方面后来居上，苹果有足够的资金;但这毕竟需要时间。研究公司 CCS Insight 的 Martin Garner 估计： 再过两到三年，苹果的地图应用就能达到一个不错的水准。可锐教育官网http://www.daodoc.com
Meanwhile, Apple seems to be relying on three things.The first is speedy improvement.The second is the embedding of useful content.Itsnew maps have spoken turn-by-turn driving directions, which Google s version for the iPhonedid not, as well as reviews from Yelp, a local-listings company that offers pretty full coverageof eateries and bars in America but much le elsewhere.同时，苹果要想取得成功似乎还将仰赖于三个条件。其一是快速提高地图应用的质量。其二是在地图应用里植入实用内容。苹果新的地图应用拥有语音智能导航系统，同时还有 Yelp 公司提供的点评功能。
The third is the loyalty of Apple s fans.More than 5m iPhone 5s were sold in the first threedays.Although some analysts had expected more, that still beat the previous version, the4S, by 1m.其三就是苹果拥趸的忠诚性。iPhone 5 发布不到三天就售出了500万台以上。尽管这个数字低于某些分析人士的预期，但仍然比前一代的 iPhone 4S 多出了100万台。
Under the late Steve Jobs Apple paid fanatical attention to detail, so it is remarkable thatits maps should have come up so short.But polishing its hardware was one thing;the strugglewith maps has been the first really obvious head-butting of the wall, says Carolina Milanesiof Gartner, another research firm.Past perfectionism over devices has won it time toimprove its maps.In a market in which brands can fall fast, that is a rare luxury.已故的史蒂夫?乔布斯执掌苹果时，该公司曾极为注重细节。因此，如今的地图应用竟然出现了这么大的缺陷不免令人吃惊。但硬件水平的提高只是一方面;在另一方面，用研究公司 Gartner 的 CarolinaMilanesi 的话来说：努力改善地图应用的苹果公司 这次真的明显是在自找苦吃。苹果对于产品的旧式完美主义为它赢得了改善地图应用的时间。在竞争激烈、淘汰迅速的市场中，时间正是极为宝贵的。
二．
An intellectual-property exchange
知识产权交易所
Marketplace of ideas
创意市场
A new financial exchange hopes to make it easier to trade patent rights
一个崭新的金融交易所希望让专利权的交易变得更容易 可锐教育官网http://www.daodoc.com
THE technology industry is at war over intellectual property.On May 7th the first round ofa three-part fight between Oracle and Google over patent and copyright claims relating tothe Java programming language ended in a decision that denied outright victory to eitherfirm.Apple, Samsung and others are fighting over smartphone patents.Facebook and Yahoo!are at loggerheads over internet patents.Accusations abound that innovation is taking aback seat to litigation.Only the lawyers are smiling.科技业界打响了知识产权保卫战。甲骨文和Google之间关于Java编程语言的专利和版权的战斗拉开了这场由三部分组成的保卫战的序幕。2012年5月7日，这第一轮战斗以双方都没有得到彻底胜利宣告结束。苹果、三星以及行业内其他企业正在争夺智能手机专利权。Facebook和雅虎在互联网专利上发生了冲突。指控比比皆是，如今在诉讼面前科技创新只能靠边站。只有律师军团正微笑着。
All of which makes this a good time to launch a new approach to trading intellectualproperty, says Gerard Pannekoek, the bo of IPXI, a new financial exchange that letscompanies buy, sell and hedge patent rights, just like any other aet.The idea is to offer apatent or group of patents as unit licence rights , which can be bought and sold likeshares.A ULR grants a one-time right to use a particular technology in a single product: anew type of airbag sensor in a car, say.If a company wants to use the technology in 100,000cars, it buys 100,000 ULRs at the market price.ULRs are also expected to be traded onsecondary markets.芝加哥国际知识产权交易所的老板杰拉德Pannekoek称，所有这些专利侵权诉讼案件制造了一个很好的时机来启动一个新的方法来交易知识产权。芝加哥知识产权交易所是一个新的金融交易所，在这里就像任何其他资产一样企业可以购买、销售、对冲专利权。这个主意就是提供一项专利或是作为一个许可权单元的专利组，这些都可以像股票一样进行购买抛售。一个URL授权在一个产品中一次性应用某项技术，就像是一辆汽车上的一种新型的安全气囊传感器。如果一个公司想在10万辆汽车上使用这项技术，那么他得要以市场价购买10万份专利许可。专利许可预计也将会在二级市场进行交易。
This is simpler, faster and cheaper than the lawyer-intensive proce of negotiating bilaterallicences for intellectual property, the high cost of which discriminates against smallcompanies, leaves patents unused on the shelf and hampers innovation.IPXI s approachdoes not work for all types of intellectual property-it does not allow exclusive licensing,for example-but should make it easier for companies to make money from their inventions.It s a great form of non-dilutive funding for start-ups, suggests Mr Pannekoek.相对于知识产权双边谈判的律师们的密集过程，这是更简单、更快、更便宜的方法。而且，对于小公司而言，双边谈判所带来的高成本是不可接受的，他们只有把专利权搁置，从而阻碍了科技的创新。知识产权交易所的这个方法不是适用于所有类型的知识产权，例如它不允许独家授权，而是将使得公司更加容易地从他们的创造发明中赚取更多的利益。IPXI总裁兼首席执行官 GerardJ.Pannekoek认为，对于新创公司而言，这是个不稀释每股收益的集资好方式。
The exchange has signed up 30 members including Philips, an electronics giant, and 可锐教育官网http://www.daodoc.com
severaluniversities and research laboratories.IPXI was set up in 2008 by Ocean Tomo, a merchantbank that specialises in intellectual property, and its investors include CBOE Holdings, theparent company of the Chicago Board Options Exchange.On May 4th IPXI published therulebook that governs how the exchange will work, and it expects to open for busine laterthis year.Its novel approach is ideal for the open, non-exclusive licensing of smartphone-related patents, says Ruud Peters, chief intellectual-property officer at Philips.Good newsfor innovators, perhaps, but bad news for lawyers?
这个交易所已经签署30成员，包括电子巨头飞利浦以及几所大学和研究实验室。专门经营知识产权的商业银行公司Ocean Tomo在2008年成立了芝加哥国际知识产权交易所，其投资者包括芝加哥期权交易所控股公司。5月4日IPXI出版发行了这个交易所将要工作的规范手册，交易所有望今年下半年进行交易。飞利浦首席知识产权官路毕德认为，IPXI这个新颖的方法对于具有开放性，非专属授权性的智能手机相关专利来说是最适合的，不切实际的。或许，这是创新者的好消息，但是对于律师团来说就是个坏消息。
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